Search Documents

By T. F. Dumm

With increasing interest in the physical cleaning of fine coal, there is a need for extension of the sink-float analysis procedure to finer sizes. Problems arise, however, in ensuring complete dispersion of the particles in the heavy liquids. A procedure has been developed in which surfactants are used as dispersing agents and solids concentration is minimized (using a simple formula to estimate the minimum weight needed for statistical reliability). Using centrifuges to increase separation rates and sub-sieve particle size analysis of the specific gravity fractions, a complete size-specific gravity distribution can be obtained. Analyses have been performed on coal samples as fine as -10 µm.

Jan 1, 1987

By David Jurich, Joseph N. McDivitt

INTRODUCTION South Coast Water District (SCWD) operates the Beach Interceptor Sewer Tunnel(BIST) in South Laguna, Orange County, California between Monarch Beach and Aliso Beach (Figure 1). The 10,200-foot long BIST houses a 24-inch gravity Techite sewer pipeline critical to the SCWD Sanitary Sewer Collection System. The original tunnel and sewer pipeline were constructed in 1954 and the sewer line was replaced in 1974.Periodic inspections by sewer pipeline maintenance crews documented deterioration of specific intervals of the tunnel. Rotting timber supports and rock falls in the tunnel as a result of the deterioration were endangering the sewer pipeline and a 731-foot section of tunnel located at Thousand Steps Beach was determined to be in immediate need of repairs. SCWD and consultants Hatch Mott MacDonald (HMM) and Tetra Tec prepared a Work Plan for emergency tunnel stabilization and pipe protection measures that was implemented in January 2007. Normal access to the beach and the section of tunnel requiring repairs was limited to public stairs referred to as Thousand Steps and, therefore, all materials and equipment needed for the work were transported to the beach by ocean-going landing craft. Additionally, the emergency repairs had to be completed without taking the pipeline out of service. Numerous environmental, logistical and operational requirements had to be overcome to complete the challenging emergency repairs. GEOLOGICAL SETTING The Laguna Beach area is located in the Peninsular Ranges of Southern California. The project area is located on the southwest flank of Niguel Hill along marine wave-cut cliffs and slopes. The tunnel was excavated in the San Onofre Formation, a marine deposit, characterized by abrupt lateral and vertical changes in lithologies that vary from boulder to cobble and gravel size breccias to medium coarse sandstones with gravel, sandy claystone and siltstone. The interval of the tunnel that required repairs is located within the San Onofre breccia, a moderately-to-well cemented, poorly bedded to massive unit with angular to subangular boulder and cobble sized clasts of schist. The sandy silt matrix of the breccia is composed of quartz, feldspar and schist grains (Figure 2). GENERAL TUNNEL DESCRIPTION The approximately 6-feet high by 6-feet wide 10,200-foot-long BIST was hand mined in 1954 at the base of the coastal cliffs. Primary access is through twenty-one access adits from public and private beaches. The tunnel is located in an easement that extends beneath private property with residential structures situated 50 to 80 feet above and horizontally in close proximity to the tunnel alignment. Most of the tunnel is horse-shoe shaped and unsupported, but approximately 3,000 feet is supported by timber

Jan 1, 2007

By Miguel E. Ruiz, America L. Fernandez, Miguel A. Pandon

"Post-grouted drilled shafts (PGS) are a deep foundation system in which grout is injected at high pressure throughout the tip after the drilled shaft has been installed. Pressure grouting of drilled shaft tips can significantly increase the ultimate capacity and stiffness of drilled shafts. Conventionally constructed drilled shafts usually require higher axial deformation to develop the available side friction and the tip resistance simultaneously. They also tend to have higher tip compressibility and reduced end bearing capacity due to disturbance at the bottom of excavation during drilled shaft construction. PGS foundations have been found to be a cost-effective solution to compensate for this capacity reduction and/or compressibility increase. PGS construction procedure counterbalances tip compressibility and end-bearing capacity reduction. The tip grouting also has a pre-stressing effect over the shaft side friction since the drilled shaft tends to move upwards during the pressure grouting of the tip. After grouting, a bulb tends to form at the pile tip pre-compressing any disturbed material and, in certain cases, increasing the tip area, thus increasing shaft tip capacity.PGS load-settlement predictions using a load transfer approach are presented in this paper and compared with corresponding load test data. The paper also presents the main findings of load transfer analyses that were carried out to investigate the potential different factors that may be contributing to the observed improved performance of PGS over conventional drilled shafts. Results show that the two main factors, that may have a significant contribution on the overall performance of the foundation by increasing its ultimate capacity at any given level of settlement, are the stress-reversal of the skin friction and the formation of a grout bulb at the tip. The grout bulb tip contributes primarily through the increased tip area and to a lesser extent through increased stiffness and strength of the soil in the vicinity of the pile tip."

Jan 1, 2005

By E. J. Matson

The Table Mountain copper deposit is in an isolated portion of north-eastern Churchill County, Nev. Although copper-bearing outcrops have been known to exist in the area since 1909, no copper ore has been mined. Development of the property has been hampered by poor roads and rugged topography. Until 1941, the last 4 or 5 miles to the property had to be traveled either by foot or pack animal. As a part of the Bureau of Mines program of investigation and development of domestic mineral deposits, a project was started at the Table Mountain deposit. The Bureau began its field work on July 29, 1947, and completed it on October 18, 1948. Thirteen holes aggregating 2,711 linear feet, were drilled; samples were analyzed - 509 from cores and 143 from sludges. This report contains a brief history of the district and a description of the geology, deposits, and drilling done by the Bureau.

Jan 1, 1949

By F. L. Bazzanella

Cyprus Pima has two concentrators, one with a conventional crushing-grinding circuit and the other using semi-autogenous grinding followed by ball mills.

Jan 1, 1978

By ALICE V. Petar

Through the courtesy of the State Department, the Bureau of Mines has received a compreensive report on the jede industry of Burma, pre- pared by American Consul Winfield H. Scott, Rangoon, Burza. This mater- ial is the main basis for the present circular, although free use also has been made of reports on the jede industry in China and Germany by consular officers in those countries, to whom footnote credit is given. The word "jade" is said to be derived from the Spanish "piedra de ijada" (hijada) meaning, literally, "stone of the side," as jade was supposed to cure pains in the side; nephrite (a jade mineral) was named from the Greek word meaning kidney, because it was formerly warn as a re- medy for kidney diseases. To the Burmeso, jade is known as "Kyauksein," or green stone, and to the Chinese, all varieties of the material are referred to as "Yu" or "Yu-chi", According to Confucius, jade was symbolical of. justice, harmony, intelligence, and humanity, and the Chinese of today believe that by using ornaments made of this stone, the wearer is. protected from the "evil eye" as well as from diser.se. Ornaments of carved jade were known to the ancient civilizations of Mexico and Peru and to the peoples of other sections. of Central and South America, Jade ornaments also have been found in the lake dwellings of Switzerland and in Crete; thile in China, as far back as the Chou dynasty (B. C. 1122 B. C. 255) it was used in the production of various classes of precious vessels and as insignia of rank.

Jan 1, 1936

By Robert Thurner, Albin Norrman, Sami U. Raja

The West Link is a double track railway project currently under construction in Gothenburg, Sweden. The project includes the construction of 8 kms of track, 6 kms of which will be in tunnels. Beside several large excavations, three new stations will be built: Centralen, Haga and Korsvägen, all within the city of Gothenburg. The first construction phase of the project began in May 2018, and the finalization of the project is expected in 2026. The project is divided into five sections. Keller is involved in four of these contracts since the design & planning phase in 2018 assisting the special foundation works with various geotechnical techniques including Dry deep soil mixing (DDSM), jet grouting, rock grouting, uplift piles, sheet piling and rock dowels. The core idea behind successful collaboration has been to apply the right product for a location specific challenge which can help optimise costs & time for the project with a minimal environmental impact. Due to the extensive nature of the project, a team of experts from various locations around the world is helping design and execute various foundation technologies and providing solutions to the practical challenges in the project like working close to existing structures, rail lines, river etc.

May 1, 2022

By Allen D. Look

Use of two-way radio communication at the Santa Rita open pit of the Kennecott Copper Corp. has furnished a satisfactory answer to the problem of communications for an operation covering an extended area. Coordination of operations has resulted, with little loss of time in making changes during the shift. Repairs are facilitated, and safety of operations is increased through better control of blasting and hazardous conditions. INTRODUCTION Expansion of mining operations brings increasing needs of improved communications to coordinate the mechanized operations that contribute to the efficiency of present-day open-pit methods. Equipment found satisfactory when first installed becomes inadequate as distances and demands increase. It is the, purpose of this paper to record the progress being made by one mine in meeting this problem.

Jan 1, 1952

Just as geophysics, in the form of 3D seismic and wireline logging, plays a key role in petroleum reservoir management, so too will geophysics play an important role in mining of coal, metals, and minerals in the 21 st century. The commercial and social imperatives driving greater use of geophysics are reduced costs, increased revenues, and enhanced safety. In short, superior utilisation of capital and management of risks. In relatively undeformed sedimentary environments it is possible to adapt petroleum-style 3D reflection seismic to image mines. This has been demonstrated most impressively in the Witwatersrand. Anglo-American, for example, completed a $1 million 3D seismic survey at Western Deeps in order to site a new $300 million shaft with confidence. Likewise, 3D seismic has gained rapid acceptance at Australian coal mines in recent years. Encouraged by these successes, metalliferous mining companies are supporting research in Canada and Australia, as well as South Africa, to adapt 3D seismic for more highly structured, metamorphic terranes. Because the mining industry is far more diverse than the petroleum industry in terms of commodities and geological environments, 3D seismic is not always cost-effective. A plethora of other geophysical techniques can be applied, many of which are employed in mineral exploration. Mine applications of geophysics differ from traditional exploration applications in two main ways: time scales and length scales are shorter, and boreholes are more plentiful. Borehole geophysical techniques therefore play a more significant role, both for logging and imaging. Logging systems detail the variations of in situ physical properties down the borehole at scales measured in centimetres, while geophysical imaging techniques can map features located tens or even hundreds of metres from the sensors. While geologists tend to think of boreholes in terms of chips and core, geophysicists perceive them first and foremost as access paths for instruments. Borehole logging has been employed at iron and coal mines for decades, mainly to accurately define ore boundaries in delineation holes. In base metal mines, Outokumpu implemented logging widely for orebody delineation in percussion holes in the 1980s. The benefit was a direct cost-saving, arising from substitution of core drilling with percussion drilling plus borehole logging. The practice has since spread to other companies. INCO, for example, defines nickel boundaries in blast holes at Sudbury using conductivity logs. The benefits are in the form of reduced dilution and enhanced ore recovery, flowing from a more accurate mine model. Density, natural gamma radiation, magnetic susceptibility, and conductivity are the principal metalliferous mine logging parameters because they can be recorded in both dry and water-filled holes. Sonic velocity is the premier geotechnical logging parameter, given its sensitivity to rock strength, stress, porosity, and degree of fracturing. Sonic is recorded routinely in exploration and geotechnical holes at coal mines. With the advent of slimline dipmeter, full waveform sonic, and optical and acoustic scanner tools, the role of borehole logging in geotechnical evaluations is expanding. Monitoring of strain and micro-seismic activity enhances safety during mine production. While qualitative interpretation of logs is adequate for stratigraphic identification or definition of boundaries, a wealth of quantitative information, eg density, can be derived from properly calibrated, repeatable geophysical logs. Moreover, geophysical logs can sometimes serve as surrogates for geochemical assays, and not only for magnetite and uranium. At OutokumpuÆs Kemi chromite mine, for example, gamma-gamma logging provides the basis for grade control. By reducing reliance on assaying, three benefits can be realised: reduced reliance on core drilling; lower core handling and assaying costs; and shorter turn-around times. Conventional downhole EM and borehole magnetics are used for near-mine exploration, and for ground sterilisation. Inco has enjoyed considerable success with borehole UTEM in the Sudbury Basin, for example, and Geopeko has applied three-component borehole magnetics successfully in the Tennant Creek area. Electrical techniques such as applied potential and magnetometric resistivity (MMR) are also finding application at mines. For higher resolution, borehole seismic, radio imaging, and radar have been invoked, with varying degrees of success, to delineate orebodies and map structures, or to geotechnically characterise the rock mass and identify hazards. Success mapping nickel sulphide shoots with borehole radar has been reported by WMC at Kambalda. There are no universal geophysical panaceas, and each mine imposes different geological, logistical, and economic constraints. Geophysics will not always be cost-effective. However, the greatest single impediment to expanded use of geophysics at mines has been the low level of awareness of geophysics on the part of most mine geologists, engineers, and managers and, equally, the limited understanding of mine geology and engineering exhibited by the majority of geophysicists. This myopia will be remembered as a 20th century affliction! Blue Sky areas for mine geophysics in the next ten years include integration of geophysical data acquisition with drilling, enhanced grade estimation and rock mass characterisation, and the incorporation of geophysical information into mine models using geostatistical techniques. All these advances will be predicated on an expansion of petrophysical knowledge.

Jan 1, 2000

By A. McLean, M. Barati

In this paper, examples are presented of pyrometallurgical research and associated teaching activities during the past century within the Department of Metallurgical Engineering, now the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, at the University of Toronto. Throughout these years, pyrometallurgical research has been characterized by recognition of the importance of the interdependence of measurements and models as well as the development and application of sensors, for the generation, validation and practical implementation of new knowledge. The important role played in the delivery of lectures and participation in joint research by Adjunct Professors with strong backgrounds in the pyrometallurgical industry is described. Projects conducted in close collaboration with the industrial sector and opportunities for students to obtain practical experience working as teams on a "round-the clock" shift basis within an industrial pilot plant environment are outlined. These activities, together with the involvement of students in poster competitions and the presentation of papers at society conferences and technical meetings, are still vital elements in the development of pyrometallurgists equipped with the appropriate professional skills for subsequent employment within academia, government laboratories or the industrial sector.

Jan 1, 2015

By M. R. Geer

This report presents the results of washability examinations of seven coals from the principal coal-producing fields of Montana. A complete performance test of the Baum-type jig operated at one of the mines is included, as are the results of cleaning tests made on two of the coals in a dense-medium pilot plant. The coals examined from the Red Lodge, Bull Mountain, and Forsyth fields are comparatively easy to clean. Ash contents of 5 to 10 percent can be obtained at yields of washed coal ranging from 90 to 95 percent. The coal from the Great Falls field, however, could not be cleaned readily to less than 14 percent ash, and the rejection of impurity would amount to over 25 percent. The two coals treated in the dense-medium pilot plant were characterized by sharp separation of impurity, high recovery efficiency, and satisfactory reduction in ash content.

Jan 1, 1955

By A. B. Holland-Batt

Following a relatively static period in the 1960s and 1970s when incremental development rather than innovation was the norm for gravity separation, the last 15 years has seen a number of new developments in this area. The paper briefly reviews the traditional gravity separation techniques and then examines the newer developments such as centrifugal separators. Particular emphasis has been placed on novel devices or improvements that offer either better control or improved performance.

Jan 1, 1998

By N. M. Stubina, P. J. Lind

Barrick Gold is in the process of building several new mines and implementing new processes at existing mines for which metallurgical technology is of key importance. The roles of the company's Strategic Technology Solutions team and the Barrick Technology Centre are discussed within the context of their responsibilities within Barrick's Operations Support group. The paper will present an overview of the development of the technology centre from the former Placer Dome Research Centre to its current form supporting strategic technology, capital projects, and operating sites. Novel approaches to research and development will be presented as well as an overview of some of the technologies developed from bench-scale to pilot-scale, and beyond.

Jan 1, 2011

By J. L. Miller, R. W. Burns

This paper sets out the various phases of bringing a merchant bar mill into operation from feasibility consideration through financing, design and scheduling to completion.

Jan 1, 1967

By R. August Heindl

A process for recovering manganese from open-hearth steel-plant slags was investigated. The proposed method of accomplishing this is indicated by the flow diagram in figure 1. Mixtures of open-hearth, steel-plant flush slags and limestone, so proportioned as to have molar [CaO -3P205] ratios of approximately 2, were fired at approximately 2,400° F. in an oxidizing atmosphere and then cooled slowly. This treatment produced a clinker consisting principally of two solid phases comprised of (1) various combinations of the oxides of manganese, iron, aluminum, and magnesium, probably in spinel complexes, and (2) a dicalcium silicate phase, which contains the phosphorus. Reduction of these clinkers with hydrogen or with gaseous mixtures containing CO, CH4, and other hydrocarbons at about 1,300° F. formed manganous oxide as well as varying amounts of ferrous oxide and iron. Carbon monoxide and mixtures of hydrogen and carbon monoxide effectively reduced the clinkers but also gave higher proportions of soluble iron when the manganese was extracted from the reduced clinkers by leaching at about 80° F. with ammonium carbonate solutions containing 26 to 28 percent ammonia and 15 to 26 percent carbon dioxide. It is believed that the manganese is in solution as an ammonia-manganese complex. Concentrations of about 90 grams of manganese per liter were obtained by batch countercurrent procedures. By distilling 50 percent of the ammonia, the ammonia-manganese complex was decomposed, and approximately 90 percent of the manganese was precipitated as the carbonate with the simultaneous precipitation of 15 to 30 percent of the iron, the larger amounts of iron precipitating in the continuous tests. The manganese-iron ratio in the product could be increased either by recycling more manganese from the distillation to the extraction or by aerating the liquor to purge it of iron before, rather than after, the distillation step. Calcination of the pelletized manganese carbonate in an oxidizing stmosphere at 2,000° F. or above gave a final product, Mn304, resistant to crushing and apparently possessing the other physical properties essential in a ferromanganese blast-furnace feed.

Jan 1, 1955

By J. Kucera, J. Vreštál

DIFFERENT authors1 ' have been engaged in meas-uring the vapor pressure of pure cobalt. The results of their measurements satisfy the expected temperature dependence of vapor pressure and are in mutual agreement, with the exception of the results by De Dyk Man and ~esmejanov.~ The latter authors, by using the effusion method, have achieved considerably higher values than other workers. By using the isotope exchange method they obtained much lower values than other authors. The determination of thermodynamic functions of the binary Ni-Co system was carried out, as far as we know, only by De Dyk Man and Nesmejanov.4 This determination was based on extremely low values of vapor pressure over pure cobalt obtained by the isotope exchange method. Therefore we considered it useful to repeat these measurements. Furthermore, the reliable values of thermodynamic functions should complement the migration characteristics, the inner magnetic field data obtained by Miissbauer effect measurements, specific heat data, and the K effect and positron annihilation characteristics that have been achieved for the Ni-Co system in the Institute of Metallurgy of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in Brno.5-9 The measurements in this paper were performed by the isotope exchange method. In this method, as has been shown by analysis,10-'3 the vaporization rate, w, can be calculated from the relation w = k/1oSw [1] i0Sw) [1] where L, is the activity per unit mass of the source, S is the area of evaporation, k is the tangent at the point t = 0 to the curve giving the radioactivity de-pendence of the target vs annealing time, t, and wis the probability for the tracer atom condensation on the target surface. The value for cc. can be obtained from the equation w = a + 2P(l-a) [2] where P is Clausing's coefficient and a is the condensation coefficient. In the present work the cylinder shaped containers for annealing the samples were used, characterized by the ratio 1:d = 1.06. Here 1 is the length and d the diameter of the container. For this ratio P = 0.514 and w =0.5, and w is independent of the condensation coefficient. The vaporization rate is related to the vapor pressure p by the relation where R is the gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, and M is the molecular weight of the component investigated. Measurements of the vapor pressure of the i component over the pure metal, p!, and the alloy, pi, at the given temperature and composition enable one to calculate the thermodynamic activity of this component from the equation ai=pi/pi [4] is and the activity coefficient ri=ai/xi [5] xi where xi is the molar fraction of the investigated alloy component. EXPERIMENTAL Evaporization rate measurements were carried out with pure cobalt and eight different Ni-Co alloys, which were kindly delivered by the Centre National de Recherches Me'tallurgiques Liege, Belgium. The composition of the alloys is given in Table I. The cobalt used in these alloys contained the following impurities: 0.016 wt pct Fe, 0.014 wt pct Cu, 0.01 wt pct Mn. Other elements were present in much lower concentrations. From the melts, samples in the form of small cylinders of 12 mm in diam were ma-chined. The thickness of the targets and sources was 2.5 and 1.2 mm, respectively. The lower thickness of the sources was chosen to make their over-all ac-tivity as low as possible. Sources were activated in

Jan 1, 1970

By V. A. Marple, K. L. Rubow

"4.1 IntroductionIn previous chapters impactors have been described as useful instruments for classifying particles by their aerodynamic diameters and for measuring particle size distributions. These impactors can be used most reliably if the user has some understanding as to how the impactor classifies particles and what parameters are important in this classification process. This understanding can best be obtained by a theoretical inspection of inertial principles.This chapter reviews the most recent theoretical impactor work and the latest theoretical efficiency curves. Procedures are then given for using these efficiency curves in the design and evaluation of cascade impactors. Finally, several examples are given comparing theoretical and experimental efficiency curves, pointing out when the theory can be used with great confidence and when the theory should be used only as a guideline.Due to the rather simple principle of operation of an inertial impactor (i.e., the impingement of a jet of particle-laden air on a flat plate) the impactor readily lends itself to theoretical analysis. Three notable works in the early 1950,s were those of Davies and Aylward (1951), Davies et al. (1951), and Ranz and Wong (1952).Davies and Aylward (1951) used a method of conformal mapping to obtain an analytical solution to Euler's equation for the flow of a frictionless fluid through a rectangular impactor. Numerical calculations were then carried out whereby the equations of motion of the particles were solved in a stepwise manner, leading to a determination of the efficiency curves. Since this theory assumed potential flow, the effect of Reynolds numbers on the characteristics of the impactor could not be determined.Ranz and Wong (1952) used an approximate flow field to calculate the efficiency of both round and rectangular nozzle impactors. In the vicinity of the stagnation point, the flow field was assumed to be that of frictionless stagnation flow. Here, the resulting equation of motion for the particles was found to be in a form similar to equations for free vibration with viscous damping. Therefore, the known solutions of the vibration equations were applied directly to the problem and the efficiency curves calculated. This solution technique, however, could not take into account the various geometric variations such as the jet-to-plate distance in the determination of the efficiency curves.The work of Ranz and Wong (1952) was later modified by Mercer and Chow (1968) and Mercer and Stafford (1969) so that the rather simple flow fields of Ranz and Wong (1952) could be used to account for various jet-to-plate distances. The same techniques, however, were used to determine the impactor collection efficiency curves."

Jan 1, 1986

By Adam J. Gesing

The eddy current separator (ECS) is designed to separate nonmagnetic (nonferrous) electrically conducting (metallic) particles from nonconductive residue. Nonferrous metallic particles are repelled out of the material stream passing over the eddy current rotor (ECR). The rotor is housed in a fiberglass composite outer shell that serves as a conveyor head pulley. This results in the desired metaVnonmeta1 separation. The behavior of ferromagnetic particles, mainly iron and iron oxide (i.e. rust), is quite different. These particles are strongly attracted to the magnets and the smaller particles tend to align their long axis in the direction of the magnetic flux. Since the direction of the flux changes with the passage of each magnet pole, the small particles spin at very high rates causing wear of the belt and of the composite outer shell housing the ECR. Large particles, when trapped under the ECS belt, cannot spin, but can be heated by the eddy current effects and subsequently can burn through the composite outer shell. We discuss the practical implication of this behavior of iron and rust on the design, performance and maintenance of eddy current separators.

Jan 1, 1999

By M. D. Heresy, H. F. Coward

"Whenever a manometer has been used for recording explosion pressures it has been calibrated under a series of static pressures. Whether the readings taken during the rapidly changing pressures of an explosion (dynamic pressures) truly represent the actual pressures therefore is an open question. The authors had hoped to solve this problem by conducting the calibration with the aid of known pressures, applied at about the ammo rate as in an explosion, for example, by means of a cylinder and piston, the piston being driven in by an eccentric cam at a rate which would be determined accurately by the shape and rate of revolution of the cam. If the rate of compression were great enough, then the pressure in the cylinder (to which the manometer is attached) could be calculated from the laws of adiabatic changes of pressure and volume. It seems highly probably, however, from H. T. Tizard's observations on pressure changes in a cylinder during rapid compression (55) 4/ that there is much heat loss, therefore pressure loss, in the very small interval of time during compression; although Tizard was able to estimate the amount thereof, he did so only by relying on his nanometer, which is exactly the procedure that the authors challenge on the grounds that the manometer was not standardized under the conditions of its use. Hence the authors were driven from this scheme of calibration to another, namely, comparing records of ono and the same explosion taken simultaneously on several instruments of as varied a type as possible. If 2 of a number of instruments agree, perhaps both are accurate; if 3 agree, probably each of the 3 is accurate; if 4 agree, it is almost certain each of the 4 is accurate.There was a second objective in the present work. If the Bureau of Mines and the B.C.D. (British Coal Dust) manometers differ in their records, then from a sufficiently comprehensive series of experiments it may be possible to coordinate the extensive results already obtained at the American and British stations.Thirdly, it was hoped to learn which is the best available instrument for observing the pressures of coal-dust and as explosions and, if possible, to indicate means for improvement in manometry."

May 1, 1935

By C. A. Y. Shephard, H. L. Brusset

Pressure maintenance by water flooding in the Pembina Field made consideration of wet crude dehydration and disposal of the produced water mandatory. Crude dehydration, the treatment and disposal of produced water, as well as the sale of gas and crude oil were expected to be handled more efficiently at one central point than at several conventional batteries. This plan was effected by routing the produced fluids to the central station by way of several well testing batteries referred to as satellites. To realize the full efficiency inherent in such consolidation the entire system was made self-regulating. Programming ensures the testing and proper routing of all products to their destination. Forty producing wells have been self-operated during the winter 1959 -1960 with gratifying results.

Jan 1, 1960