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By H. Kotzé

Titania slag is used as feedstock in the production of titanium dioxide pigment. It (titania slag) is the product of ilmenite smelting,a process whereby ilmenite is reduced at high temperature utilizing anthracite as a reducing agent. Although various slag tapping configurations are employed throughout the ilmenite smelting industry, the method of tapping the slag from the furnace into bell shaped cast steel pots, was the subject of investigation in this study. The paper describes the formulation of a cooling model used to calculate and subsequently predict the temperature profile of a slagblock during its cooling within the various cooling environments of pot cooling, air cooling and water cooling. The model was calibrated against actual internal slag temperature measurements and verified with information obtained from both pilot and industrial scale blocks. The paper concludes with solidification results and their practical implication.

Jan 1, 2010

By B Newcombe

From many years practical industrial experience the author has drawn together a list of the key points to consider when embarking on a large-scale geometallurgical project. Fundamental aspects which must be considered include (but are not limited to):understanding the variability of the orebody both laterally and with depth;comminution properties and variability;flotation properties, requirements and variability – differing ore zones may have substantially different requirements for optimal performance;the role of texture – the consequences of both grain size and distribution and how the circuit will handle these;realistic expectation in terms of the financial requirements and time frame results are required within; andintegration of, and communication between key personnel within the various departments of the site (mining, geology and processing) is a fundamental aspect of any geometallurgically based processing system. An example of a highly complex nickel sulfide ore will be used as the basis of discussion.

Sep 5, 2011

By Wen L. Chen

The steam coal quality is less stringent than metallurgical coal quality. The steam coal is prepared either by cleaning full size range of raw coal or cleaning coarse coal only, leaving the fine coal raw. The latter scheme is more cost competitive. It is particularly applicable to U.S. eastern soft coal where low ash coal is concentrated in fine sizes. For raw coal size separation, a recently developed Rotating Probability Screen, developed by the British Coal Board, may be advantageously used for easy change of raw coal separating size and to avoid screen deck plugging when handling wet and clayey raw coals.

Jan 1, 1983

By C. Dinis da Gama

Because of the growing importance of back analysis for the interpretation of rock slope failures, particularly in open pit mines, it is suggested a methodologic sequence of activities for dealing with those problems. The principal mathematical tools for the interpretation of the most common mechanisms of slope failures are reviewed, including methods of stress and strain analysis, which seem to be more powerful for parametrization studies, and for developing more realistic explanations of slope behaviour, such as the measurement of displacements. An application of those methods is described, using slope failures detected in a Brazilian uranium mine (Cercado), thus providing reliable shearing strength parameters for the rock mass discontinuites, which were used in the final pit design. The concept of using backanalysis results to supply input data for pit design was implemented by means of the excavation of an experimental trench within mine limits, where specific instruments were installed, and several slope failures were monitored and backanalysed, in order to yield information about sliding mechanisms in the future open pit.

Jan 1, 1983

By M. Deutsch, E. González, M. Williams

"There is uncertainty in ultimate pit limits due to geologic variation and unpredictable economic landscapes. In this work we show how this uncertainty affects the ultimate pit and how it can be analyzed to improve the mine planning process. A stochastic framework using geostatistical simulation and parametric analysis is used to model the effects of geologic and economic variation on ultimate pit limits and overall project economics. This analysis is made possible by a new, highly efficient pit optimization implementation which can be automated and set up to calculate ultimate pits for hundreds of different scenarios in a matter of hours. Quantifying ultimate pit uncertainty early in the mine planning process allows mining engineers to make informed decisions regarding infrastructure placement, and to mitigate the possibility of incurring substantial costs relocating critical mine facilities. INTRODUCTION The mining industry is increasingly concerned with the effects of risk and uncertainty. Uncertain prices, unpredictable global markets, and unknown foreign exchange rates can alter the economic viability of a mining project in substantial ways. This economic uncertainty is compounded by geologic uncertainty. The extent and quality of any given deposit cannot be fully measured and is not known before consequential decisions must be made. These two sources of uncertainty are responsible for the majority of deviation between what happens during operation and what was initially planned. Understanding and explicitly quantifying this uncertainty will lead to better decision making and allow mining engineers and investors to be aware of what may occur. It is unrealistic to believe that one model, estimated from sparse measurements, is enough to capture both geologic and economic uncertainty and allow for optimal decisions. The entire breadth of uncertainty should be considered, as both upside and downside risks have large impacts on the investment potential and operational efficiency of mining projects. The workflow presented here uses Monte Carlo simulation and parametric analysis together to explicitly analyze the breadth of geologic and economic uncertainty as it applies to ultimate pit calculation and long range mine planning."

Jan 1, 2015

By AIME AIME

THE 140th meeting of the Institute will be held in the Engineering societies Building, 'New York, Feb.: 16-19, and one of the most important features, one which cannot be reduced to text in the TRANSACTIONS, will be the opportunity to renew old friendships and make new friends, to talk things over -to orient one's self in these troublous .times. There will be daily get-together luncheons for all, luncheons and dinners for specialized groups, an informal dance, the annual reception and banquet, and a smoker. And such a smoker! It starts with dinner at .dinnertime, shows signs of cabaret, turns smoker, and then goes entertainment-all for the price of one. This year one can stay long after 11 o'clock-there will be time and opportunity to amble around and meet everyone present. The formal program is rapidly rounding into shape. The annual business meeting will -be held on Tuesday morning and the banquet will be at the Commodore. The four Divisions and the various, Technical Committees are arranging their sessions. and scheduling for these a long list of significant papers. A .feature of the meeting will be a number of round tables on timely subjects.

Jan 1, 1931

By Malti Goel

"The cost-effective capture of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the point sources for its reduction the atmosphere offers many challenges in materials science. Novel CO2 capturing approaches using chemical, physical and biological methods are in the research stage and are aimed to minimize the cost. Appropriate materials development , which can withstand required temperature or pressure as the case may be for CO2 emanating from coal gas or industrial waste gases form the minimum condition. Other requirements are reclyclability of material and cost of separation. Nano-material composites can be more effective in selective capture of CO2 and can offer solutions for large-scale separation process. Nano-porous material catalysis can enhance the reaction rate of CO2 with other chemicals and thus help in capture of CO2 and convert it into value added products. This paper reviews recent industrial scale developments. In the Indian context, R&D priority areas in CO2 capture process development with a focus on energy industry are presented.IntroductionScience of Climate Change is growing at an enormous pace. With the ultimate goal of stabilization of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, new scientific approaches are being researched worldwide. A shift in policies from low carbon and no carbon energy sources to fossil fuel sources with capture of carbon and its permanent storage is taking place. The process of carbon capture is both energy and materials intensive and the cost of power generation may increase up to 40% when carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology is implemented. Development of cost effective R&D technology therefore remains the greatest challenge before the scientific community."

Jan 1, 2009

Jan 1, 1899

By H. J. Hutson

BRS, Inc. has utilized Carlson's Natural RegradeTM software to design the reclamation and stabilization of abandoned open pit uranium mine spoils, AML Project 16N, located in the Gas Hills Uranium District in central Wyoming. This work was completed for the State of Wyoming's Abandoned Mine Land Program (AML) on preSMCRA (Surface Mining Reclamation and Control Act) sites for which no reclamation obligation existed. The project successfully stabilized an eroding spoil dump, enhanced the local view shed, created habitat diversity and provided a significant source of fill material for open pit highwall hazard mitigation efforts. Additionally, the project served to evaluate innovative reclamation design methods, engineering software and grade control technology. This project was nominated for a National Association of Abandoned Mine Land Programs award by the State of Wyoming. The results of this project will be presented as a case history of the Natural RegradeTM approach to surface mine reclamation. Based on the successful application of this new mine reclamation technology on the AML 16N Project, reclamation designs for spoils associated with planned underground uranium mine operations at the Velvet Mine in the Lisbon Valley Uranium District of Utah for Uranium One USA, Inc have been prepared and will be presented. Critical elements will be the encapsulation of unsuitable materials, long term hydrologic stability, and sequencing and staging of ore and mine waste for final reclamation surface construction. The goal of the Uranium One Velvet Project will be to apply best available technology to reclamation planning and fully integrate the reclamation design with the mine planning. Benefits of the approach should include improved public and regulatory perception of the project, facilitate mine permit approvals and the eventual timely release of reclamation bonds, as it is anticipated the stable landform created through this process will result in more rapid stabilization of the site to pre-mine geomorphic conditions. NATURAL REGRADETM CASE STUDY AML Project 16N, D-9 and K Pit Reclamation Project, is located in an intensely disturbed area of the West Gas Hills Uranium Mining District in Fremont County, Wyoming. The overall design calls for the placement of approximately 7 million cubic yards of backfill materials in the D9 and K Pits, imported from adjacent mine spoils including the Central Spoils, and from local highwall excavation. Figure 1 shows the location of the Central Spoils excavation area, as well as the D9 and K Pits fill area. The entire project is located on public lands administered by the Bureau of Land Management, Lander, Wyoming District Office. No access controls are in place at the abandoned mine sites. The public lands are administered under a multiple use land policy including grazing of range land, public recreation, active mining and exploration, and oil and gas. The project site is located along Fremont County Road No. 5, which is a moderately well traveled road. Reclamation of the numerous and large abandoned open pits in the Gas Hills Uranium District has reduced the risk of death or injury to the public. Site History and Background The Gas Hills Uranium District was mined by multiple companies during the period from 1955 to 1981. The uranium was hosted in the Wind River formation, a sequence of soft sedimentary layers of interbedded sandstone, clayey shales, and conglomerates. Uranium was precipitated out of ground water in classic roll front deposits, which are found from very near surface to depths greater than 400 feet. Prior to the enactment of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA), very little reclamation work was performed when mines were abandoned or closed. The State of Wyoming Abandoned Mine Lands Program has worked to mitigate hazards associated with large open pits, control migration of unsuitable materials and restore watershed functionality of lands in the district. Additional reclamation is being performed by mining companies on bonded lands. Figure 2, Gas Hills Uranium District aerial photograph, shows the extent of the mining disturbance in the district. [ ] Project Hazards and Concerns The purpose of AML Project 16N is to mitigate hazardous conditions and risk to the public associated with open pit highwalls and toxic, acid forming, and /or radioactive mine waste materials. The D9 and K Pits are contiguous open pits characterized by an 8,800 foot long hazardous highwall that averages over 200 feet tall. In addition to the physical hazard presented by the highwall, the project addresses

Jan 1, 2009

The Sixtieth Regular Meeting of the Rocky Mountain Coal Mining Institute convening at the Stanley Hotel in Estes Park, Colorado, was declared in session at 10:10 a.m. by Past President Mike Zakotnik, Jr., General Superintendent, The Kemmerer Coal Company, Frontier, Wyoming. Mike introduced Claude P. Heiner, President, Minerals and Development Corporation, Salt Lake City, Utah; and President of the Rocky Mountain Coal Mining Institute. President's Address Members of the Rocky Mountain Coal Min- ing Institute, guests, visitors and friends: I feel this is a distinct honor to talk to you on the occasion of this 60th regular meeting of the Institute. I once assumed this would be the Institute's 60th birthday, but later found that the first meeting was held in the State Capitol at Denver on November 12, 1912, at which time a comparatively small group of operators duly organized the Institute; a Mr. Weitzel of Colorado Fuel & Iron Company was then elected president and our late and dearly remembered Fred W. Whiteside, whose wife Gussie now carries Fred's work forward, was elected secretary. From Fred's records, early meetings were held semi-annually at rather irregular intervals, so that this 60th meeting is approximately the 52nd birthday of the organization and I am number 44 to serve as president. This latter development, I am sure, was conjured up last year by certain members at Glenwood Springs when I was absent. Anyway, I am honored and trust 'that these sessions will be both interesting and instructive in helping us on our way in the coal business.

Jan 1, 1964

By Tianyou Huang, Yuan Lu, Haimin Long, Jinwu Kang, Gang Nie

"The distortion of metal parts during heat treatment process is one of the main obstacles in industry to ensure high-quality work and less or no machining allowance, especially for large but thin steel castings such as heavy turbine blades. In the paper, a method is proposed to control the distortion by adjusting heat transfer coefficient of metal parts during heat treatment process. Required heat transfer coefficients can be realized by getting the metal parts into contact with various media such as water spray, insulation felt or materials with different heat conductivity. The control method based on this idea is set up and achieved. By using insulation felt and water spray to change the heat transfer coefficient during the stages of heat treatment process, the results indicate that the proper control time and vary with materials.IntroductionThe distortion of metal parts during heat treatment process is one of the main obstacles in industry to ensure high-quality work and to realize less or no machining allowance [1]. For example, the Three Gorges turbine blade’s distortion is as large as 50mm during heat treatment process. The uneven heating and cooling during heat treatment process is the main reason for distortion [2]. By adjusting heat transfer coefficient of different areas of metal parts, the heat treatment process could be controlled. The temperature variation, direct cause for distortion, could be under control. Loeser Klaus used high pressure gas to achieve uniform heat transfer during gas quenching and proposed the possibility to use ""Dynamic Quenching"" processes where the quenching severity is varied during quenching by stepwise control of either gas velocity or gas pressure [3]. Li Zhichao also suggested minimizing distortion by marking a component into several areas and imposing different heat transfer coefficients on each area [4]. Heat transfer coefficient can be controlled by getting the metal parts into contact with different media such as water spray, insulation felt, air or different heat conduction materials. In addition, the exact time to adjust the heat transfer coefficient is another factor for distortion. A method is presented in this paper by actively adjusting heat transfer coefficient for different areas of metal parts and different stages of heat treatment process to control their distortion. The corresponding experiments have been made by using different metal materials."

Jan 1, 2012

The problem of ventilating an advancing drive which finally reached 5,550 ft from the fresh air base in rock with virgin temperature of 83°F was solved economically by the use of two 15 h.p. electric fans forcing ventilating air through 281/2 in. dia. fiexible polythene tubing of wall thickness 0·010 in. The saving in cost over conventional metal duct was estimated to be £3· 24 per ft of drive.INTRODUCTIONAs described by Dutton (1965) and Newton (1965) the existing 1,480' ft level drive at the South Mine, Broken Hill, was extended in two stages. The first extension was 3,790 ft, the face then being 4,790 ft from the fresh air inlet. Later, after a vertical ventilation connection was made 1,000 ft back from the face, the drive was extended a further 4,550 ft. The rate of face advance in both stages was about 15 ft per day (3 shifts of 5 ft), 5 days per week. Drive size was 8 ft by 9 ft 6 in. high.The Mines Inspection Act of New South Wales requires 6 hr shifts (instead of the normal 7 in Broken Hill) to be worked if the wet bulb temperature exceeds 80°F. Virgin rock temperature on the 1,480 ft level was 83°F. Inlet air temperature varied with seasons from 58 to 72,oF wet bulb.To adequately ventilate the face, a flow of air of about 11,000 c.f.m. was thought to be necessary.Re-entry time was about 75 min, being governed by the 7 hr length of shift (3 shifts per day) and travelling time.Blasting was permitted only at the end of the shift, in accordance with local industrial restrictions.

Jan 1, 1965

By Norman G. Foster

The mass spectra of 14 previously unreported alkylthiophenes are pre-sented. Low ionization voltage data of selected compounds from these 14 and 23 previously reported alkylthiophenes are presented and discussed for their value in supporting fragmentation mechanisms analytical correlations. A comparison with and corroboration of earlier correlations is made. Additional correlations concerning detection of side chain branching and the detection of ethyl-alkyl and propyl-alkylthiophenes are made. A discussion of the possible fragmentation routes and mechanism of fragmentation is given. Speculative structures are inferred s out some of the ions and hence this work provides a basis for suggesting fation mechanisms for the alkylthiophenes according to modern theories ass spectrometry. Verification of these mechanisms must await the availability of isotopically labeled molecules which are labeled in specific lotions that permit the definition of the paths of frag-mentation. Some suggestions for further work to generalize on the correlations and studies made to this point are presented.

Jan 1, 1965

It is widely accepted that particles stabilise flotation froths and that stable froths result in improved flotation performance. Predicting the effect of particle addition on froth stability is, however, challenging. Dynamic surface tension measurement using maximum bubble pressure presents an attractive technique to investigate the effect of surfactant and particles at the air-water interface. The range of bubble lifetimes that can be studied (typically 0.1 to 60 s) is analogous to variations in air rate in flotation cells, and the corresponding changes in surface tension give an indication to the diffusion and adsorption rates of particles at the interface. In this paper, we use dynamic surface tension measurements to investigate the effect of particles on bubble surfaces at the microscale and link this to bulk froth stability measurements carried out using a froth column. Using the maximum bubble pressure method, the results show that the addition of particles results in lower surface tension, both at the dynamic (i.e. short) bubble lifetimes and towards equilibrium (i.e. 60 s bubble lifetime). This corresponds with the bulk froth stability measurements, where the three-phase system yielded more stable froths than the surfactant only system. Furthermore, increased particle loading at the air-water interface, whether through higher surfactant concentrations or lower air rates (longer bubble lifetimes), gave lower surface tension and higher froth stability. This demonstrates the link between bubble loading and froth stability. It is proposed that the maximum bubble pressure technique can be used to predict froth stability for two- and three-phase systems, enabling the effect of particle loading to be accounted for and quantified. Moreover, the technique has the potential to allow rapid determination of particle and surfactant diffusion at the air-water interface and prediction of the corresponding effect on bulk froth behaviour.

By R. Tanaskovic

The objective of study of climatic conditions in underground mines is to create a working environment suitable for normal development of operations. Disregarding the fact that the development of equipment and technology, especially during the past decade, made the work in underground mines much easier, it is observed, according to the number of professional publications, that increasing attention is devoted to the study of climatic operating conditions in mines of many countries. This indicates that the climatic operating conditions are closely connected with productivity, and in turn with mine production profitability, in addition to the protection of manpower health and working capabilities. Usually, the concept of unfavourable climatic conditions of operation implies increased mine air temperature and humidity and low air flow rate, resulting in impeded heat exhange between human organism and working environment. As known, above phenomena are present in deep underground mines where the heat problem exceeds the-problems related to other features of natural conditions of mining. On the contrary, unsuitability of climatic operating conditions in mines with shallower mining depths is manifested by inadequate heat, particularly during the cold winter period. The two stated aspects of unsuitable climatic operating conditions are not solvable only by mine ventilation, so the former case requires cooling and the later one heating of the air used to ventilate the pit, or part there of where the phenomena are manifested. Study of climatic operating conditions in mines is, due to the number of factors involved, a complex and time consuming task, and this was, among others, one of the reasons for inadequate study of these problems in many mines. However, it is evident that further development of mine production imposes the need to make the climatic operating conditions in mines similar to those existing in other activities, where increasing attention is being devoted to the improvement of these conditions. Development of mining industry in Yugoslavia, particularly over the past decades, caused several of our mines to approach mining depths where the heat regime has a major influence on climatic operating conditions. This imposed the need to determine and investigate heat regime parameters, especially those that cause unsuitable operating conditions. The results of such investigations in the case of the deep part of Lead and Zinc Mine "Trepca" - Stari Trg are briefly reported in this paper.

Jan 1, 1980

By D. P. Ziegler

Formulas relating economic optimum busbar cross sectional areas to busbar cost, electric price and financial parameters are reviewed and revised. Application of the formulas is illustrated with discussion of the appropriate choice of parameter values and the sensitivity of the optimum to the parameters. The extension of the single busbar concept to optimization of more complicated arrangements of bus for smelting pots is complicated by the constraint of obtaining a specified current distribution. An example problem illustrates the optimization of a section of a bus network containing a fork, with the imposed limitation of achieving a specified uniformity in the current. In cases where the current in the individual conductors may vary, Kelvin's law does not apply. Further extension of the technique to a full pot set of conductors poses additional problems which are discussed, but whose solution has not yet been accomplished. Aluminium 2006 45th Annual Conference of Metallurgists ofCIM Montreal, Quebec, Canada Edited by

Jan 1, 2006

By Lisa E. Helberg

"Titanium tetrachloride is produced through the chlorination of a variety of titanium bearing ores, some occurring in nature, and others enriched in titanium content by a variety of ""beneficiation"" processes. The chlorination step can produce a variety of metal chloride impurities, such as iron chlorides and vanadium chlorides, which must be removed from the TiC14 before it can be used to produce pigmentary TiO2, titanium metal or for any other commercial use. The requisite manipulations involve both physical and chemical separations in a multi-step process. The history of various purification strategies will be discussed.TextThere are a wide range of titanium-based products available, all of which start with titanoferrous ore of some type. Two main routes are used to convert ores into products, known as the sulfate and chloride processes. The sulfate process uses sulfuric acid to digest the ore, separate the impurities, and then precipitate titanium dioxide from the resulting titanyl sulfate (TiOSO4) via metatitanic acid. This process can also supply TiOS04 for other applications."

Jan 1, 2011

By J. Kittl, D. Arias

THE decomposition on cooling of the high-temperature ß bcc phases in copper- or silver-based binary systems usually takes place by a martensitic. massive, bainitic, or pearlitic reaction depending upon the particular conditions of each system. The AgAl system is one of these systems in which a massive or a martensitic transformation can occur upon cooling from the 3 phase field. Recently Hawbolt and Brown1 observed both massive and martensitic transformation products in a 22.7 at. pct A1 alloy. In the present work the massive and the martensitic transformations were investigated in a number of alloys for the composition range between 23.2 and 27.9 at. pct Al. The alloys were prepared using high-purity silver, 99.999 pct, supplied by ASARCO and aluminum, 99.999 pct, supplied by ALCOA. The metals were melted using a graphite or a sintered alumina crucible which was sealed in quartz tubes under an argon atmosphere. The alloys Were remelted to reduce segregation and homogenized in the 13 phase field for 24 hr. The weight of the alloys after homo-genization compared with the initial weight indicating the alloy composition to be within k0.1 pct of the in- tended composition. Chemical analysis of several samples confirmed the estimated alloy composition. All metallographic observations were performed on samples electropolished with ac current using a 10 pct solution of KCN and a stainless-steel electrode. The samples were cut into -1-mm-thick slices, polished, heat-treated in the ß phase field, and quenched in air, ice water, or iced brine. Some heat treatments consisted of a 2-min anneal carried out in air to allow maximum quenching speeds. Other samples were heat-treated in a vacuum of 10"4 torr and quenched using a helium blast in a quenching apparatus described elsewhere.&apos; In both cases, no appreciable losses of silver or aluminum were noted at the sample surface by sectioning and electropolishing. Table I summarizes the microstructure resulting from the various quenching treatments. The composition of the alloys investigated is also indicated on the equilibrium diagram in Fig. 1. The <, hcp phase, typical of a massive ß — cm, transformation, was observed in all alloys. A minimum temperature of 450°C was estimated for this transformation based on preliminary cooling experiments. the results being included in Fig. 1. In these

Jan 1, 1970

By Nicole R. Henderson

Many mining engineering graduates enter the mining industry lacking training in mine emergency management. As a result, mining universities in the United Sates and other countries are beginning to form volunteer student mine rescue teams to train mining engineering students in handling mine emergency situations and give them hands-on experience managing potential emergency scenarios underground. In the early 1980s, the Missouri University of Science and Technology developed the first collegiate mine rescue team in the United States. For approximately 30 years, it was the only successful collegiate team until the Colorado School of Mines (CSM) started its program in 2009. Currently, there are at least five collegiate teams in the United States and one in Canada. At the Freiberg University of Mining and Technology in Germany, the goal is to adapt the Colorado School of Mines Mine Rescue Program to develop a collegiate team of its own. Currently, mining engineering students cover the theoretical basics of mine rescue in an occupational health and safety lecture and take a basic, one-day mine rescue training course at the Central Mine Rescue Station in Leipzig. The course covers the basic mine rescue topics and gives students the opportunity to experience working in elevated heat and smoke conditions while wearing breathing apparatus. This training gives students a small insight into the importance of mine rescue and mine emergency management. Collegiate mine rescue teaches students the importance of mine rescue and mine safety by giving them hands-on learning experiences before entering the mining industry.

Feb 1, 2014

By Jiongtian Liu, Guihong Han, Shuzhen Yang, Yanfang Huang

Binder, as a necessary functional material of electrode in lithium ion battery, has a vital influence on the electrochemical performance. The humics, coupled with polyacrylamide (PAM) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), were used as a water-soluble binder for LiFePO4 (LFP) cathode using in lithium ion battery. The techniques of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge were conducted to evaluate the performance of humics binder in LFP electrode. The reversible specific capacity of LFP (HA + PAM + CMC) electrode can reach to 142 mAh g−1 after 50th cycling (100 mAh g−1) on conditions of raw materials with 1 wt% PAM addition, humics and CMC with a mass ratio of 3:1 in binder, and the raw materials mixed in an interval order. Humics has the potential to be used as a novel, eco-friendly and high-efficient binder for lithium-ion battery.

Mar 1, 2018