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By D. F. Malan, L. Scheepers

Seismic risk in the deep gold mines of South Africa has been studied for many decades. A clear understanding of the effect of geotechnical conditions on the seismic hazard nevertheless remains elusive. Certain reef types seem to be associated with a higher risk of rockbursts. The stability and deformation behaviour of excavations on the different reef horizons are affected by the rock types and the varying strength properties. The seismic response to mining is therefore also expected to differ according to the geotechnical conditions. As a case study of this behaviour, the seismicity at Mponeng mine was investigated. On the VCR (Ventersdorp Contact Reef) horizon, two areas can be delineated. On the eastern side of the mine, the footwall is shale, and on the western side it is a strong brittle quartzite. More large-magnitude events occur in the area with the shale footwall than the area with the quartzite footwall. Moment tensor analyses indicated that the majority of the large-magnitude events are not related to geological structures, but are face-related, implying that shear failure of intact rock is occurring ahead of the mining front. Preliminary modelling indicated that the closure volume for the shale footwall may be higher than that for the quartzite footwall, providing a possible explanation for the observed difference in seismic response.

Mar 2, 2022

By Paul D. Tomlingson

Part one of this two-part series covers conceptualizing and developing a maintenance information system. It explains what information is necessary to manage such a system. Next month, part two will discuss using this type of system with administrative information, including error and absentee reports as well as open work files. Introduction There is no doubt that quality, timely, and accurate information can make a solid contribution to maintenance cost reduction objectives. Yet, despite obvious benefits, methods being used to acquire information systems are proving costly, frustrating, and often unsuccessful. Those needing the information are disappointed. Mine managers, hoping to reduce costs with quality information, are instead seeing no system, no savings, and massive spending on information endeavors of questionable benefit. Options Any software vendor will happily sell you his program. Numerous mining organizations, having "gone to the cleaners" themselves, will gladly make their programs available to help cover huge trial and error development costs. Any package can only be a generalization. Any program bought from some other organization must undergo numerous modifications to make it work properly. In the process the initial cost is doubled. Many mining maintenance organizations do not know how to go about the task of conceptualizing, developing, installing, and effectively using a maintenance management information system. Consequently, many have hedged their primary responsibility of specifying what information they want, how they will get it, and how they will use it effectively. Into this void have jumped many who claim they can help. But some may not understand the special information needs of maintenance in the mining industry. By default, the whole scene of maintenance information systems has become confused and in need of clarification. A Starting Point Four broad phases are used to organize the steps by which maintenance acquires an effective maintenance management information system and initiates its use. Conceptualization is an identification of needs, factors that influence development, and an assessment of support for the system. Development is a plan of action for bringing the conceptualized information system to life. Consideration is given to the practical aspects of collecting field data, processing it, and converting it into useful information. Implementation consists of those actions by which the newly developed system is integrated into the organization and put in the hands of its personnel so that its value can be derived. Use addresses the means by which personnel use the information to accomplish maintenance improvement objectives. These phases are preceded by establishing the need for the information system. They are followed by a requirement to measure its success (Fig. 1). Conceptualizing the Information System Responsibilities - The information system user must acquire the system best suited for its use. A step-by-step process is essential to avoid many serious problems than can easily occur. The most important step is to clearly identify its objectives and lay out a course of action to achieve those objectives. The major reason for the failure to achieve information objectives is not carrying out this responsibility. Maintenance cannot delegate the task to data processing. It can obtain technical assistance but it must retain responsibility. Nor can maintenance purchase

Jan 7, 1985

By McGuirk. C. H.

The Port of Conneaut, long regarded as a leader in advanced bulk material handling technology, recently incorporated into its existing facility a new, multi-million dollar coal transfer-storage system. While the basic principles of conveyorized bulk material handling remain unchanged in the new system, design modifications such as rotary dumping of railroad cars, automated car feed to dumper, belt rip detection for conveyor belting, bucket wheel continuous production, and other innovations make The Pittsburgh and Conneaut Dock Company's complex worthy of classification as the "Port of Tomorrow - Today". The Pittsburgh & Conneaut Dock Company, the "Port of Tomorrow - Today", 1s a bulk materials storage and transfer facility located on Lake Erie, 68 miles east of Cleveland, 30 miles west of Erie, PA., and 138 miles north of Pittsburgh. Figure 1 shows an aerial view of the facility. It is designed to handle over 25 million tons per year of metallurgical and steam coals, direct shipping ore, fine ores, concentrates, pellets, limestone, and dolomite. Inbound shipments of iron ore and limestone are received from Minnesota, Michigan, Labrador, and Quebec. Coal arrives from Pennsylvania, Ohio, Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland. Rail service is provided by the Bessemer & Lake Erie Railroad Company.

Jan 1, 1980

"Full time inspection of drilled shafts by qualified personnel is a necessary part of construction. Detailed inspection procedures for routine inspection are provided in the Drilled Shaft Inspector’s Manual, published jointly by the DFI and ADSC: the International Association of Drilled Shaft Contractors.The use of NDT methods or other observation methods, such as probes, video camera inspection, remote shaft wall inspection devices or various calipers are not suitable substitutes for routine "topside" construction inspection as described in the Drilled Shaft Inspector’s Manual. However, these NDT and other "remote" or indirect observation methods are valuable alternatives to direct entry of personnel into drilled shaft excavations. They should be considered whenever appropriate to reduce the risks of direct entry of personnel into drilled shaft excavations.As described in the Drilled Shaft Inspector’s Manual, observations made during construction are essential for quality construction of drilled shafts. The shaft depth, diameter, plumbness, bottom conditions, reinforcement, concrete continuity, and bearing conditions are most easily checked during construction. Some of these observation methods include excavation around the shaft for relatively shallow inspection, down-hole inspection for end bearing conditions or rock sockets, and video camera devices for remote inspection. In rare circumstances, a drilled shaft can be extracted for inspection. Before concrete placement, the bottom of the shaft can also be probed by drilling or coring to determine if there are voids or soft zones in the material at the base of the shaft.The Drilled Shaft Inspector’s Manual focuses on traditional "topside" inspection for routine drilled shaft construction."

Jan 1, 2004

By R. Falcon, P. den Hoed, A. Luckos, R. Erasmus, V. du Cann, D. Comins

Carbon as a reductant, additive or filler is an essential element in the processing of metallic ores and the manufacture of iron and steel in the metallurgical industry. In most cases, the element carbon is derived from coal and its carbon derivatives. The properties of carbon required for the different processes in each metallurgical sector vary significantly and, for this reason, matching the correct carbon product for each specific process has become an important if not vital function in all sectors of this industry. This selection process, however, has become increasingly difficult. In many cases, the substitution of new products, despite being similar in all relevant chemical specification characteristics to previous products, has resulted in different performance properties relative to that expected. Under these circumstances, the prediction of performance of unknown carbon products has become fraught with difficulties unprecedented in the past. In order to initiate an investigation into addressing these issues, a test case was selected for indepth study the results of which are reported in this paper. The case concerned the use of a specific carbon feed in a conventional submerged arc furnace which gave rise to an unprecedented amount of unreacted or only partially consumed residue trapped in the frozen slag on the refractory walls of the furnace. During the course of these investigations, different advanced analytical technologies were employed including, inter alia, Raman spectroscopy, surface dimensional tests, organic petrology and various thermal reactivity factors. All results have been integrated into a multidisciplinary assessment presented in summary in this paper. Based on the above, and previous experience, the concept of an all-embracing 3-D coal-carbon ?framework? is briefly introduced. This approach has succeeded in obtaining greater depth of knowledge and a better understanding of the issues at stake with specific reference to the organic composition, structure, texture, internal surface area and consequent reactivity of the carbon materials concerned. In consequence, it would now appear that various properties of relevance to the metallurgical industry may be predicted with greater precision than has hitherto fore been possible.

Jan 1, 2004

By H. H. Schrenk

The purpose of respiratory protective equipment is to prevent the inhalation of harmful or objectionable atmospheres. Although constituents or contaminants that may render an atmosphere irrespirable or objectionable are numerous, they may be classified broadly as follows: I. Gaseous substance: n. A. Toxic. B. Inert (oxygen deficiency). II. Particulate matter (dispersoids). A. Solid. a. Dust (formed by disintegration). b. Pure (formed by condensation). B. Liquid. a. Mist (formed by disintegration). b. Fog (former by condensation).

Jan 1, 1940

By F. W. Bloecher

DETERMINATION of the surface area of finely divided minerals is of interest to mineral engineers engaged in flotation, comminution, and de-watering studies. In the industrial minerals field, many materials are classified as to fineness according to their specific surface (surface area per unit weight). A method of surface area determination has been tested and used in the Richards Mineral Engineering Laboratories at M.I.T. It involves low temperature krypton adsorption measurements using the technique described by Beebe.' During the past fifteen years a number of new surface measurement techniques have been developed. Those that are broadly applicable to materials dealt with by mineral engineers include the permeability method in which a gas or liquid is passed through the sample, and the low temperature gas adsorption methods first described by Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller."" Efforts to make surface determinations from size distribution curves have long been attempted"."." but because of the uncertainty of sub-sieve size distribution and inaccuracies in screen analyses, the method is at best only a rough approximation. The most widely used gas adsorption method utilizes nitrogen gas." Nitrogen adsorption, however, is not particularly suited as a tool for most mineral engineers because the method is not applicable for surface determinations on coarse materials, that is, materials coarser than approximately 150 to 200-mesh. Other gases have been used in mineral engineering studies, particularly ethane."' lo The use of ethane gas, however, involves .a technique that is too sensitive for most mineral engineering work. The permeability method of surface area determination has the disadvantage of not being sensitive enough to detect the surface represented by minute cracks, the so-called internal surface of a particle. The low temperature krypton adsorption method described by Beebe1 utilizes apparatus and techniques that are essentially the same as those used in the ethane adsorption method."1° The surface area is calculated by the B.E.T. method."-' The krypton adsorption technique is particularly suited to the needs of the mineral engineer because: (1) The method can be used for making surface area measurements of rather coarse materials (35 to 48-mesh), as well as extremely fine materials, such as clays or colloidal slimes with specific surface that might be as high as 20 to 30 mb er g. (2) The use of krypton gas offers the advantage of low saturation pressures (2-3 mm) at the conveniently obtained liquid nitrogen temperature. Therefore the krypton vacuum system need not be designed to measure or withstand internal gas, pressures above one atmosphere as is the case with the nitrogen gas method. (3) The krypton technique offers the safety feature of employing liquid nitrogen, as contrasted to the ethane technique in which liquid oxygen is required. Furthermore, ethane vapor pressure at liquid oxygen temperatures is low (about 10 microns), and a high sensitivity McLeod gage is required for pressure readings. (4) The measurement technique with krypton gas is much simpler and faster, and the apparatus is less elaborate than that required with either nitrogen or ethane gases. Apparatus A krypton surface measurement apparatus like that used at M.I.T. is shown in Fig. 1. It is constructed of pyrex glass. A vacuum is maintained by two mercury diffusion pumps in series backed by a mechanical vacuum pump."' The vacuum thermocouple gage is used for checking the vacuum within the system. This type of gage is quite sensitive down to a pressure of 1 micron of mercury," but may be used to indicate pressures much lower than that

Jan 1, 1952

By C. G. Bastos Andrade, F. R. Valenzuela Diaz, S. M. Toffoli

The modification of structural clays by chemical processes is a common method. It usually uses strong inorganic acid attacks, aiming at improving the clay’s properties and applications. Among the applications are its use in clay-polymer nanocomposites, cosmetics, medicines, and bleaching clays. Tests using acid attack to modified Brazilian bentonites were successfully performed and, resulted in significant improvement in the clay properties. This paper discusses the use of a Brazilian bentonite modified by acid attack as bleaching clay. The treated bentonite samples were characterized by XRF, specific surface area (BET) and SEM/EDS. The treated clay exhibited improved bleaching capacity for Brazilian nut oil and other Amazonian oils.

Mar 1, 2018

By Thomas T. Read

Readjustment of the industrial world to a peace basis after more than 4 years of war will involve many fundamental and far-reaching changes that cannot as yet be clearly foreseen or definitely provided for. Such problems may be subdivided, in the vocabulary of war, into those involving material and those centering about personnel. Of the two, the latter group is the more difficult and obscure, as the factors involved are less clearly understood and the methods to be followed are not yet tested and standardized. When it is said that the market is weak, stocks large, and demand light, every business man understands clearly what is meant and what course he should adopt to adjust himself, so far as possible, to such conditions. But when it is said that the rapid spread of Bolshevism in Europe is a danger to industrial organization in this country, it is difficult to have any assured sense that all that the statement may mean is clearly understood or that the means to be followed to meet such a situation are definitely known. Since Bolshevism is primarily a mental phenomenon and since the rupture it brings about in industrial organization should be prevented, if possible, it is my purpose to restrict this discussion of the activities of the Committee on Industrial Organization to some of its mental aspects, as the chairmen of the sub-committees, from their special knowledge of their own fields, can best set forth recent progress in the lines with which they are especially concerned. The first requisites of success in industrial organization, as in the biological organism of which it is the social counterpart, are unity of purpose and coordinated activity. Typical good and bad examples of this' are the relative parts that the United States and Russia have played in the great war. These two factors are primarily mental, and it is not difficult to view the mental aspects of all problems of industrial organization as the most important ones. Unless we can attain unity of purpose and coordinated activity in industry, the provision of comfortable homes at reasonable rent, the assurance of steady work at good wages, the elimination of industrial accidents, and provision against want in old age or in case of disability will have brought us no nearer to our real goal.

Jan 1, 1919

By Edward Donovan, Bryan Knott, R. E. Melley, O&apos

South Bulga Colliery, located near Singleton in the Hunter Valley region of Australia, began longwall production in late 1994. The mining conditions there are conducive to high productivity with good roof conditions and a shallow seam with production areas located close to the portal. When the longwall was commissioned, the low capacity and availability of the conveyor system greatly curtailed the mine's productivity. A number of changes were made to the conveyor system culminating in a drive change out to improve the system. Using South Bulga as a case study, this paper aims to demonstrate the absolute necessity of a reliable, high performance conveyor system for the viability of a mine, and some of the factors that are needed to ensure a conveyor system performs as intended. These factors include a thorough understanding of the individual components and how they influence and interact with each other; a system design that is tolerant of variations in component performance and the necessity of robust and reliable communications and PLC programming.

Jan 1, 1996

By S. Demetrio

China has a traditional segment of Copper Smelters with its own Chinese technology, typically small in size from 20.000 to 50.000 tCu/a, and they are responsible for the processing and production of more than 600,000 tonnes of blister copper per year. For occidental experts, like one of the authors, it is not so easy to believe that they are profitable, because the size and the use of old Blast Furnaces, but they are with simple and effective production lines. The authors are convinced that China has a good alternative to improve theses old copper production lines with small innovative changes in its process arrangement, jumping to higher level technology, more efficient in production, productivity and cost, assuring copper as a raw material for the country and its high speed development. The key to improve that the traditional Chinese Copper Smelter is white metal as an extra raw material as a first step doubling the copper production from raw materials and the complete replacement of concentrates by white metal (WM) in a second step increasing it four times or more as the final goal. It is not so difficult nor expensive to make it happen, but there are a couple of questions for implementing this innovation in the copper smelter industry: 1 - Will the old fashioned mentality be open to this new direction for China being the biggest copper consumer on one side, and the biggest copper Primary Producers on the other hand? and 2 - Will they be open to follow this "win-win" strategic way for both ends of the copper market? We don't know if anybody will take up the challenge to improve it but our responsibility as a consulting expert and a university professor is to put the alternative on table for others to decide whether to implement it.

Jan 1, 2007

By R. Karl Zipf, Suresh Bhatt

Highwall mining is an important coal mining method. It appears that upwards of 60 highwall miners are presently in operation, and they may account for approximately 4% of total U.S. coal production. A review of the Mines Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) data over the 20 year period from 1983 to 2002 identified 9 fatalities attributable to auger and highwall mining of which inadequate ground control accounted for 1/3. In the past 5 years, 1 fatality occurred in highwall mining. Estimates of the manpower requirements in highwall mining suggest that its fatality rate is essentially the same as for surface coal mining, thus highwall mining appears to be a very safe modern mining method. Highwall stability is the major ground control related safety concern, and operators are required to develop and follow an appropriate highwall mining ground control plan. The plans usually specify the following geotechnical parameters: hole width, maximum hole depth, maximum overburden depth, seam thickness, web pillar width, barrier pillar width and number of holes between barriers. Calculated web pillar stability factor exceeded 1.3 for most designs evaluated. This study examined records from 5,289 highwall miner holes with a total completed footage of about 2,560,000 feet to understand the reasons for early pull out. Average lost footage is typically about 20% of planned footage. Only 35% of the holes reached planned depth, and 20% were short due to rockfalls. Water and adverse geology accounted for 15% of the losses. Mechanical/electrical problems, guidance, and slope stability problems accounted for the remaining 30%. Web pillar stability factor for these holes also exceeded 1.3 in 95% of cases. Best practices to avoid trapped miners include: avoid mining in stream valleys, avoid mining near outside corners, careful alignment of each hole and the use of an onboard guidance system. Several issues in highwall mining ground control require further investigation including highwall mining through old auger workings, highwall mining near old underground mines, multiple-seam and multiple lift highwall mining and finally the size and frequency of barrier pillars.

By Michael J. Griffin

Science involves the study of the nature and behaviour of natural things and the knowledge we obtain about them. Scientific endeavour leads to the unfolding of new knowledge and adjustments to our understanding and our behavior. To indicate that we ‘know’ something may merely mean we do not feel able to, or that we do not wish to, disagree with others who claim to know; or it may mean we have either heard about it, or studied it, or understand part of it, or accept that it is true, or have seen evidence to be convinced of its veracity. What do we ‘know’ about the health effects of vibration? There are many unknowns in the field of human responses to vibration. Not all would agree on what is known and what is unknown. This paper seeks to summarize what we know that we know, what it is sometimes claimed that we know, and what we know that we do not know about the relation between exposures to vibration and our health. It also speculates on what we do not know that we do not know. Hand-transmitted vibration What we know we know We know that exposures to hand-transmitted vibration result in various disorders of the hand, including abnormal vascular and neurological function. Not all frequencies, or magnitudes, or durations, of hand-transmitted vibration cause the same effects. What we may claim to know To enable exposures to be reported and compared, they are ‘measured’ and ‘evaluated’ using defined (e.g. standardised) procedures. This involves identifying what is to be measured and specifying how it is expressed by one (or a few) numbers. Summarising a vibration exposure in a single value involves assuming the relative importance of components within the vibration (e.g. different magnitudes, frequencies, directions, and durations), so standards define ‘weightings’ for these variables. The importance of the weighted values may also be suggested, allowing ‘assessments’ according to a criterion (e.g. the probability of a specific severity of a specific disease). Standards for the measurement and evaluation of hand-transmitted vibration define a frequency weighting and time dependencies that allow the severity of vibration exposures to be assessed and the probability of finger blanching to be predicted 1. What we do not know We do not know that the frequency weighting in current standards reflects the relative importance of different frequencies and axes of vibration in producing any specific disorder. We do not know whether the energy-based daily time-dependency inherent in A(8) reflects the relative importance of vibration magnitude and daily exposure duration. Consequently, the relation between A(8) and the years of exposure to develop finger blanching, as in an appendix to ISO 5349-1 (2001), is not well-founded. We do not know, or at least there is no consensus on, the full extent of the disorders caused by hand-transmitted vibration (e.g. vascular, neurological, muscular, articular, central), or the pathogenesis of any specific disorder caused by hand-transmitted vibration, or the roles of other factors (e.g. ergonomic factors, environmental factors, or individual factors). We know that acute

Jan 6, 2006

By Arthur Boynton

IN THE preparation of this paper the writer has been influenced by the fact that descriptions of various means of cleaning blast-furnace gas have been published and that further descriptive treatment of the subject will probably be less interesting than a statement of conclusions with regard to preferable methods which have been reached by him as a result, of experience and observation in this country and also as a result of somewhat detailed investigation of the subject made toward the end of the year 1927 on the Continent of Europe and particularly in. Germany. Owing to various circumstances, including a cost of fuel that is extremely high in relation to the wages of labor, the German iron and steel industry has accumulated experience in gas washing which is as yet in part lacking in the United States of America. The paper begins with a statement regarding the economics of the use of blast-furnace gas, then considers the principle's and practices employed in its purification. USES OF BLAST-FURNACE GAS For many reasons having to do with the utilization of coke-oven and blast-furnace gases in steel manufacture and with the use of hot metal, the blast furnace is now usually a part of a steel-producing unit, which also includes coke plant and rolling mill. Therefore both blast-furnace and coke-oven gas are usually applicable to any of the iron and steel-making processes, including the generation of power, and their allocation in any given works should be considered as a single problem. The uses to which blast-furnace gas, either alone or mixed with coke-oven gas may be put, include the following: Regenerative Heating of Air for the Blast Furnace.-This is the oldest and metallurgically the most important of all uses. It is universally performed with unmixed blast-furnace gas and under proper conditions should require not over 23.5 per cent. of the total gas generated for a blast temperature of 1350° F. For Steam-raising Purposes.-This is almost universally done with unmixed blast-furnace gas. From the standpoint of quantity used, it is at the present time the most important application in American steel-works practice.

Jan 1, 1928

By E. D. Gardner

This is one of a series of papers written for the consideration of operators of small gold and silver mines in the West. The paper discusses smelting schedules, general smelting practices that have a bearing on rates, and the reasons for penalties or credits for certain constituents of ores. Crude gold and silver ores generally are shipped to smelters only when milling facilities are not available; however, high tailing losses in milling a high-grade or refractory ore or low smelting rates because of the fluxing value of an are may make direct smelting more economical.

Jan 1, 1936

By A. F. Robertson

FOR several years, the rock-burst question has been given serious consideration by the operating staff at Wright-Hargreaves mine and, as a result of observations and experiences, several different methods of mining have been developed which are now in use in various parts of the mine. These are described in the following pages. It should be emphasized, how-ever, that these methods, and the views expressed in this paper, are based solely on conditions at Wright-Hargreaves mine. Such conditions may or may not be similar to those obtaining in other mines in the Kirkland Lake area, where ore occurrences, veins, wall-rock, faulting, intrusives, etc., may be entirely different. Size and shape of ore-bodies, composition of the ore-bodies and their surrounding rocks, locations of intrusives and sedimentary rocks, and direction, dip, and strength of faults, all introduce problems that are peculiar to each individual mine. Ground failure' in coal and metal mines is not at all unusual. A variety of systems of mining have been developed to delay movement of large or small blocks of ground, or, in some instances, to take advantage of the fact that ground movement, due to mining operations, is unavoidable. Ground failure may be either slow collapse or it may take place with explosive violence. It is principally with the latter condition that we are concerned in the mines of the Kirkland Lake district.

Jan 1, 1939

By J. M. Mutmansky, L. Xu

"This paper outlines the results obtained when sampling twenty underground coal mine sections, each in a different mine. The sampling effort was oriented toward a detailed characterization of coal mine dusts and thus eight-stage Anderson Model 298 impactors were used as the primary collection instrument. This instrument allowed a rather detailed size distribution for each of the particulates sampled. Because four of the mines used diesel outby equipment and/or diesel shuttle cars at the face, it is possible to make some comparisons on the particulate distributions in diesel versus non-diesel mines.One of the more interesting results is the pattern that exists in mines that contain only diesels used for outby utility haulage. Particulate in these mines seem to be consistently heavy in the fine size ranges, perhaps being of significant concern to the industry. While no definite conclusions can be achieved from the limited data collected in this study, the data indicates that more detaile~ study of particulates in diesel mines is needed so that some idea of the particulate loadings in diesel mines can be achieved."

Jan 1, 1988

By J. M. Mercier

Approximately seven (7) years of recent intensive mining activity in the Wasatch Plateau Coal Field of Utah has revealed distinct geologic patterns which, at times, profoundly influence reserve estimates, coal quality, mine layout, and reserve accessibility. Mine planning, economic feasibility, and resource recovery activities by Getty Coal Company utilize a multi-faceted approach by necessity when evaluating Utah properties. Two specific operating mines offer examples of the affects of adverse geologic conditions on mine operation and project economics.

Jan 1, 1984

By Joaquim Luiz Monteiro Barros

Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal apresentar de forma didática e com um exemplo prático a viabilidade da aplicação da tecnologia de recuperação de calor no sinter cooler, com a finalidade de gerar energia térmica (ar quente, vapor, água quente, etc) reduzindo o consumo final de combustíveis na planta.

Aug 17, 2017

By Fred Hellmann

IT IS hardly to be doubted that the opportunity within the grasp of the mine manager for beneficent and helpful action in relation to young engineers seeking employment under him is very broad and very big. It is my experience that a manager usually has a strong inclination to help along those who have chosen the career which he has selected for himself, and to aid them and support them as their steps tread the paths which his own feet have previously followed. He has .a strong sympathy for them in their efforts, he almost yearns to shield them from the mistakes into which he himself fell, and to assist them to avoid the pit-falls of which he knows by bitter experience. Yes, this tendency and inclination is strongly developed in most managers, and they would welcome the opportunity of extending the helping hand, if they knew precisely how best this could be done.

Jan 5, 1923