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By Carlos R. Tapia

"El presente trabajo describe los métodos de explotación aplicados en la mina Carahuaca, así como una breve historiografia y contexto del yacimiento minero. En este punto, registra la ubicación de la zona minera en la provincia de Yauli, departamento de Junín, cuya geología desarrolla tres depósitos minerales tales como el depósito Norte o principal, el depósito central o viejecita y el depósito Sur o pantano. El sistema de explotación se da a cielo abierto (sistema de bancos), y pertenece a una zona mineralizada y subterránea (tajos de corte y relleno y sin entibación), la misma que se divide en dos operaciones: la remoción de la zona estéril del pendiente de la zona mineralizada y parte del yacente para dar a los bancos la inclinación final y la subterránea( tajos de corte y relleno aislados por entibación completa con cuadros ensamblados). Por último, se encuentran las labores de exploración y desarrollo que descubren, bloquean y atacan las secciones del mineral explotable (recortes y galerías, enmaderación y profundización del pique maestro al nivel 50)."

Jul 20, 1955

By Thomas F. Joyce

N L Industries, Inc., MacIntyre Development produces ilmenite and magnetite concentrates from its own open pit operation at Tahawus in New York's Adirondack Mountain region. The ilmenite concentrate is used within the company for the production of titanium dioxide pigments and the magnetite concentrate is sold to heavy media processors. Current production is from South Extension mine, loading by by six-yard Marion electric shovels into 85 ton Lectra Haul trucks. Bench heights are 44' and are drilled with a Robbins Rotary 9 7/8" diameter hole on 25' spacing for a yearly production of 3.4 million total tons of rock. The ore deposit occurs in veins dipping on the average at 40 degrees to the west. The ore body, which is divided into three zones, outcrops at surface and continues to depths of 800'. Zone 1 is a high grade band of thickness 150-200' with an Fe/Tio2 ratio of 2. Below this band is Zone 2, a low grade band of thickness 50-100' with an Fe/Tio2 ratio of 2 and beneath that seperated by a band of anorthosite is Zone 3, a high grade band of irregular thickness 50-450' with an Fe/Tio2 ratio of 1.6.

Jan 1, 1973

By Tam Tran

Over the last decade, halide (chloride, bromide and iodide) systems have been evaluated as alternative lixiviants for the processing of gold to replace cyanidation which has been widely used in commercial practice. This paper first reviews the development of processes promoted by Kaljas Ltd / Lachlan Resources (Australia) and Great Lakes Corp (USA) using different bromide/bromine systems in the early 1990's. Several research groups subsequently evaluated the use of iodide/iodine and chloride/chlorine for gold extraction, showing similar characteristics of gold/silver dissolution and recovery. A critique is :given on the advantages and the ,shortfalls of halide systems as alternative lixiviants. The stability of gold? halide complexes is discussed, based on practical experience and thermodynamic modelling of their speciation, The iodide system provides the most stable gold / silver complex for easier handling. However, the cost of iodide inhibits its application for are processing. In this critique, emphasis is given on the cheapest system, which involves the use of chloride for leaching (in conjunction with an appropriate oxidant). However the chloride-base leachant has a major drawback which is related to the unstable nature of gold chloride in a reducing environment.

Jan 1, 1998

By R. Hogg, T. F. Dumm

"It is generally agreed that dust characteristics play a role in the development of Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis (CWP). Unfortunately, there is a serious lack of information on what the characteristics of mine dust actually are and how they vary among different mining regions, coal seams, etc. This paucity of data can generally be attributed to the serious problems encountered in collecting sufficiently large quantities of dust for conventional analytical procedures.Personal samplers are widely used in coal mines for regulatory and enforcement purposes. Generally, these provide information only on the total (respirable) dust loading in the mine atmosphere and on the mineral matter (primarily quartz) content of the respirable dust. A procedure has been developed by which samples collected with a slightly modified personal sampler can be analyzed for particle size distribution, total mineral matter content and elemental composition, in addition to the standard mass and quartz measurements. These analyses could readily be performed on a routine basis. Shape analysis by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) could easily be included if appropriate shape criteria are established. Extension of the procedure to include the determination of complete size/specific gravity (composition) distributions is quite straightforward provided sufficiently large samples (at least 10 mg) can be collected. Typical sample sizes for a personal sampler carried by a miner for one shift range from about 0.5 to 2 mg.The basic procedure was developed and evaluated using synthetic mine dust prepared in the laboratory. Field tests in three working mines in Pennsylvania and West Virginia have confirmed the applicability of the approach to the real world. Particle size distribution measurements on mine dust collected in the modified personal sampler were found to agree closely with the results of simultaneous in situ measurements obtained using cascade impactors."

Mar 1, 1989

By William J. Francart, Edward J. Miller

The utilization of computer based monitoring systems for fire detection in underground coal mines has grown significantly in the past seven years. In 1984, an annual MSHA survey identified a total of 38 systems being used in U.S. underground coal mines, while a 1990 survey indicated the number has risen to 112. The applications for mine monitoring have also changed according to the annual surveys. From April 24 to June 21, 1990, investigations were conducted by personnel of the Ventilation Division, Pittsburgh Health Technology Center, in cooperation with Coal Mine Safety and Health, concerning the installation and operation of Atmospheric Monitoring Systems in underground coal mines. These investigations were conducted to gather information concerning the ability of the AMS to detect fires and heatings, false and nuisance alarm frequencies, information related to system maintenance, and information related to employee training on system operations. This paper addresses current applications of the systems, fire and heating identification rates, application of systems in dieselized coal mines, system maintenance, and employee training requirements. While deficiencies were identified in some applications, results of the studies and survey indicate the use of atmospheric monitoring systems can be effective in identifying mine fires and heatings.

Jan 1, 1991

By Charles F. Brush

The compression of gases to a very high degree, for purposes of scientific research, has long presented serious difficulties to the physicist. Great advances have been made of late years in the construction of ordinary air or exhaust pumps, while very little has been done towards the improvement of compression pumps. The principal difficulties encountered in the construction of such apparatus are the existence of the so-called "dead space" in the pump barrels, leakage of the piston packings under high pressure, and the trouble arising from the unequal expansion of parts caused by the development of the latent heat of the gas during compression. Of these obstacles to success, the "dead space" is far the most serious, as it fixes a limit to the performance of the pump beyond which it is impossible to carry the compression. The writer having occasion, some time since, to make a series of investigations on gases very highly compressed, and finding no apparatus, or description of apparatus, adequate to produce the required

By S. Kurama

Incorporation of de-watering sieve waste of borax (TSW) from Etibor Kirka Borax Company (Turkey) on the mechanical and physical properties of a commercial floor tile composition was investigated. In order to achieve this aim, TSW was partially employed in place of feldspar in the standard composition up to 20 wt %. The formulated compositions were wet milled, dried, shaped and then fired at 1190C for a total firing time of 38 minutes (from cold to cold) under industrial conditions. It was found that using of TSW up to 15 wt % improved the physical and mechanical properties of final product. The results indicated a good prospect for TSW as a co-flux in floor tile formulations.

Jan 1, 2006

By Mônica Aline Magalhães Gurgel

O presente trabalho estudou a evolução microestrutural durante o recozimento no campo intercrítico de um aço baixo carbono com micro-adição de nióbio e molibdênio, laminado a frio, destinado a indústria automobilística, sendo este material da classe dos aços bifásicos. Com o intuito de verificar se os parâmetros utilizados no processo de fabricação (laminação a quente e a frio em função de uma determinada composição química) foram definidos de forma eficaz para obtenção da microestrutura esperada para um material “Dual Phase”. Os estudos foram suportados pelas análises da evolução microestrutural durante o processo de recozimento em escala laboratorial e análise dilatométrica, com o objetivo de determinar a faixa de temperatura no tratamento de recozimento em que as melhores propriedades foram atingidas. As caracterizações microestruturais e mecânicas foram avaliadas por Microscopia Óptica, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e ensaios de dureza Vickers.

Jul 30, 2018

By J. Chipman, G. G. Hatch

T. ROSENQVIST*—It is a pleasure to see the excellent way in which the experimental part of this work has been handled. There seems to be little doubt that the distribution data obtained corresponds most closely to thermodynamic equilibrium under the prevailing reducing conditions, namely equilibrium with graphite and one atmosphere CO pressure. The desulphurization curves in Fig 10 show the same general feature as the curves given by Holbrook and Joseph, but the distribution ratios are from 20 to 40 times greater—undoubtedly due to a closer approach to true equilibrium. In the theoretical discussion, the authors calculate a theoretical distribution (S) ration -jg-. which they find to be about 50 times greater than the experimental. The deviation is so great that the basis for their calculation needs a more thorough examination. The authors base their thermodynamic calculation on free energy expressions where diluted solutions of FeS and CaS are used as standard states. (The activity coefficient in diluted solutions is taken to equal unity.) Such a standard state will change when the nature of the solvent is changed. Taking the free energy of the reaction [FeS] ? (FeS), Eq 2, which is derived from the distribution of sulphur between an iron and a FeO-melt, it is very unlikely that the free energy of this reaction will be the same for a distribution between pig iron and a calcium silicate slag. Therefore a more fundamental basis for the thermodyuamic calculations seems needed, where all thermodynamic equations are referred to unambiguously defined standard states. The most natural standard states for CaO and CaS are the pure solid substances at the same temperature. As standard state for sulphur in iron, pure liquid FeS can be used. This rules out Eq 2 [FeS] ;=s (FeS) because ?F° = 0. The standard equation will then be: FeS, + CaO6 + Cgraph ?Fei + CaS8 + CO. vFo1773 = 25,000 cal It would be more universal and also simpler to refer the escaping tendency of sulphur in liquid iron to the corresponding H2S/H2 ratio which can readily be determined experimentally. As standard state a gas mixture H2S/H2 = 1/1 can be used. (This corresponds at the temperature of liquid iron closely to one atmosphere S2 vapor.) Thus the standard equation for the sulphur reaction can be formulated as follows: H2S0 + CaO3 + Cgraph ?H2o + CaS8 + COg The standard free energy of this reaction has been calculated from the best available data to AF°m3 = —35,000 cal. This gives for the equilibrium constant at 1500°C Now, the solubility of CaS in blast furnace slags has been determined by McCafferey and Oesterle* and corresponds at 1500°C to about 10 pet S (varying somewhat with the composition of the slag.) If the activity of CaS is assumed linear between 0-10 pet as curve 1, (see Fig 11), then acaO = 0.1 (S); (S) being wt. pet sulphur in the slag. For a diluted solution of sulphur in an iron melt saturated with carbon, the ratio H2S/H2 is, according to Kitchener, Bockris and Liberman,f about 0.01 [S], [S] being wt. pet sulphur in iron. Substituting these values in the expression for Kp we find The value 2.103 is only 4 times greater than the experimental coefficient found by Hatch and Chipman, but the value is very sensitive to a small error in AF°. A better agreement with the experimental distribution coefficient can be obtained if one assumes the activity of CaS to run like curve 2 (Fig 11). This (S) will give a lower theoretical W, value, a value which varies with (S) exactly as Hatch and Chipman learned. Such a shape of the activity curve, which corresponds to a positive deviation from Raoult's law, is actually to be expected from the fact that liquid silicate and sulphide phases usually show incomplete miscibility. A closer agreement between experimental and theoretical data can not be expected before we have more complete data for the individual activities of CaS and CaO in the slag. The activities acaS and Ocao referred to the solid phases as standard states, are exact defined quantities contrary to the somewhat undefined expression "free lime," and they are independent of any theory for the constitution of liquid slag. J. CHIPMAN (authors' reply)—The authors wish to thank Mr. Rosenqvist for his very interesting and useful thermodynamic addition. Curve 2 of his figure offers the needed basis for explaining the increase in the ratio (S)/[S] with increasing sulphur content. Attention is called to an error in the printed paper: Fig 2 and 3 are reversed. M. TENENBAUM*—In the figures showing the relationship between excess base and sulphur distribution (Fig 6, 7 and 9) the slope of the curve tapers off in the negative basicity range. Somewhat the same thing is observed with open hearth slags. In that case, the fact that some sulphur distribution between slag and metal is obtained with negative basicity is interpreted as indicating some dissociation of the lime silicate compounds whose existence in oxidizing basic slags has been used to explain various observed phenomena with regard to other slag-metal reactions. In the case of the blast furnace slags, the reduced slope of the sulphur distribution curve with decreasing excess base is attributed to the amphoteric effect of alumina. Has the possibility of other explanations been investigated ?

Jan 1, 1950

By Robert Blickensderfer

Equipment and procedure for the continuous roll bonding of metal strips are described. The reels, mill rolls, and furnace were located within a vacuum chamber capable of operation at a residual gas pressure of 1 x 10-4 to 1 x 10-5 torr. Several metals were successfully clad at rolling temperatures of 930° to 1,050° C in lengths up to 120 ft. The bimetals that were clad included stainless steel to carbon steel, molybdenum and nickel to stainless steel and carbon steel, and titanium to carbon steel. Bend tests of bond integrity are described, and microstructures of the interfaces are presented. The amounts of brittle intermetallic phases formed at the interface are minimized by this cladding method.

Jan 1, 1980

By Deirdre Bradshaw, Cornelius Vos

"The detailed understanding of the variability in process performance parameters within an ore body forms a key aspect of ensuring that proper decisions are made with regards to the economic viability of that ore body. To gain this understanding, various tools have been developed over the years, of which the batch flotation test is the most well-known and applied technique for investigating the flotation separation of ores. In this paper, the Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Separability Indicator (JKMSI) is put forward as a small-scale test, suitable for the characterization of the flotation separability of copper porphyry ores. It is demonstrated that the JKMSI can be a complementary technique to the batch flotation test, with the capability to further improve the knowledge of ore body variability. The response from this test has been shown to be sensitive to particle size and modal mineralogy, providing a critical link between flotation and upstream comminution activities. The trade-off between the fineness of grind and the recovery target can thus be evaluated to determine the minimum energy application required for optimal separation economics. The test is designed to utilize small sample quantities of various sizes, providing an opportunity to increase our understanding of ore variability through increased tests. This complements our ore body knowledge and combining this with efforts in comminution (Powell, 2013) provides a platform for extending the concept of flexible circuit design."

Jan 1, 2014

By Richard Phiri, Mike Milupi, Jackson Kapobe, Anton Lemmer, Charles Mazala

Sustainability of plant operations in a rapidly changing mining environment requires a well-trained workforce to ensure smooth running of operations. To ensure availability of trained labor, Mopani Copper Mines PLC set up a training facility in 2013. The school offers training in Engineering, Mining and Process. The engineering section enrolls grade 12 school leavers for artisan training. Mining section offers comprehensive safety induction program to employees and contractors to meet the Mopani zero tolerance accidents safety policy. The process training section offers advanced training programs for plant operating personnel and university graduates. The program includes needs analysis, theoretical metallurgical modules, practical plant training and e-learning modules. The school also offers assaying and sampling courses. All the above courses are extended to individuals and other mining houses outside Mopani wishing to have their personnel trained. The Mopani sustainable development academy ensures that contractors engaged on the Mopani sites are fully registered, comply with all relevant regulations and have undergone induction program before they can be allowed to work on the mine. INTRODUCTION “Sustainable operation of the mining industry requires a continuous supply of trained human resources” (Kapobe et al., 2018). The publication by the Asian Development Bank (2014) argued that there was a mismatch between the demand for high-level skills and the oversupply of low-level skills. Globally, the mining industry requires continued supply of skilled manpower for its complex operations and long term projects whose sustainability is absolutely necessary. Implementation of newer technologies in plant operations to ensure cost effective and efficient operations requires trained and skilled labor at various levels to handle ever-changing challenges. Dutz (2007:152–156) made three recommendations for Building Worker and Management Skills in India: Strengthen enterprise - based training. The government should help ensure that the benefits of in- service training are widely recognized by enterprises, while simultaneously providing strong financial incentives Improve vocational training - Vocational education and training systems have been unsuccessful in preparing graduates to meet market needs, particularly because of a lack of interaction with industry. Public and private vocational education and training providers should be strengthened to make them more responsive to industry demands. Curricula should be updated to reflect modern technologies. Strengthen business, management education, management of research and commercialization - business and management education should be strengthened through public-private partnerships. Innovative management courses should be introduced. Although these recommendations were made for India, they also apply to Zambia and other low and medium income nations.

Jan 1, 2019

By I. Stefanou, J. Sulem

"In the last thirty years, the study of earthquake mechanisms has emphasized the major role of rock friction. Earthquakes appear to be the result of a frictional instability and occur by sudden slippage along a pre-existing fault or a plate interface. Multiphysics couplings play a major role in earthquake nucleation and seismic slip. The effect of shear heating and thermal pressurization may be of prime importance in the control of the stability of shear deformation inside the slipping zone. Other mechanisms in relation with thermal decomposition of minerals affect the pore pressure and the temperature evolution of the system, and can play a significant role in the extreme strain localization observed in field. The actual width of the localized zone is a key parameter for understanding fault weakening mechanisms. On the basis of field observations, laboratory experiments and recent advanced modeling, these phenomena are analyzed and discussed in order to bring some new insights in the understanding of earthquakes nucleation.INTRODUCTIONIn the last thirty years, the study of earthquake mechanisms has emphasized the major role of rock friction. Earthquakes appear to be the result of a frictional instability and occur by sudden slippage along a pre-existing fault or a plate interface (Scholz, 1998; Sykes, 1978). The conceptual model of spring slider system is commonly used to represent the interaction between an elastic crustal block and a fault zone. Stick-slip instability is possible if the softening rate of the shear resistance of the fault zone is high enough as compared to the stiffness of the crustal block. Therefore, weakening mechanisms that can explain how the frictional resistance of a fault decreases with slip and/or slip rate is of prime importance to understand how an earthquake nucleates. In recent years, several drilling programs in active faults (e.g. the Nojima fault in Japan, Boullier, 2011; the Aigion Fault in Greece, Cornet et al. 2004, the Chelungpu fault in Taiwan, Ma et al. 2006, and the San Andreas fault in the U.S.A. Ellsworth et al. 2000) as well as high velocity friction experiments (e.g. Tanikawa et al 2012a; Tanikawa et al. 2012b) have highlighted the physico-chemical processes involved in the nucleation of seismic slip (see for the example the review paper of Niemeijer et al. 2012)."

Jan 1, 2015

By Frank Firmstone

It is proposed to consider here only comparisons made between results obtained when the materials employed are precisely the same, two furnaces at the same works for example, or the same furnace under different conditions as respects temperature of blast, method of charging, etc. With this limitation, the most important point in the comparison is the amount of fuel consumed per ton of iron. This, in fact, is the only item in the prime cost of the iron which can properly be said to vary in consequence of changes in the furnace process; for of the other principal items, the ore used per ton of iron, and also the amount of fluxing material, will depend on its richness, which, under the assumed conditions, will be practically invariable when taken over any considerable period; the labor cost also, from its nature, should be very nearly constant when estimated on the ton of iron. Moreover, as it consists principally in handling and moving material, it is greatly affected by circumstances quite independent of

By M. D. Lackey

The "Art" of Big Hole Drilling has been in a continual state of evolution at the Nevada Test Site since the start of underground testing in 1961. Emplacement holes for nuclear devices are still being drilled by the rotary drilling process, but almost all the hardware and systems have undergone many changes during the intervening years. The current design of bits, cutters, and other big hole drilling hardware results from contributions of manufacturers and Test Site personnel. The dual string, air lift, reverse circulation system was developed at the Test Site. Necessity was really the Mother of this invention, but this circulation system is worthy of consideration under almost any condition. Drill rigs for Big Hole drilling are usually adaptations of large Oil Well drill rigs with minor modifications required to handle the big bits and drilling assemblies. Steel remains the favorite shaft lining material, but a lot of thought is being given to concrete linings, especially precast concrete.

Jan 1, 1983

The Electricity Commission of New South Wales is the largest single user of coal in the State, burning some 8.5 million tonnes during 1972-73. This coal is converted in power stations into electrical energy which is then distributed throughout the State and supplies the electricity requirements of 99% of users in New South Wales. Barring any major change in energy consumption growth, or change in the current mode of power generation, the consumption of coal by the Commission is estimated to have a doubling period of from 10 to 14 years. Coal is used to generate up to 87% of the electrical energy sold, the balance being obtained from hydro gen- eration, mainly in the Snowy Mountains, and, to a much smaller extent, from diesel generation at Broken Hill. A very large proportion of this coal is consumed in pulverised fuel boilers in the Commission's power stations, located mainly on the various coalfields of New South Wales. Coal supplies are drawn from a large number of mines, some owned or controlled by the Commission, others being owned by public companies. The coals used, originate from at least ten different seams located in the northern, western and southern coalfields of New South Wales, and therefore have a wide variety of properties and characteristics. To ensure an adequate fuel supply well into the future, the Commission is continuously engaged in coal prospecting in various areas. Bore data is used in assessing coal reserves and is also the basis of economic studies for their possible future exploitation. The numerous coal cores obtained during drilling operations are carefully tested and analysed in order to assess their suitability for power generation purposes, and to provide data for the design and operation of boiler plant using these coals. In existing power stations coal deliveries are systematically sampled and tested for quality control, for pay- ment of purchases based upon certain quality parameters and to check for any possible plant operating or main- tenance problems that might arise from the use of the particular coals. Almost all the properties of coal that may be necessary in the Commission's work are obtained using standard testing procedures carried out by the Commission's chemists, in laboratories located at the various power stations or at its Central Laboratories in Pyrmont. Where specialised analysis or testing is required, this is ordinarily undertaken on a commercial basis by outside bodies, expert in the particular field. The significance of the various properties of the coal for use in p.f. boilers is outlined and related to their proper application to boiler plant design and to plant operation.

Jan 1, 1975

By Patrick J. Doig

The contract for the construction of the Inline Pump Station for the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District involves the sinking of three shafts and the excavation of a pump chamber. The shafts are being sunk to a depth of 104 meters and pass through 52m of sediments before encountering dolomitic bedrock. The pump chamber is constructed in dolomite. The sediments are alluvial, estuarine and lacustrine in origin, with some ice margin deposits. They comprise loosely consolidated fine to coarse grained sand, silts, clays and gravels, and they are heavily saturated with a water content often above 60%. The water table is at a depth of 3m. The dolomite is silurian, generally dense, with some clay-filled vugs and shale partings. Until 1983, underground construction in the Milwaukee area had been limited to depths of 26m in the sediments and 20m in the dolomites. Water control methods had included caissons, compressed air, extensive internal and external dewatering, and grouting. Flows of 20 liters per second were commonplace with as much as 80 liters per second being encountered in the rock. However, in 1984 work was commenced on the deep sections of the Milwaukee sewerage scheme with the letting of three major contracts including the Inline Pump Station. With excavation taking place at greater depths, it become obvious that previous methods of water control would be inappropriate. To protect against major inrushes of high pressure water in the rock, an extensive program of pre-grouting from the surface was specified. Water control in the sediments was left to the discretion of the contractor and in each case freezing was choosen. This paper describes in detail the grouting and freezing procedures.

Jan 1, 1985

By Seoul National University, Ki-Ho Kim, Jong-Pyo Kim, Sung-Min Joo, Hee-Chan Cho, Hyung-Seok Kim

Aragonite was synthesized in addition of Mg2+ ion and SrCO3 seed by carbonation process, and the best condition and mechanism of the synthesis was studied by analysis of continuous pH change, ICP, XRD, and SEM. As MgCl2•6H2O addition increased, aragonite phase increased at condition of CO2 flow rate of 100 mL/min and stirring rate of 250 rpm. It was the dissolution of Mg(OH)2 that determined overall reaction time. As SrCO3 seed addition increased at 0.2 mole MgCl2•6H2O, the amount of aragonite increased and the aspect ratio was from 5 to 9. And it was thought that Mg2+ ion prohibited calcitetransformation of aragonite formed by SrCO3.

Jan 1, 2003

By Mackenzie J. M W

The mechanism of clay slime flocculation in coal washing circuits is considered and it is concluded that polymer flocculants are most suitable. It was found that the addition of sea water with a polymer flocculant improved flocculation and settling, and it was also found that dilution of a flocculated pulp increased floc size and hence settling rate.In predicting plant consumption of reagent it was found that cylinder tests, or even pilot plant tests, could give erroneous results, particularly on flocculated pulps. Different flocculants may, however, be compared in cylinder tests.For filtration, flocculation with Separan plus sea water was much more beneficial than flocculation with Separan alone.INTRODUCTIONDuring the mining of coal, and its subsequent beneficiation by washing, large quantities of minus 10 mesh material are produced. This fine material, which consists of broken down shales and fine coal, causes difficulties in water clarification circuits, in refuse disposal, and in filtration of fine coal.These difficulties can be largely overcome by flocculation, and this paper discusses the mechanism of flocculation, the methods by which a selection of flocculant may be made from the large number available, and the limitation of the prediction of plant performance from laboratory tests. This work applies particularly to the washeries of The Broken Hill Proprietary Co. Ltd. (B.H.P.) and Australian Iron and Steel Ltd. (A.I. & S.) .

Jan 1, 1962

How did you get into mining; were you from a mining town or mining family? Not at all. I grew up in northwest Kansas. I liked to hunt and fish, so I thought it would be fun to work for a company that made knives or guns. It seemed like metallurgical engineers would be something those companies could use, so I started in physical metallurgy. I got a summer job at the great Climax molybdenum mine near Leadville, CO shoveling muck onto conveyors. I was hooked. I loved everything about mining, so in the fall, I changed majors from physical metallurgy to mineral processing. For many years you actually discouraged young people from studying the mining disciplines. Could that be right? That’s true.

Jan 1, 2007