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By James A. Decker

Hanna has developed three production planning systems to help the mine engineers determine the sequence of mining from available ore supples. The Production Scheduling System was developed to give the staff a tool for long range planning by sequencing the removal of blocks from an open pit property. It was needed to determine the year of removal for each block so that the optimum present-valued pit limits could be established by our pit design program. Since in this type of planning short term grade control is less of a factor than it is in daily or monthly planning, the system gives the program greater control and more latitude in block selection. It permits only full blocks to be taken.

Jan 1, 1984

By Russell F. Palmer

"THE PRACTISING MINING ENGINEER has little time for the expression of opinion on abstract questions concerning the definition and future of mining engineering. The following comments indicate some of the thoughts and suggestions of those who have found mining engineering a very satisfying field of endeavour. The future of mining engineering has been under discussion for perhaps twenty years. It is significant that the University of Saskatchewan program was in- 88 traduced at the time that some traditional mining schools were questioning the need for mining engineers. One Canadian university, and some American schools, actually abandoned the field at this time, some ten years ago.Five years ago, Mining Magazine sponsored an international debate on training for the future, and concurrently, the CIM undertook a major survey of the mineral industry's manpower needs. The current CIM discussions should prove more fruitful, as they are directed toward mining engineering alone, rather than the broad, and confusing, spectrum of all professionals and semi-professionals of the mineral industry."

Jan 1, 1972

By Max Hebgen

I. Natural Features of State Affecting Power Development .. 792 II. Early Developments. 1. Big Hole Plant................. 792 2. Canyon Feny Plant............... 793 3. Madison Plant No. 1............... 593 4. Black Eagle Plant................ 795 III. Later Developments. 1. Madison River System .............. 795 2. Missouri River System.............. 797 3. Great Falls System............... 797 4. Missoula River Development............ 797 5. Big Fork Development.............. 802 $ IV. Present Capacity of Power Developments....... 802 V. Transmission System...............: . 802 VI. Character of Load. 1. Lighting and Small Power Uses........... 804 2. Street Railways ................ 804 3. Mining................... 804 4. Railroads.................... 808 5. Irrigation................... 810 VII. Operation of System................. 812 VIII. Increase in Use of Power............... 811 IX. New Power Developments............... 814 X. Undeveloped Powers................. 815 It is estimated that the total stationary power now used in the United States. steam. water and gas. is probably over 30.000.000 h. p. The total developed water power is about 6.000.000 h. p. The water power in the United States now economically capable of development probably exceeds 25.000.000 h. p. The total developed and undeveloped power is

Jan 1, 1914

By C. H. Mathewson

MicrOscopic metallography has been exploited quite well enough to bring about a very general understanding that the typical metal or alloy is composed of minute crystalline particles blended into a coherent rnicrostructural rnosaic. One does not have to be a specialist in metallography to realize that the properties of such an aggregate are essentially a summation in appropriate form of individual effects derived from the shape, size, placement or orientation and cohesive characteristics of the component particles. It is clearly of great importance to consider the various forms of discontinuity which may occur at the boundaries between these crystalline particles. When a number of particles each possessing the same orderly arrangement of atoms are brought together into a close-fitting system of purely haphazard contacts, not unlike a handful of snowflakes compacted into a snowball, the particles are said to possess random orientation. There are no generally accepted views concerning the arrangement of the atoms or the constitutional reaction between atoms where one crystal meets another, but these contact regions are characterized by strength rather than weakness and it is customary to require the presence of many rather than few boundaries in preparing metal for useful service. Under certain circumstances all of the particles in a metal may be nearly alike in orientation. Other general tendencies of orientation may be associated with particular forms of mechanical and thermal treatment. In contrast with these cases of fortuitous or statistical diversity of orientation, we often find adjacent particles united along a plane which possesses a grouping of atoms belonging equally well to both structures. This, of course, determines a fixed relationship between the two orientatjions and it is always possible to derive one from the other by some form of- rotation or reflection prescribed by the symmetry of the crystal structure under consideration. Particles united in this manner are known as twin crystals although the term refers to the form of association rather than the number of individuals concerned.

Jan 1, 1928

By B. S. Covino

The Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, is conducting research to devise substitute corrosion-resistant materials by using ion implantation to form alloyed regions near the surfaces of metals. These alloys were prepared by implanting 25-kev Cr+ and/or Ni+ ions into iron. Their resistance to corrosive attack was evaluated by determining their anodic polarization behavior under potentiodynamic conditions in a solution containing sodium chloride, boric acid, and sodium borate. These electrochemical studies have shown that the general corrosion resistance of ion-implanted alloys was comparable to nominally equivalent bulk alloys. The pitting-corrosion resistance of the ion-implanted alloys was superior to that of iron, although not as good as that of most of the bulk alloys tested.

Jan 1, 1980

By J. Abbott

This paper gives a brief description of the Compania Ninera del Pacifico (CNP) a subsidiary of the Campania Acero del Pacifico (CAP), its participation in the Chilean Iron Ore mining and the gradual development of its activities. mainly in this paper, it is explained the CNP experience in the production of 34 million tons of self-fluxing pellets for Blast Furnace in a period of ten years in its Huasco Pellets Plant.

Jan 1, 1989

By W. Petruk, D. R. Morris

"The lead concentrate produced from the volcanogenic base metal ore of Brunswick Mining and Smelting in New Brunswick contains major to trace amounts of iron, zinc, cadmium, arsenic, antimony, copper, silver, selenium, tellurium, bismuth, sulphur, tin, indium, mercury and manganese as impurities. When the concentrate is sintered some of these impurities enter a variety of oxide phases, whereas others precipitate as metals. In the lead blast furnace the oxide phases decompose and the impurities recombine 10 form new phases, most are eventually discharged to the slag. The metals of the sinter remain as metals in the lead blast furnace where even more are produced, and are discharged largely with the lead bullion,IntroductionMany lead concentrates are produced from volcanogenic base metal ores . Such ores contain a wide variety of trace minerals and trace elements , therefore, concentrate s obtained from them will contain the trace elements as impurities . The impurities in the lead concentrate from one such ore, the Brunswick No. 12 deposit of Brunswick Mining and Smelting Corporation (BM S) in the Bathurst area in New Brunswick , were studied as pan of a larger investigation that was conducted to determine the extent of chemical reactions of the sinter within the lead blast furnace(1,2) The lead concentrate was investigated to identify the host mineral s for the impurities, the lead sinter was studied to identify the host phases, and frozen products from different depths within the BMS blast furnace at Belledune, New Brunswick were studied to determine the behaviour of the impurities.T he investigation was performed by pre pa ring polished sections o f the samples and studying them with a reflecting microscope, a scanning electron microscope (SE M) equipped with a Kevex energy dispersive X-ra y analysis system, a microprobe, and a Quantimet 720 image analyzer. The samples were also analyzed by X-ray diffractometer, and individual grains were analyzed by the Debye-Scherrer X-ray powder film method."

Jan 1, 1985

Jan 1, 1914

By W. D. Bensema, J. W. Adams, W. W. Scott, H. Dobroski

Measurements of the absolute value of electromagnetic noise and attenuation along a hoist rope were made in an operating hard-rock mine, Lucky Friday Mine, located near Wallace, Idaho. Spectra of electromagnetic noise generated by various pieces of equipment, spectra of specific noise signals at various depths, and noise and attenuation on the 4250 foot (1295 meter) hoist, were measured. Three techniques were used to make the measurements. First, noise was measured over the en- tire electromagnetic spectrum of interest for brief time periods. Data were recorded using broadband analog magnetic tape for later transformation to spectral plots. Second, noise amplitudes were recorded at several discrete frequencies for a sufficient amount of time to provide data for amplitude probability distributions. A third technique gave attenuation data through the direct measurement of field strength at various depths. The specific measured results are given in a number of spectral plots, amplitude probability distribution plots and amplitude curves as a function of depth.

Jan 10, 1974

By G. M. Ritcey, A. W. Ashbrook

"This paper summarizes the optimum leach conditions for each Of several cobalt-containing arsenical feed materials, describes the solution treatment prior to purification of cobalt recovery, and discusses the plant operation on one feed as well as the treatment of effluents.IntroductionDuring the period 1962-1964, when the demand for uranium was low, Eldorado Mining and Refining Limited (Eldorado Nuclear Limited) made a decision to undertake a three-year diversification program. One area chosen in this program was that concerned with the processing of cobalt-nickel materials. Many such materials were evaluated over the three-year period, ranging from tailings, residues, ores, concentrates and speiss to metal scrap. Cobalt feed materials, on which much of the effort was concentrated, were those containing arsenic together with other metals such as silver, copper, nickel and iron. This paper describes the treatment of arsenic-bearing feed materials (ranging from 0.3 to 570/0 As) and the subsequent purification stages required before the separation and recovery of high-purity cobalt. Because of the current interest in treating cobalt ores, it seemed appropriate that the information on the treatment of various cobalt feeds should now be made available . Although a large amount of data were generated during the research and process development program, a complete scientific correlation and understanding could not be achieved. Nevertheless, the data may provide a guide to others involved in processing not only cobalt, but other arsenical ores."

Jan 1, 1981

THOSE MARKED THUS * ARE MEMBERS, MARKED THUS ?ARE ASSOCIATES. THESE SIGNS DOUBLED INDICATE LIFE MEMBERS AND ASSOCIATES RESPECTIVELY. THE FIGURES AT THE END OF THE ADDRESS INDICATE THE YEAR OF ELECTION. HEAVY-FACED TYPE SIGNIFIES HONORARY MEMBERSHIP. *AARONS, J. BOYD, Vivian Gold Mining Co., Ltd., Harris, West. Australia. '05 *ABADIE, EMILE R., Cons. and Min. Engr., 214 Union Savings Bank Bldg., Oakland, Cal. '76 ?ABBÉ, MAX F., Prest., Abbé Engineering Co, 220 Broadway, New York, N.Y. '07 ? ABBÉ, PAULO., Secy.,Abbé Engineering Co., 220 Broadway, New York, N.Y. '07 *ABBOTT, AI ARTHUR Morococlia, Peru, So. America. '95 *ABBOTT, CLARENCE Chief EDgr., Iron Mines, Dic Tennessee Caol, Iron & R. R. Co., Bessemer, Ala. '04 *ABBOTT, JAMES W., Min. Engr: Ploche, Lincoln Co., Nev. '94 *ABE, MASAYOSHI, Prof. of Mining, Imperial University Kyoto, Japan. '05 ? ACKER, E. O'C., Supt., Treatment Dept., Bethlehem Steel Co., So. Bethlehem, Pa. '86

Jan 1, 1910

By T. E. Smith

"This paper describes the application of a motor-driven flywheel unit, known as a peak shaver, to compensate for the cyclic load fluctuations of a large electric dragline installed at Pine Point Mines, near Great Slave Lake in the Northwest Territories. Of particular interest in this application is the fact that the power system supplying the dragline is a relatively small isolated system, with the major generating source approximately 170 miles from the mine.The cyclic load fluctuations of the dragline are theoretically capable of producing a maximum swing of up to 11 megawatts, which approaches nearly 50% of the installed generating capacity. To reduce these load fluctuations to acceptable limits various alternatives were considered, leading to a decision to install a peak shaver to optimize the operations of both the mine and the power system. Without the peak shaver, the dragline operations would be severely curtailed and additional diesel generation would have to be run at considerable expense, otherwise the power system frequency fluctuations would be totally unacceptable. With the peak shaver, power and frequency fluctuations are kept within tolerable limits, and optimum economic operation of the diesel generation is obtained.The paper outlines the steps leading to the selection of the peak shaver as the compensating device, describes the equipment installed and gives details of operating experience with the dragline/peak shaver combination since installation early in 1979. This .peak shaver is the first of its kind in North America, the only other peak shaver installation being in Australia.IntroductionPine Point Mines Limited owns zinc-lead mining and milling operations located at Pine Point, Northwest Territories, 5 miles south of Great Slave Lake (Fig. I). The company is staffed and managed by Cominco Ltd., which has a 69% interest in Pine Point Mines.Mining activity in the Pine Point area was first recorded in 1898, when the Yukon gold rush was on, but when the zinc/lead showings in the Pine Point area did not yield much in the way of gold, interest in the area soon waned. Cominco Ltd. first acquired some claims in the Pine Point area in 1928, but interest was sporadic until the early 1950s, when extensive exploration indicated rich pockets of zinc/lead ore near the surface. Pine Point Mines Limited was formed in 1951, with Cominco acquiring a majority interest in the company."

Jan 1, 1980

By Lewis T. Wright

IT is commonly believed by metallurgists that in copper-smelting, the copper in the slags, which is irreducible by continued smelting, is retained in the form of "prills" of matte. I have frequently held well-settled slag in a molten condition for a long period without being able thereby to reduce the copper-content. The slag acted as though it contained a minimum of dissolved or combined copper that could not be settled out by gravity. I have used reagents, but without satisfying myself in what form this copper existed. The same slags, by fine grinding and elutriation, could not be separated into portions containing more or less copper than the average content. By treating copper-slags in an electric furnace an impure button of copper. was produced, but the high temperature and the strong reducing-action of the furnace were influences that suggest an explanation of a result not obtainable with ordinary smelting-temperatures. If all the copper in the slag were in the form of copper-matte, and not existing as a dissolved compound with some of the elements of the slag, then the other metals in the matte, such as gold and silver, should occur in the slag in the same ratio to the copper as to the copper in the accompanying matte. This reasoning led me to study the ratio of metals in the products of smelting, and, apart from the issues discussed in this paper, the research has proved both interesting and illuminative. On the assumption of a similar ratio of metals in matte and slag, if the percentage of copper in the slag accompanying; a matte containing 50 oz. of silver and 1 oz. of gold per ton of copper was 0.3 per cent., or 96 oz. per ton of slag, there should be found 0.15 oz. of silver and 0.003 oz. of gold per ton of slag:; but, in my experience, there is less silver and much

Sep 1, 1909

By L. W. Blau

THE entrance of geophysics and geochemistry into petroleum engineering may be viewed with apprehension by some engineers. They may not remember the time when "practical oil men" opposed the invasion of engineers into the field of petroleum production. By their excellent contributions they established themselves. In the popular mind, engis veers are practical men whereas physicists and chemists are suspected of being theoretical. It will be best to annihilate this misconception right now at the beginning of a closer relationship between petroleum engineers. geophysicists, and geochemists.

Jan 1, 1943

By Charles H. Fulton

IT is assumed that the word "college" for the present purpose signifies technical school or technical department of a college or university. About ten or fifteen years ago, and more recently in some instances the contact between the technical school and the industry, as represented by the operating companies, was very limited. The school made no effort to place its graduates in the industry and the graduate's first position was obtained by his own or his friends' efforts; the friend often was a professor. The industries, or the operating companies, seemingly had little interest in the training of the technical graduates they employed or in seeking to discover their personal characteristics and fitness for the work. In the public mind there was little relation between technical training and industry. Such training was in the field of education; industry was in the field of business; and the interrelationship was not a matter of common knowledge or concern.

Jan 1, 1929

By Joseph S. Malesky

The discovery and development of explosives mark one of the most important findings in the history of civilization. Without explosives our vast economic enterprise concerning the mining of coal, copper, iron, aluminum, and various other ores could not function. Explosives are used in all kinds of construction works, in the razing of old buildings, blasting of trenches, driving of tunnels, and in many other instances common to our everyday life. For these reasons explosives are rightfully referred to as the forerunner of progress. An explosive may be defined as a substance (usually a mixture) that, when flame or shock is applied, yields readily to rapid combustion or oxidation, accompanied by the formation of such relatively large quantities of gases as to produce much violence and pressure which, in turn, react against their surroundings and cause what is termed an explosion. By their very nature the action of explosives is destructive and disruptive of adjacent materials. Decomposition of explosives can occur through deflagration, which is rapid burning or combustion, as in the case of black powder, or through detonation, which is an almost instantaneous disruption, as in the case of dynamites and blasting agents.

Jan 1, 1981

By Yeatman, Pope

FOR many years geologists have felt that mining companies should adopt a more liberal policy in the publication of their reports. The increasing usefulness of the geologist to the mining profession in recent years demands that consideration be given to this question. Prior to 1900, the call for geologists of high reputation by mining companies was probably mainly in connection with lawsuits arising from the interpretation of rights or ownership as defined by the "Law of the Apex," and from problems such as finding the continuation of the vein or whether the vein followed was the main one or a branch. Later, outside of legal questions, the most intensive and general use of their services arose from the search for oil. Geologists to determine the position of the formations

Jan 1, 1938

By R. D. Leitch, C. A. Taylor

Trinitrotoluene is made by the direct nitration of toluene by a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids . The exact procedure varies , but the product , where Grade I of TNT is desired , is similar , and consists largely of material that has a melting and setting point of 80.6 °c . The purification consists of draining off the liquid portions , including the acid and liquid nitro compounds . The mass is crushed and washed until the TNT is acid - free . It may still have a low-melting point due to the presence of material of lower nitration. Other isomers also have the same effect . The crystal mass may be washed with a solution of sodium sulphite , thiosulphate , sulphuric acid , or with an organic solvent such as alcohol , benzene , or carbon tetrachloride , Where a very pure product is desired , the TNT is separated by fractional crystallization from solution in organic solvents . The TNT is If it forms In some cases the material is melted during purification . agitated as it cools to prevent solidification in a solid mass . in a solid mass , this is broken up and screened . There has been some question as to the effect of the different methods of purification on the strength and sensitiveness of TNT , although all methods left a product that would give satisfactory tests .

Sep 1, 1923

By T. I. . I. Sibbald, D. E. Jiricka

The Goldfields area on the north shore of Lake Athabasca , was active in the thirties and early fortie . In 1934, Tom Box discovered gold mineralization in quartz veins in pyritized 'granite' at the ite of what wa to become the Box Mine of the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada Ltd . In the rush of activity that followed numerou other gold occurrences were found. the most significant of the e being the Athona and Frontier prospects which underwent underground development bur did not reach production. Probable reserve identified to date in the Box and Athona deposits amount to some 3.5 million ton grading an average 0.ITT oz gold/ton . Some 10 to 15 million tons of lower grade, po ible reserve are also reported at the Box. From 1939 to 1942, the mine produced, from underground , 64,066 ounces of gold from ore grading 0.0452 oz gold/ton at a cost of between $1.5 and $2.0 a ton. The Goldfield area is underlain by upracrustal rock intruded by mafic bodies and invaded by ·granite'. The upracru tal . thought to be of Lower Proterozoic age are characterized by a helf-type ucce ion metamorpho ed under lowermiddle amphibolire facie conditions into quartzites, quartz-mica chi ts. dolomitic marbles, diop idic calc-silicates and cordierite-anthophyllite-biotite schi t . Amphibolites of presumed igneou origin form concordant to subconcordant units up to a few ten of metre thick in the upracrustals and occur as le regular masses in the 'g ranite·. Compositionally they vary from gabbroic to granodioritic. with the more mafic varieties being most common. Granitic rocks exhibiting a variety of textural , structural and compositional characteristics underlie most of the area. Four main units are recognized: foliated (older) 'granite', 'leucogranite', feldspar augen 'granite· and pyritic mine 'granite', however, in geological mapping the e are somewhat arbitrarily differentiated due to transitional relationships and admixture of types. Although there is no unambiguous age data available for the e 'granite ' adjacent northshore 'granite' of geologically similar age yield Rb-Sr isochron dates around 2000 Ma. The area is characterized by two major deformation events of which the earliest gave rise to the dominant regional foliation and to rare minor and outcrop scale folds. This foliation which in general parallels compositional layering is folded into the major Goldfields syncline, whose axis plunges weakly to moderately outh. Related open minor folds have subvertical axial surfaces which are locally paralleled by a weakly defined schistosity. Most rock display a pronounced rodding fabric, coaxial with second fold axes and apparently the product of this deformation event. However, a note of caution is introduced into this interpretation, as the rodding fabric is also parallel to first fold axe .

Jan 1, 1986

By Jorge A. S. Tenório, Pedro F. A. Prado, Denise C. R. Espinosa

There has been an increasing push to develop environmentally sound recycling processes of electronic waste (WEEE), including end-of-life photovoltaic modules, to reclaim materials such as silver which is both valuable and pollutant to human health and wildlife. However, process sustainability and economic feasibility of PV panels recycling is strongly tied to the materials separation step, which currently presents challenges due to use of high temperature treatments and strongly acidic solutions. A method using an easily accessible solvent — isopropanol— dissolved the silicone-based encapsulant of crystalline silicon PV modules in 2 days at room temperature, separating the module into semiconductor wafer, glass, ribbon and backsheet.

Mar 1, 2017