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By M. Hertzberg

Results of a comprehensive study of the absolute spectral radiance of the infrared emissions from methane-air explosions are reported. The spectral growth of these expanding flames were recorded with a time resolution of 1 msec in the spectral range of 1.7 to 5.0 µm. Time-resolved spectra were obtained for methane-air mixtures as a function of stoichiometry, nitrogen dilution, and Halon dilution, in a 9-liter vessel under different venting conditions. Data are also presented for coal dust-air explosions. Temperatures, obtained from the absolute radiances and from a band ratio technique for methane-air, are internally consistent and are generally 50° to 200°K below adiabatic flame temperatures. All near limit mixtures gave essentially the same flame temperatures (1,500° to 1,600° K) regardless of whether the limit was obtained by dilution with excess air, excess methane, excess nitrogen, or Halon. The coal dust explosion spectrum is essentially a blackbody continuum at 1,500° K with some selective emission at 4.4 µm from hotter CO2. The data are analyzed in terms of the radiative dynamics of a sperically expanding flame zone. The importance of radiative transport is assessed. An equation is derived which relates the instantaneous fraction of combustion power radiated to adiabatic variables.

Jan 1, 1973

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends that occupational exposures to respirable coal mine dust and respirable crystalline silica* be controlled by complying with the provisions presented in this document. These recommendations are designed to protect the health and provide for the safety of workers exposed to respirable coal mine dust and respirable crystalline silica for up to 10 hr/day during a 40-hr workweek over a working lifetime. The information presented in this document demonstrates that underground and surface coal miners are at risk of developing simple coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP), progressive massive fibrosis (PMF), silicosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Adherence to the recommendations in this document should prevent or greatly reduce the risk of adverse health effects in workers exposed to respirable coal mine dust and respirable crystalline silica. NIOSH recommends that preventive efforts be focused primarily on reducing worker exposures. Effective health and hazard surveillance and medical screening are also useful components of a comprehensive prevention effort.

Jan 1, 1997

By C. I. Pierce

The Bureau of Mines used an electrolytic tank model to investigate the response of guard electrodes of different dimensions under different simulated reservoir conditions. Sandstone disks from the Berea and Connellsville Formations were used as resistive beds in the model, and agar gel or water was used as conductive beds. In the experiments, bed thickness, hole diameter, mud resistivity, and bed resistivity were varied. The guard electrode is an excellent tool for determining true bed resistivity in the thin-bedded oil reservoirs of the Appalachian area. Vertical resolution and resistivity values are good when there is little or no invasion. Resistivity values are near true bed resistivity in beds thicker than about six hole diameters when the electrode-to-hole-diameter ratio is close to 1. However, low-resistivity muds cause false peaks to appear on the logs near bed boundaries in thick beds, and for resistive beds having a thickness approximately three to five times the hole diameter, apparent resistivities tend to be excessively high when mud resistivity is low.

Jan 1, 1966

By D. J. Kennedy, W. G. Klinowski

Over the past few years the Cape Breton Coal Research Laboratory's staff designed, built, tested and proved the necessary hardware, software and methodology of tracer gas based surveying techniques applied in the field of mine ventilation. These methods are now used routinely in a variety of applications where traditional anemometric methods do not provide the required accuracies or cannot be effectively employed. Irregular or highly turbulent flows, leakages, geometrically complicated or highly obstructed airways are just a few examples where traditional anemometry can produce unacceptable errors in calculated ventilation parameters. Tracer gas based ventilation techniques have been used in many problematic situations where the standard ventilation methods are inadequate. One such problem, faced by many mine operators, is the emergency imposed by the ever present threat of a mine fire. An understanding of the propagation of smoke contaminants and the demonstrated integrity of appointed escape routes can save lives and property during a fire. That knowledge can be gained quickly and inexpensively by the application of tracer gas smoke simulation methods. The concept of controlled air recirculation has recently gained considerable attention in the mining industry. While mathematical models can be used to predict performance, the ultimate proof of a ventilation system's performance can best be provided by a tracer gas based simulation of contaminant levels. Fan performance tests and assessment of auxiliary ventilation systems are highly dependent on accurate definition of airflows; precise data can be easily obtained by tracer gas based volumetric surveys. This paper contains a brief description of the equipment and the methodology of tracer gas based ventilation techniques and presents typical examples of their use

Jan 1, 1991

By T. Wajima

We tried to convert paper sludge ash (PSA) into zeolitic product with high cation exchange capacity (CEC) through acid leaching. Typically, PSA from incineration of paper sludge contains a high percentage of calcium in the form of anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8) and gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7). It is difficult to convert the ash with a high Ca content into zeolites, or at least into more desirable zeolite phases. Acid leaching with HCl was applied to reduce the Ca content to synthesize zeolitic product with high CEC. The raw ash was treated with 1 M, 3 M, and 5 M HCl solution for 0.5~24 hours (the ratio of the ash to volume of HCl solution was 1/4), and then zeolitic product was synthesized from leached ash through the reaction with 2.5 M NaOH solution at 80 oC for 24 hours. During acid leaching, gehlenite is readily dissolved in a lower HCl concentration solution than anorthite. With increasing HCl concentration, the amounts of Ca, Mg, Si, Al, Fe and Ti extracted from the ash increased. Ca and Mg contents were easily extracted from ash than other elements. The contents of Ca and Mg extracted rapidly at initial stage, and then levelled off. The saturation times of Mg and Ca are almost 0.5 h using all concentrations of HCl solutions. After the synthesis from leached ashes, zeolite-A and -P were synthesized from ash leached in 1 M HCl solution, and 3 M and 5 M HCl solutions, respectively, regardless of leaching time. With in-creasing HCl concentration, the Ca content eluted from the product decreased, due to the removal of Ca via acid leaching before the synthesis, while the Na content eluted from the product increased to 3 M HCl and then decreased, which was almost similar to the CEC of the product, due to the ion exchange of Na-type zeolitic phase in the product. The change of zeolite phases in the product and the CEC of the product depend on the concentrations of Si and Al in the solution during the synthesis. The highest CEC of the product is about 220 cmol/ kg, which was synthesized from the ash leached in 3 M HCl solution.

Jan 1, 2014

By Cliff McCartney, Michael A. Trevits

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is conducting a program of research to evaluate and improve remote mine seal construction technology for mine fire control and suppression. The main focus of this work is to develop reliable technology that will remotely seal a mine opening from floor-to-roof and rib-to-rib. NIOSH, in partnership with Strata Mine Services Inc.1, is evaluating the capability of a two-component phenolic foam-based product, called Rocsil®1, that is intended for cavity filling, air and gas sealing, and consolidation of highly fractured strata. Rocsil® can be rapidly applied, has a quick cure time, a high expansion rate, good compressive resistance and excellent anti-static properties. When the resin and catalyst are mixed, an immediate foaming reaction occurs followed by rapid expansion up to 30 times the original volume. By virtue of its fire-resistance properties, Rocsil® foam has application for sealing underground mine areas undergoing heating from spontaneous combustion and it could be useful for remote mine seal construction to aid in mine fire control and suppression. This paper presents an overview of remote mine sealing technology, introduces the use of Rocsil® foam for remote mine seal installations, offers a case study of the use of this rigid foam material to remotely construct a temporary in-mine seal and discusses technology improvements. Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of NIOSH.

By Luis Acainas Caballero, Karl Hoen, Stephan Krämer, Christoph Klein

The situation of the steel industry is still challenging. Worldwide overcapacities have an impact on profitability. More than ever, the point at SMS group is to provide the steel industry with flexible and profitable technologies and systems over the whole process chain. One example for that is the thin slab casting and rolling technology and, in particular the CSP® technology (Compact Strip Production), being well established for hot coil production. From its introduction in 1989, CSP® technology has been continuously further developed. Today, on a CSP® plant, the full range of high-quality steel grades can be produced with tightest geometrical and metallurgical tolerances under optimal economic conditions. With the introduction of semi-endless rolling and, as a further step, the endless rolling process, the product range for thin and ultra-thin products has been further enlarged, allowing for the production of hot rolled coils with a thickness of 0.8 mm for low carbon steel grades. Also high-strength steel grades may be produced with gauges below the minimum product thickness that can be achieved in a conventional-type hot rolling mill. Another step in the further development of CSP® technology is digitalization. In December 2016, the CSP® plant of Big River Steel (BRS), located in Arkansas, USA was put into operation. It is the first learning steel mill in the world. The CSP® plant of BRS comes with innovative technologies, providing impressive operational results right from the beginning.

Oct 1, 2019

By Denis Rickman, Jon Windham, Stephen Akers, Byron Armstrong

The soil crater formed by detonation of an explosive charge is of considerable military interest because of the common use of explosives to create soil obstacles. The soil crater is also an important piece of forensic evidence for the investigation of terrorist bombings. With recent advances in numerical codes, modeling and simulation of explosively-formed soil craters is becoming an attractive means of analyzing this phenomenon. Consequently, the need exists to better understand the relationship between soil properties and the resultant soil crater. An extensive database has been developed for the case of explosives detonated in or above in-situ soils of various types. However, in most cases, the soil properties were either not adequately quantified or the soil materials themselves varied such that the gross properties were poorly understood. A research program is underway to improve methods of relating soil crater dimensions to soil identification properties such as USCS classification, particle-size distributions, and Atterberg limits, as well as to soil composition properties such as density, moisture content, and volumes of solids, water, and air. As part of this effort, both explosive detonations conducted over well-controlled and well-documented soil backfills and companion numerical simulations were studied. This paper presents an overview of the effort.

Jan 1, 2010

By B. Fang

Electrochemical behavior of an X-80 pipeline steel, including frequency-sweep electrochemical-impedance spectroscopy (EIS), time-sweep EIS at a constant frequency and open-circuit potential (OCP) monitor, was investigated using four-point bending specimens subjected to a stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) test in a near-neutral pH environment, The capacitive loop became smaller with test duration, revealing an increase in the corrosion rate, The resistance obtained in the constant-frequency EIS test showed two regions, of which the region with a remarkable decrease in resistance transformed into a region of slow decrease, whereas the capacitance increased with test time indicating that iron dissolution was fast at first, and then a corrosion product or film formed and covered the surface, leading to the pitting formation.

Jan 1, 2005

By SM Rao

Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC ) , Hyderabad (IN DIA ) , is engaged in the manufacture of nuclear fuel assemblies and zircaloy structural components required for the Indian nuclear power reactors. The production of zirconium oxide, sponge and zircaloy materials through chemical and hydro - metallurgical processes generates many effluents containing valuable zirconium and hafnium . This paper deals with the various processes such as multiple crystalization, phosphate precipitation, ion-exchanges amine solvent extraction etc, for the treatment of these effluents and subsequent recovery of valuable zirconium and hafnium .

Jan 1, 1992

By William H. Eatock

The Saskatchewan ore zone strikes slightly south of East, from the Alberta border to Manitoba; and dips to the South. The conventional mines are located along a broad strike line from Saskatoon to Esterhazy-Rocanville. Nine conventional mines have developed ore bodies at a nominal depth of 915 metres (3000 ft.). One mine had developed an ore body at 1525 metres (5000 ft.) by solution mining. Mining reserves of 100 years are not unusual in this vast ore body. Most of the mines were brought on stream during the 1960s. All the conventional mines were influenced by practices developed at Carlsbad, N.M. By 1970, the industry was faced with serious over-capacity resulting in the cancellation of some projects and the introduction, by the provincial government, of the Potash Pro-rationing Regulations designed to share the available market amongst all the producers. This resulted in production rates as low as 40% of capacity. As a result, the 1970s were characterized by attempts to reduce cost, rather than improve production or processing techniques. In recent years, the plants have all been brought to full capacity, and are currently involved in a massive program of expansion, which promises a period of advancing technology.

Jan 1, 1980

"1.0 DESCRIPTIONThis work consists of furnishing all necessary labor, equipment, and materials to install prefabricated vertical (wick) drains in the ground in accordance with the Plans and as specified herein.2.0 REFERENCED CODES AND STANDARDSASTM D4716-08 Standard Test Method for Determining the (In-plane) Flow Rate per Unit Width and Hydraulic Transmissivity of a Geosynthetic Using a Constant HeadASTM D4632-08 Standard Test Method for Grab Breaking Load and Elongation of GeotextilesASTM D4533-11 Standard Test Method for Trapezoid Tearing Strength of GeotextilesASTM D4491-99a Standard Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextiles by Permittivity (2009)ASTM D4751-04 Standard Test Method for Determining Apparent Opening Size (A.O.S.) of a GeotextileASTM 6918-09 Standard Test Method for Testing Vertical Strip Drains in the Crimped Condition3.0 QUALIFICATIONSThe Contractor shall have successfully completed a minimum of five wick drain installation projects in similar ground conditions, and installed not less than 5,000,000 linear feet (1,525,000 linear m) of wick drain in the past five years. The Contractor shall have a minimum of five continuous years of wick drain installation experience."

Jan 1, 2014

By Markus A. Reuter, Bernardete Castro, Antoinette van Schaik, Han Remmerswaal

This paper describes the inseparable relation between product design, liberation, and metallurgical recovery in the optimisation of the recycling of passenger vehicles. This is illustrated by the use of an optimisation model that uses among others a material combination matrix based on metallurgical process data, which depicts the consequences of the quality of intermediate recycling products on the metallurgical material recovery and final alloy metal quality. Various simulations will illustrate the effect of changes in product design and hence liberation on the recycling of end-of-life vehicles. Although this paper focuses on cars, the discussion is equally valid for any end-of-life product. Calibration of the model will be discussed with reference to experiments carried out in order to study the optimal recovery of aluminium applications used in passenger vehicles.

Jan 1, 2003

By I D. Gregson, A S. Garcia, K M. MacAndrew

The design work undertaken by Rock Mechanics Technology (now part of Golder Associates (Golder)) has played a major part in successfully establishing mechanised room and pillar working in Indian coalmines, both for the development of new districts and for the re-establishment of old districts prior to pillar extraction on panel retreat.Golder has used appropriate design of pillars, extraction sequences and final snook sizes to minimise ground control risks during pillar extraction. Where the strata will not cave reliably, partial extraction systems leaving either a crush pillar or a substantial yield pillar have been adopted.Remote monitoring of selected pillars during the extraction process using stress cells, extensometry and convergence measurements provides confirmation of pillar behaviour and verification of designs.A new telltale device, giving a visible warning of impending caving, is now installed at all Indian pillar extraction sites and is proving very successful.CITATION:MacAndrew, K M, Garcia, A S and Gregson, I D, 2014. Coalmine pillar design and performance during mechanised pillar extraction in India, in Proceedings AusRock 2014: Third Australasian Ground Control in Mining Conference , pp 347–358 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 5, 2014

By G Phillips

The Merlin project is situated 130 km south of Cloncurry in North West Queensland, Australia. It is located within the Pre-Cambrian Mt Isa Inlier and is grouped within the Eastern Fold Belt. The host rocks are metasedimentary rocks of the Proterozoic Kuridala and Staveley Formations adjacent to the Mount Dore Granite.Merlin zone represents part of the Mount Dore polymetallic deposit containing copper, zinc, silver, gold, lead, cobalt and most recently has been found to host molybdenum mineralisation. This is intimately associated with economic grades of rhenium, a naturally occurring metal that is an important component of high temperature aircraft engines. The host rock sequence is a 200 m thick zone of metasediments sandwiched between competent granite in the hanging wall and brittle quartzite in the foot wall. A distinct shear marks the contact between the granite and metasediments. The host rocks are comprised of three main rock types: black shale, phyllite and altered banded calc-silicate.Mineralisation dips to the east at approximately 45° in a package of fine grained pelites and banded calc-silicates. The top 150 m of the sequence is typified by black shale and phyllite. The lower 50 m is typified by pink banded calc-silicate. The main molybdenite zone is located at and parallel to the pelite-calc-silicate contact. Down dip, the zone splits into two or three veins hosted by the calc-silicate rock suite and haloed by thin, steep dipping, stylolitic molybdenite veinlets.The deposit was discovered in 2008 by routine infill reverse circulation sampling conducted for the Mount Dore copper deposit. One hole penetrated below the main target Cu horizon and intersected visible molybdenite. During 2009 and 2010 a 50 × 50 m diamond drill pattern delineated a total mineral resource of 6.7 Mt @ 1.3 per cent Mo, 23g/t Re, 0.3 per cent Cu (mostly Indicated Mineral Resource with minor Inferred Mineral Resource). The resource has been estimated using ordinary kriging within grade domains. Access to the deposit has commenced via a decline and production through the nearby Osborne flotation concentrator (70 km south) is expected in 2012. All facilities and resources are fully owned and operated by Ivanhoe Australia Limited, a public listed company on the Australian and Toronto stock exchanges.

Aug 22, 2011

By A. Trusiak

"Increasing energy costs in mineral processing is making it necessary for tighter controls over various parts of the concentrating process. Continuous monitoring and control of critical process streams can be easily performed by today's many computer systems. Indeed, the list of successful applications of computers to grinding and flotation control continues to grow. The day is rapidly approaching when the use of computers within concentrators for either process control or simply metallurgical accounting will no longer be a luxury, but a necessity. The benefits from such applications far out weight the initial investment.This paper describes the current application of a process control system at Brunswick Mining in north-eastern New Brunswick. Emphasis is placed on the control of a CuPb flotation circuit, and the benefits derived-from this control.No. 12 Cu-Pb Flotation: The complex nature of the Brunswick flotation process has been described else-where. 1,2,3 Four final concentrates are eventually produced, these being a Zn concentrate assaying 53% Zn, a 30% Pb concentrate, a 20% Cu concentrate, and a bulk Pb Zn concentrate assaying 35% Zn and 17% Pb. The Cu concentate, Pb concentrate, and bulk Pb Zn concentrate are all derived from a primary CuPb concentrate assaying 26% Pb, 11% Zn and 1.8% Cu.The No. 12 CuPb circuit produces approximately two thirds of the total primary CuPb concentrate. No. 12 ore, assaying 3.5% Pb, 9% Zn, 0.25% Cu and 100 g/tne silver, is ground in two parallel grinding circuits. Each line uses a 3.2 x 4.2 meter rod mill in closed circuit with two parallel 3.2 x 3.9 meter ball mills. Ball mill and rod mill discharges are classified in two stages of cycloning. The secondary cyclone overflow, or flotation feed, is controlled at 65% passing 37 microns."

Jan 1, 1981

By W. F. McKechnie

"Southern Africa is generally thought to be well explored, with only limited potential for major new diamond discoveries. However, Chiadzwa in Zimbabwe and reports of a significant new kimberlite find in Angola are testimony to the dangers attached to an attitude that ‘there is nothing left to find’.Since the major discoveries in the central interior of South Africa in the 1870s, diamond exploration in the region has been led by market and political factors that influence the key exploration drivers of opportunity and value proposition. Unexpected new discoveries by new players always impact on existing producers and, from time to time, denial of opportunity through political or protectionist policies has inhibited investment in exploration.Entrepreneurial exploration appetite in southern Africa will be tempered by the potential value equation and security of investment. Overlaid on this, developments in diamond recovery technologies provide opportunity to reinvigorate current mines and old prospects previously considered too difficult or costly to exploit. Position on the cost curve will remain a key factor for survival in an increasingly competitive environment. IntroductionThe diamond industry in southern Africa boasts a history of 150 years of discovery and mining, forming the cornerstone of development of the core, modern economies at the southern tip of Africa.Since the discovery, in the 1860s and 1870s, of the secondary diamond placers and primary diamond-bearing kimberlite deposits in the central interior of the then Cape Colony and Orange Free State, southern Africa has endured as the pre-eminent diamondproducing region in the world. Notwithstanding periodic competition from significant new discoveries in other parts of the globe and the paucity of recent, new discoveries in the region, its ranking is unlikely to change in the short to medium term.In a geological context the region contains the Kaapvaal-Zimbabwe and Angola-Kasai cratons, identified in terms of Clifford’s rule as areas inherently prospective for diamonds, being underlain by portions of the Earth’s crust that are tectonically stable and older than 1.5 billion years (Clifford, 1992). Although the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) would, in a geographic context, be considered to be part of Central Africa, for the purposes of this review it is included in southern Africa since northeast Angola and the adjacent parts of the DRC form part of the same geological terrane and diamond production from both countries needs to be considered together. Historical and current diamond production from the northeastern parts of the DRC around Kisangani is not considered to be significant and its inclusion in the overall numbers for the DRC does not materially affect the overall picture presented here."

Feb 1, 2019

By K. Harlow

"Zircon is a naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) and as such is subject to a variety of regulations around the world. The regulatory processes and their implementation are summarized and the key issues affecting zircon and zirconia highlighted. Having absorbed the activities of the former Zircon Minerals Committee, the strategy of the Zircon Industry Association (ZIA) is to be the ‘go-to place’ for information on these matters, and its activities in the NORM space are described. Chemical industry regulations such as REACH are spreading around the world, and the paper provides an update of their status in the key jurisdictions. As mineral sands are transported to market in oceangoing vessels, they are subject to the regulations of the International Maritime Organization, which are summarized in the paper. IntroductionFrom a global perspective, zircon is generally not found in high concentrations other than in placer and dune deposits where it has been deposited along with other heavy minerals such as ilmenite, rutile, and monazite. Such deposits have been sorted and concentrated over geological time by the action of tides, waves, and wind to form concentrated deposits of heavy minerals along old coastlines and in river beds and deltas. Consequently, zircon is mostly found in association with the principal titanium minerals ilmenite and rutile. These secondary concentrations in placer deposits provide the commercial sources of zircon.All geological materials contain natural radioactivity, although the term NORM (naturally occurring radioactive material) is mostly used for minerals and other materials with above-average uranium and thorium concentrations. Importantly, the radioactive nature of zircon has not changed, but the way in which radioactivity is viewed by regulators has, affecting the zircon industry throughout the value chain."

Jan 1, 2017

By T. Yameogo

Many ideas, tools, technologies, and methodologies are believed to have staked their claims on the future of mining. For example, automation is strongly positioned as the platform within which mining will be practiced. A subset of automation ? intelligent mining ? will add some smart interactions between machines, technologies, the rock, and the environment. The future also calls for an improved approach to sustainability and corporate social responsibility. Mines of the future are dreamed of to be more ethical and more balanced. They will boast optimized designs, integrated value and supply chains, produce less waste, recycle and reuse, and will require less energy to operate. Then, what about the people that will operate this optimized ecosystem? How is the education system teaching the operators of the mines of the future? What kind of a future should mining education foresee to prepare the workers appropriately? In recent years, the shortage of skilled labor for mines around the world has created a tough competition to attract, retain, and train the very people without whom mining will cease to exist. In Australia, Canada, and the United States in particular, the war for talent has resulted in higher-than-usual labour costs. Such costs have dented the unit costs of many mining businesses. Concomitantly, mining contractors? and consultants? prices have increased to reflect the escalation of labour costs across the value chain. From labourers to engineers, from juniors to seasoned professionals, the increase in compensation is unprecedented. Yet, the shortage is still hurting the industry, and the high calibre candidates continue to be rare gems. The industry has been implementing aggressive solutions that include the increased hiring of skilled immigrants, the training and recruitment of minorities, and the retaining of near-retirement experienced employees. Public relation campaigns about the benefits of embracing careers in mining are also common. The CIM has also devoted a ?M4S? section to its pan-Canada meetings to educate the public, especially the youth, about the importance of the mining industry for Canada. Moreover, mining associations and universities are enticing students? enrolment through scholarships and financial support. Still, the balance between quantity and quality of workers can be discussed. This paper intends to discuss the present state of mining education as an essential part of the future of mining. The authors brush the picture of the education of miners, technicians, and engineers, against the backdrop of the technology-advanced mines of the future.

Aug 1, 2013

By R R. J McAllister, K Moffat, S Heyenga

This paper examines the statistical relationship between quality of life indicators and the gross value of mineral production from Australian regions. We used quality of life indicators, aggregated for 673 local government areas, of household income, housing affordability, access to communication services, educational attainment, life expectancy and unemployment. We find no evidence of systematic negative associations between quality of life and the gross value of minerals production. Instead, mining activity has a positive impact on incomes, housing affordability and communication access across regional and remote Australia. Whilst we do not establish causality between mining activity and quality of life, our analysis prompts a rethink of the æresource curseÆ as it applies within a single country. Nevertheless, our findings are tempered by extensive anecdotal and empirical evidence of the negative social impacts of mining on specific demographic sectors, localities, families of fly-in, fly-out mining operations and individuals. This contrast may be a scale issue, with the regional benefits of mineral wealth masking highly-localised inequalities and disadvantage. We suggest that there is a need to better understand these impacts and, more importantly, the types of policy mechanisms government and industry can adopt to mitigate or avoid them.

Jan 1, 2009