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By H. H. Schrenk

One phase of the Bureau of Minest work in the field of health and safety is the promotion of safe, satisfactory, and reliable respir atory protective devices. To insure that such devices will be available, the Bureau has established schedules of what it considers the minimum re- quirements for oxygen breathing-apparatus,3 gas masks, hose masks,5/ and mechanical filter-respirators (a schedule of requirements for hose- type supplied-air respirators is being prepared). Approval of oxygen breathing-apparatus is given by the Safety Division; approval of other types of respiratory equipment is given by the Health Division, both divisions being in the Health and Safety Branch, Manufacturers of respiratory protective devices may submit their equipment to the Bureau for approval under the requirements of these schedules. As a prerequisite to submitting a device for approval, the Bureau requires a statement that the device is completely developed and of the design and material that the manufacturer believes suitable for a finished marketable device; that the device has been

Aug 1, 1937

By Arthur E. Morris

Process modeling software is used extensively in process engineering, but there is a notable lack of affordable software for educational uses. This paper describes two educationally oriented software programs for thermochemical modeling of processes involving metals, minerals, and ceramic materials. Both programs run as Excel@ spreadsheet files. The first is FREED, a thermodynamic database program containing datafiles for 2500 species. It contains the entire U. S. Bureau of Mines and most of the U. S. Geological Survey database, plus data for scores of other species drawn from various sources. Several modules are available for manipulating and viewing the data. The second program is THERBAL, for making thermodynamic calculations using FREED data. Equilibrium calculations can be made for systems with non-ideal solutions, for a specified set of pressure, temperature, and input amounts of reactants. An optional heat balance is also calculated. The results are displayed as tables or charts in Excel worksheets. Examples of the use of THERBAL will be given for the reforming of natural gas for DRI production, DRI production, and EAF steelmaking. Some observations will be made on its use in the classroom. The development of FREED and THERBAL was initially carried out at the Department of Metallurgical Engineering, University of Missouri - Rolla as part of a project to preserve and enhance the Bureau of Mines database. The current versions were developed privately by the authors.

Jan 1, 2002

By IPMI Educational and Scientific Foundation

It is with great pleasure that we announce the availability of this fourth issue of the IPMI Journal, a publication of the International Precious Metals Educational and Scientific Foundation. This digital peer reviewed publication has been created as a vehicle for the sharing of technical information related to the science and technology of precious metals. Since 1976, the International Precious Metals Institute has championed the exchange of information of critical importance to the precious metals scientific and commercial communities through its various communications vehicles. This has included instructional videos, annual conference symposia, special topic committee meetings, regional seminars, and professional and student achievement awards. Due to the breadth of important topics related to all aspects of precious metals, it has been the vision of the IPMI to provide a publication available to the general public that would become a key source of pertinent topics containing high quality publications by experts in their fields of study. Historically, the IPMI has attracted world renowned experts in many fields (including Nobel Laureates Henry Taube, Ei-ishi Negishi, Robert Grubs, Professor Ben Feringa, and David MacMillan) in the dissemination of discoveries, inventions, and industry proven practices. Such information has a total value greater than the sum of its parts as seemingly unrelated innovations from distinct focus areas can be adapted to solve problems. Because of this important characteristic of information exchange, we have decided to create a digital journal, available to the general public, that will not only communicate state of the art discoveries and sound practices, but will also review historical communications from the IPMI’s archives that have value and use even in today’s environment. On behalf of the members and leaders of the IPMI, we hope you will find value in this new publication.

Dec 1, 2023

By Gene R. Reid

The contract objective is the development of an Automatic Fire Control System for Mobile Underground Metal Mining Equipment. The Phase I Report, which described the projected data handling plan, was published on July 24, 1975. The Phase II effort covered the period from July 24 through December 2 and accomplished the following objectives: ? Acquisition of data in accordance with the project data handling plan. Data were acquired through visits to twenty mine sites in ten states and Canada; visits to Bureau of Mines and MESA facilities; visits to mobile equipment manufacturers; and an extensive literature search. ? Analysis of accumulated data which provided the following specific types of design inputs: selection of the type of mobile underground equipment found to represent the greatest overall fire hazard; typical operating conditions for the vehicle; characteristics of the reported fire experiences; and performance, cost and maintenance factors affecting potential purchases of automatic fire control systems for underground mining equipment. ? Development of the AFCS design concept. Utilizing the data analysis results and considering the state-of-the-art of fire control system components, a recommended design concept was developed with particular emphasis placed on the need for a low cost and reliable system. Design trade-off studies are provided for the recommended system and for four alternate system concepts.

Jan 1, 1975

By Thomas Varley

"The literature on flotation of oxidized ores except for patents (especially for reagents) is very sparse. The Bureau of Mines in 1936, published a circular on the subject, by Ralston and Allen. The treatment of oxides by flotation was then in its infancy, but several of the most important mining companies in the Western United States and Mexico are now operating flotation plants for treating oxidized ores. The purpose of this present circular is to review the progress made and bring the subject up to date. One of the writers of the 1916 report (Mr. Allen) has been associated with some of the most important mining companies who have put into practical operation the process of flotation of oxidized ores; among these companies are the Shhttuck Arizona Copper Co., Bisbee, Arizona (now the Shattuck Denn Co.) and the San Francisco Mines of Mexico, Ltd., San Francisco Del Oro, Chihuahua, Mexico. His experience and other sources of information have been freely drawn on in pre-paring this paper. Mr. Ralston, assistant chief metallurgist of the Bureau of Mines, contributed many valuable suggestions and criticisms.Sulphidizing Reagents for Oxidize Ores.The various reagents and methods that might possibly be used for sulphidizing were summarized by Ralston and Allen as follows:""Sulphidizing (1) by the use of hydrogen sulphide on either the dry or the wet crushed ore, (2) by the use of solutions of the various sulphides and sulpho-compounds of sodium, (3) by the use of solutions of the various sulphides and sulpho-compounds of calcium, (4) by the use of sulphur vapor, (5) by the use of a sulphureted oil, (6) with colloidal sulphur."

Jun 1, 1927

By D. Harrington

Dust diseases are much before the public at present, but little reliable information on the subject is readily available to the layman; even those rated as experts usually have a more or less theoretical conception of these diseases, their causes, remedies, and prevention. Until recently little attention has been given to prevention, and the usual attitude of the engineer, upon whom the main reliance for prevention ultimately must devolve, has been to let "sleeping dogs lie" or, more definitely, to "let well enough alone." However, the "laissez faire" attitude no longer is tenable; in the past few years numerous conditions have caused those engaged in industry, including mining, to study the subject with a view to ascertaining the facts upon which to formulate remedial measures, primarily preventive. This bulletin is an attempt to assemble information in convenient form on effects of breathing dusts, largely in the mining and allied industries. The literature on this subject is so extensive that no attempt has been made to include all published material or all types of dust diseases but only to assemble some of the more outstanding data on several aspects of the subject, especially with reference to silicosis.

Jan 1, 1937

By K. T. Menzies

This report documents laboratory and in-mine analyses of diesel exhaust pollutants carried out to assess the fate of potentially reactive species in the mine environment. Specifically, the concentration of stable compounds including carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, and potentially reactive compounds including nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, aldehydes, formaldehyde, acrolein, formic acid, odorants, particulates, soluble sulfates, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons were determined. The concentration and mass emission rates of these compounds were measured in the laboratory under three engine speed and load conditions and with three exhaust control conditions, i.e., none, catalyst, water conditioner. Once calibrated, the engine was installed in the Bureau of Mines Safety Research Coal Mine and the concentration of exhaust pollutants measured at several distances downstream (inby) of the engine. Laboratory results confirm the relatively small effect of exhaust control devices on most pollutants under engine conditions of low speed and load. At higher engine speed and load, the catalyst is more effective in controlling many pollutants. The in-mine data indicates that during residence times, which are typical for miner/exhaust contact, most diesel exhaust pollutants do not decrease in concentration. The obvious exceptions are nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and formaldehyde. The concentration of these pollutants is reduced by up to 75 percent in five minutes. The lack of increase in levels of obvious reaction products indicates that surface loss may be a major sink for these pollutants.

Jan 1, 1980

By O. Llewellyn Jack

From September 1978 to December 1983, ESD Corporation (formerly a Division of FMC Corporation) undertook the development and testing of a bidirectional auger under contract with the U.S. Department of Energy. Underground testing began in August 1981 at Peabody Coal Company's Marissa Mine near Marissa, Illinois. The auger was developed to increase mine production and coal recovery without increasing land subsidence. It bored 4-foot-diameter by 10-foot-deep holes into pillars on 7-foot centers (each hole recovering 5 tons). All operating during this test was performed by maintenance personnel with the goal of finding ways to increase the machine potential. The maximum excavation rate achieved was 1.4 tons per minute. It was concluded that the concept of drilling short holes to extract coal from underground pillars without surface subsidence was practicable with a wheel mounted auger, but that more power was desirable for this mine, and that the hydraulically driven augering system that provided experimental versatility was not sufficiently reliable for production use.

Jan 1, 1983

By Armando Vazquez

Steel Dynamics Inc. (SDI) and Tenova Goodfellow Inc. (TGI) have successfully commissioned the first hybrid extractive/laser system for continuous and full spectrum analysis (CO, CO2, O2, H2 and H2O vapor) on two twin shell furnaces at Butler, Indiana. NextGen® technology using off-gas analysis as a main tool for EAF practice optimization is a proven effective method for improving plant productivity. Significant benefits attributed to the NextGen® system are operational cost reductions through the use of real-time dynamic control of chemical energy and improved environmental conditions through reduced GHG emissions. Additionally, the implementation of Tenova’s Water Leak Detection Technology® has shown results as an effective tool for operators to identify in real-time the presence of water during both reducing and oxidizing conditions. This paper will include project details, trials and results and will also outline the latest hardware developments and multipoint capabilities

Oct 30, 2017

By James E. McNulty

The planning and development of new coal mines is requiring the increased use of geologic, geologic engineering and hydrogeologic investigations. This is caused in part by the fact that new mines must deal with less favorable conditions than existing mines as well as higher costs of development and in part by the dictates of regulatory authority. High costs of new mines require greater reliability of geologic assessment using best available geotechnical and geophysical methods and technology. Although the increased cost of additional subsurface data is significant, the more important factor may be the impact on project lead time.

Jan 1, 1981

By Jacqueline V. Rich

The relationship between surface and ground water quality and copper mining in the Globe-Miami area is investigated in this three-year study. Methods to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or treat polluted waters are identified and evaluated. Best Management Practices are incorporated in a recommended plan to manage the area's water quality.

Jan 1, 1983

By Benjamin W. Haynes

The Bureau of Mines conducted research to provide technical information needed to devise waste management plans for the processing of manganese nodules. Studies included summary descriptions of Pacific manganese nodules, process options and flowsheets, methods for characterizing nodules and their tailings, and results of analyses of laboratory and pilot-plant generated tailings. This information is the result of a cooperative research effort of the Bureau of Mines and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), with NOAA providing funding and the Bureau conducting the research. A summary of the extensive literature review is provided for manganese nodule mineralogy, chemistry, processing techniques, and methods of analyses. Characterizations and analyses of laboratory-generated tailings and slags are given, as well as the results of the leaching studies on these waste materials. Leachability was determined by three standard leachate tests- the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) extraction procedure (EP) toxicity test, the American Society for Testing and Materials shake extraction test, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers-EPA seawater elutriant test. While the wastes generated in the laboratory may not be entirely representative of those to be generated in full-scale plants, results of these studies provide a positive indication that commercial recovery of cobalt, copper, manganese, and nickel from manganese nodules would be environmentally acceptable.

Jan 1, 1985

By L Manca, P B. Hills, D Tyler, N Pollington

This paper describes a collaborative project undertaken by Newcrest Mining Limited (Newcrest) and pitt&sherry to identify, develop and then implement global best practices to manage the exposure to inrush (dry and mud) hazards in underground mining operations. An extensive literature review was undertaken to identify past experience globally and the current state of knowledge and practice in managing inrush hazard. A key requirement of the literature review was the development of a list of guiding questions which would form a framework for approaching operators to discuss the topic, capture recent learnings and understand current operating practices to allow the development of a best practice solution. An initial cohort of 14 mines across four continents chose to contribute and detailed interviews were carried out by the project team. The outcome from the literature review, interviews with participating mines and various internal discussions was a comprehensive summary document detailing Basic versus Best Practice management of the inrush hazard. This document is being used as a gap analysis tool by Newcrest to assess and guide the management of inrush hazard at their existing and future operations. The summary document has also been provided to the participating mines for their consideration. The project is iterative and will continue to evolve as new experiences, knowledge and practices come to light.

Mar 15, 2021

By J. R. Emery, D. F. Coates

"FOUR PAPERS ON CEMENTED BACKFILL were given at the Annual General Meeting of The Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy in 1970:Weaver, W. S., and Luka, R., ""Laboratory Studies of Cement-Stabilized Mine Tailings"".Pasieka, A. R., Beattie, H. F., and Espley, G. H., ""Cemented Hydraulic Backill within the Falconbridge Group of Companies"".McLeod, P. C., and Schwartz, A., ""Consolidated Fill at Noranda Mines Limited (Geco Division)"".Clement, W. P., and Sokoloski, R., ""Pumping Cemented Backfill"".These four papers give the impression of a development in mining technology that has been substantially completed. Somewhat over ten years ago, The Inter-national Nickel Company of Canada, Limited and Falconbridge Nickel Mines Limited started experimenting with the addition of Portland cement to mill tailings to produce improved backfill and cheaper floors for scraping. Shortly after, the Canada Cement Company Limited (now Canada Cement Lafarge Ltd.), with full support of the two mining companies, started an extensive research program to provide the technologic-al data necessary to exploit what was obviously going to be a significant development in mining technology."

Jan 1, 1970

By P. Cheung, J. Gulyas, R. Clary

Over the past 50 years, the use of autoclaves in the metallurgical industry has evolved from final metal recovery (hydrogen reduction) and purification (sulphide precipitate oxidation) to treating whole ores and concentrates. Recent process developments, such as the use of autoclaves for laterite leaching, have necessitated higher temperature and pressure operations, which in turn have seen marked advancements in technology and manufacturing capabilities to keep in step with process demands. This paper will discuss the advances in technology in terms of design, materials and construction of autoclaves and liners, typical dip tube design and geometric layout. This paper will also address specific auxiliary equipment, such as acid and steam injection systems, and components, such as agitator seal systems.

Jan 1, 2004

By Alexander Fleischanderl

Steel market has become somehow unpredictable and requires quick adjustment in production conditions to survive in the harsh market environment. Steel production is not anymore driven by output records, but by efficient cost reduction measures to remain competitive under strongly varying production conditions. Energy efficient production and flexible raw material scenarios have become decisive factors to succeed and survive in our industry. Such scenarios have to be carefully investigated to be well prepared to adopt production steps continuously. The paper analyses various process opportunities to optimize energy and raw material consumption in the production route. Off-gas treatment systems have still a huge untapped potential to recover energy from the hot waste gases. This is valid for the EAF mini mills as well as for the integrated route. Various examples for waste heat recovery systems including resulting benefits are discussed for the EAF, agglomeration, blast furnace, direct reduction and BOF. New innovative bag-filter systems feature extremely low emission levels at lowest pressure loss and sound emission conditions. Also improved control and automation solutions support the operators to minimize the operation and maintenance costs of their off-gas system. Steelmaking by-products shall not be considered as residues, but as a valuable and cheap raw material source. The paper presents some show cases how to valorize slags as well as utilizing coke and iron oxide fines to increase productivity and minimize raw material cost. A new process for highly flexible converter steelmaking allowing for extraordinary high HBI and scrap rates above 50% and improved yield is discussed and evaluated

Oct 30, 2017

By Raymond Derzay

This publication is intended to be of value to the mineral industry in establishing and maintaining effective programs for preventing noise-induced hearing loss. Factors involved in this loss and the need for and the requirements of an effective hearing conservation program are discussed. The legal and legislative history of compensation for hearing loss is briefly reviewed. A review of statutes is not attempted since several States have recently modified) or are in the process of modifying their laws regarding permissible noise exposures) required hearing protection) and/or compensation for hearing loss. A review of other aspects of the problem of industrial noise in terms of medical, physiological) and psychological frames of reference is included. A hearing conservation program is described in detail. Appendixes detailing the names and addresses of a few equipment suppliers are included. References are provided for those who may wish to delve more deeply into the medical, technical, and scientific considerations of noise and its effect on man.

Jan 1, 1972

By Michael Rieber

In this study a generalized specification and costing model for high tonnage coal carrying conveyor belts of 3.5 to 100 miles is presented. These belt systems, in modular units or flights, of up to 9 miles in length can be considered in terms of gathering systems. The study format is sufficiently open to allow users to insert their own requirements and parameters. A specific case study is provided. Because conveyor belts are feasible almost anywhere, this study has not investigated any specific route or geographic location. Rather, it has concentrated on setting up an heuristic programming model for conveyor belt facility optimization and cost minimization. The analysis starts with the principle factors involved in the design of the system and their optimization for various cases. This is followed, in Section 5.4, with a factor by factor cost analysis based on industry data and the preceding optimization. The next step is the development of both facility and costing models suitable for computer analysis. Logic flow diagrams are presented at each major analytic step.

Jan 1, 1977

By K. Eklund, T. Ahokainen

The Flash Smelting process is the most used production method for primary copper in the world. The basic idea of the Flash Smelting is to utilize the thermal value of sulfidic concentrates and melt the reaction product, in controlled conditions, without a need for external energy. This basic principle is utilized both in matte smelting and in Direct-to-Blister Flash Smelting Processes. In this paper, the behavior of normal (CuFeS2) concentrate of FSF-process is compared to the behavior of high grade feed material produced by Outokumpu Concentrate Upgrade Process with the aid of computational fluid dynamics (CPD) simulation using add-in subroutines developed by Outokumpu Technology. Results consist of the information concerning the behavior of the suspension, reaction efficiency and other parameters concerning the reactions of the feed material. It will be shown that, using the Upgrade Process, the throughput of copper from the Flash Furnace can be almost tripled.

Jan 1, 2007

By Brian Raymond

This paper will outline the problems and solutions of the new generation washeries, as well as the recent technological advances which are being considered for future coal preparation plants. The subjects to be covered will include: - reasons for considering coal preparation plants; - raw coal crushing and handling systems; - types of coal cleaning equipment being used versus new equipment being considered; - fine coal circuit sizing; - clean coal centrifuging and dewatering; - thermal dryer problems and changes; - fine refuse dewatering systems; - clean coal storage problems and changes; - materials handling within the plants; and - control systems for preparation plants. The design and integration of the various circuits that form a modern coal preparation plant have led to the creation of an exciting new field of industrial research. As the need for energy sources increases, efficient methods of preparing coals for specific markets will become more important.

Jan 1, 1979