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By H. B. Hill

The West Red River oil field, in Tillman County, Okla. (fig. 1), is approximately 8 miles northwest of the town of Burkburnett, Wichita County, Tex. The wells are in the river bed between the medial line and the south bank of the Red Diver. In the following discussion of the geology, development, and exploita-tion of the field, the authors have, by means of structure maps, crews sections through various parts of the reservoir and tabulated development data and production statistics, recorded salient information on a field whose development was unique and in some respects unusual for fields discovered and initially developed more than a quarter of a century ago. The total oil production from Government-operated leases; considered in the report was 6,900,440 barrels to January 1, 1947, from 3 proved acres developed by H1 oil-producing wells, 10 gas-injection wells, and 5 nonproductive wells. A calculated past recovery of 60P, barrels of oil per acre-foot and an estimated ultimate recovery of 6.S0 barrels of oil per acre-foot under present gas-injection methods begun in 1929 in shown.

Jan 1, 1949

By Hans de Ruiter

"Delft University of Technology, RWTH Aachen, Helsinki University of Technology and Imperial College established the Federation of European Mineral Programs (FEMP) in 1999 as a legal body to coordinate joint M.Sc. education.By 2003 the number of participating universities in Europe has grown to 9 (in 7 countries) offering 3 different M.Sc. joint programs. Furthermore students from 8 universities in the USA, Canada, Australia and Chile participate through exchange agreements. About 25 companies are associated with FEMP. Further expansion with other clusters of universities is being investigated.So far some 160 students have taken the programs and are working in all parts of the world in a variety of jobs.The European Commission has recently announced the new “Erasmus World” program that will stimulate the offering of joint programs by European universities and offer third-country students and teachers a greater opportunity for mobility and an enhanced European added value. Host European postgraduate courses will be selected for a five-year period. They will receive funding from the Community and a “EU” seal. Around 250 “EU Masters Courses” will be established.The envisaged new Erasmus program and it’s network and operating practices are very similar to those being used by EMC, EMEC and EGEC. Erasmus World therefore offers a great opportunity for further developments with FEMP as the official body.INTRODUCTIONThe current situation in Europe is that globalisation of the supply of mineral resources has caused the larger mining and the manufacturing companies to expand and invest particularly outside Europe. However these industries still have a great significance for the European Union and its members, which means that mineral engineering know-how is still important in the E.U. It was therefore realised in the mid-nineties that is vital to maintain the very high level of knowledge and skill base in mining engineering and mineral technology that currently exists in the E.U., through good and well-balanced education programs."

Jan 1, 2004

By Z X. Zhang

Ground vibrations from the blasts of the LKAB mine at the Malmberget town had reached 18-19 mm/s from year 2000 to 2002. From 2004 to 2010 the maximum vibrations had been reduced to 9 mm/s and most vibrations lowered to about 5 mm/s, indicating that the technical measures used in the mine are effective in vibration control. The major measure that has always been used in Malmberget mine is the method called Changing Initiation Sequence (CIS in short). Another method named Dividing Ring Blasting (DRB in short) is often applied to some special blast rings in the mine. Both methods have been proved to be successful in vibration reduction, and they do not need any additional costs. Because of the two methods, both maximum vibrations and average ones have been reduced by around 50% since 2004.

Jan 1, 2012

By A. M. Radigan, W. G. Prast

M.S. Azun The authors' paper did not explain the facts and reasons why state companies are established and what their role is in international industrial mineral trading. Also, I do not agree with the conclusion implying that the main goal for state companies is to capitilize natural resources. Almost all state companies are founded by certain laws and their activities are arranged by state regulations. Their only aim is to operate mineral deposits for their people and to protect the rights of the people. Although some ore deposits, such as nonstrategic or small, may be exploited by privately owned companies, the state has the right to control the operation and production. Activities of state companies may or may not be widened because of the character of the deposits and the importance of the mineral market involved. For some countries, although governments may occasionally change hands, the policy of the mineral trading system is not affected by this change. There is no doubt that any government desires to make more earnings to increase GNP, when it is involved in operating and trading mines. It wants to produce and sell the finished products, instead of unprocessed ones, if possible. When it is known that some mineral deposits are relatively rare, such as Turkish boron deposits, the government can nationalize the mines to control production and affect the market. If there is an abundance of a certain mineral in the market, the government can cut production and set a floor price, such as Canadian potash. Also, when production of a specific mineral is unique, such as Turkish chromite, the price of such mineral may be set by correspondant government. One may add that if some governments with their state companies produce a certain mineral in a larger amount, they may decide to establish a cartel to protect their production and price. These are the facts followed by government-owned state companies and partially government-owned companies. The reason being charge of many deposits by the state companies is always the same: "protect" the mineral rights of the people.

Jan 2, 1984

By F. T. Cawood

This paper focuses on the role of the coal mine surveyor at the start of the 21st century. It demonstrates that surveyors must look beyond their legal appointment and pursue opportunities to add value at an operational or corporate level of the company. It also exposes the shortfall of statutory appointments in defining the surveyor?s role in terms of key business drivers of the company. One such an opportunity is the potential role of the surveyor in mineral accounting and quality assurance to meet mine requirements, market specifications and standards pertaining to corporate governance and reporting. Finally, some thoughts are expressed on what can be done to elevate current practice to best practice and how to achieve this goal

Jan 1, 2007

By GEORGE T. Harley, Walter R. Storms

This paper, which describes mining mothods at International Minerals & Chemical Corp, 'e. potash mine. in. Eddy. County, N. Mex., is one of a sories being prepared by the Mining Branch of the Bureau of Minos. on mining method a and practicos in, various mining districts of the United States. The mine shafts and. surface plant or International Minerals & Chemical Corp. are situated. in. sec.. 12, T. 22 S., R. 29 E., N. M. P. M., about 26-1/2 miles by paved highway east of the city of Carlsbad (figs. 1, 2, and 3). A spur line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad connects the mine with the Clovia-Pecos branch of the same road near Loving, a few miles south of Carlsbad. This spur also serves the refinery of United Staics Potash Co. This report gives. the history and describes the geology of the district. Methods of prospecting, exploration, sampling, and estimation of tonnage and values are explained; development and mining methods are discussed in con- siderable detail; transportation, ventilation and drainage are outlined; safety measures are noted; and the wage scale and organization are mentioned.

Jun 1, 1949

By Pablo González, Rodolfo Espinosa, Jose-Luis Noyola, Sergio Cossio

"Minera Penmont, at La Herradura, is a joint venture between Industrias Peñoles, S.A. de C.V., and Newmont Mining Corporation. The mine is located in the northern Mexican state of Sonora. La Herradura consists of an open pit mine with two-stage crushing and heap leaching facility, the gold is recovered from the pregnant solution using the Merrill-Crowe process; production began in July 1998. La Herradura produces about 130,000 gold ounces per year, and treatment capacity is 22,000 tonnes/day. Ore mineralization occurs in a shear zone with quartz and native gold. Gold distribution is quite heterogeneous due to the coarse visible gold, in some coarser particles ranging from 100 to 600 microns.Sampling and assaying protocols where established during exploration and prior to starting up operations, based on nomographs developed from early heterogeneity tests. But, as the coarse gold problem became noticeable, it was necessary to develop new sampling protocols to have an acceptable relative standard deviation to control the fundamental error within ± 15%.An experimental program was developed and conducted on a selected ore block made of 195 blastholes; regular ore grade control procedures were applied to both sets of data to evaluate the difference in results between the protocol established prior to starting up operations (“existing”) and the new protocol (“leaching”). In the “existing” protocol, subsampling is done through riffle splitters, and coning and quartering. Fire assaying is used to estimate the gold content, on a 50 g sample. In the “leaching” protocol a 12,000 g sample was bottle rolled cyanide leached, and the leach residue was assayed on a 50 g sample using fire assaying, and a weighted average total gold content was calculated. Currently, a new alternative method is being evaluated, where sub-sampling is done using rotary splitters, and fire assay on a 50 g sample; in this “rotary sampling” protocol and for comparison purposes, gold assays were also repeated using the “leaching” protocol.Test results were compared in three groups < 0.30 g/t (below cut-off), 0.30 to 0.8 g/t, and >0.8 g/t. Overall. Results show that the protocol established prior to starting up operations underestimates the gold assays. Detailed technical results, alternative options, and their implications are discussed in the paper."

Jan 1, 2003

By S. Amira

In the last two decades, many new creep-resistant magnesium alloys have been developed for high temperatures applications. Their mechanical performance and corrosion behaviour were reported for various experimental conditions. However, these conditions often led to uneven comparison basis. In the present study the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion performance of four of these newly developed creep-resistant magnesium alloys were systematically compared. Specimens were obtained from experimental box-like components that were die-cast and thixocast in comparable conditions. Their mechanical and corrosion properties were compared using similar testing conditions. Results show that the creep resistance, strength and impact resistance of specimens are comparable but systematically lower compared to specimens cast under optimized conditions. The reduced concentration of elements such as Al, Ca, Sr and Ce lead to a decrease of the corrosion resistance of the magnesium alloys in 3.5% NaCI solution.

Jan 1, 2007

By H. J. LONGMORE

MORE improvements have probably been made in the diamond-drill field in the past decade than were accomplished in the entire prior period since diamond drilling was discovered in 1864 by a French engineer named Leschot. True, machines were improved, and new accessories were adopted from time to time up to 1929, but no radical changes were made. The basic principle instituted during the early years of the industry were still in use in 1929. At that time, practically the only diamonds used were "black diamonds" or "carbon." These came from Brazil through a rather round- about route, and by the time they got to the drilling trade their cost was excessive-$175 per carat and even higher at the peak. Perhaps because of this. or perhaps because of increased competition, the industry sought ways to reduce expenses even in the face of constantly increased labor costs due to higher wages and reduction in hours worked. The solution seemed to rest in two things-use of a cheaper cutting medium to replace the carbon diamond and the development of new machines to drill faster and thus produce more hole per shift of operation.

Jan 1, 1940

By M. J. Zdunczyk

Located approximately 50 miles northeast of Knoxville, Tennessee, Short Mountain Silica mines the Clinch Formation, an orthoquarzite, for silica sand. In 1980, a Knoxville resident and area contractor visualized mining Short Mountain for silica sand. Because APG Industries, the main market for the glass sand product, was only 48 kilometers from the site, many silica sand companies became interested in the property. In 1986, J.D. Nicewonder began to develop the site, and in May of 1988, APG Industries received the first sand shipment.

Jan 1, 1992

By Lawrence M. Gochioco

One of the best kept technology secrets in U.S coalmining history involved a robust coal geophysics program used by a local coal company to detect and map various geologic anomalies and man-made structures ahead of mining for nearly 15 years. Several original mine plans were changed as a result of findings from two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) seismic data. They indicated the presence of geologic anomalies in reserve areas that could adversely impact future mine development and longwall production. By combining the surface seismic and exploratory drilling methods, the coal company learned how to properly leverage its risk by gathering a lot of useful subsurface information before making major commitments.

Jan 1, 2005

By Nic Arrieta

The Arimetco White Cliff Diatomite operation near Tucson, Arizona will be discussed and reviewed across the spectrum of geology, mineralogy, mining, processing and product attributes and market applications. Unique for the operation are the type, quality and the extent of the reserves and several product characteristics of the diatomite.

Jan 1, 1996

By Peter Haller

Introduction The impact of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, or Superfund, as well as the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and their state counterparts underscore the intention of the nation&apos;s lawmakers to reduce the risk from hazardous substance to American society. The promises and requirements embodied in these laws, together with their prospects for liability, will continue to have a very substantial impact on decision making in the mining industry. These laws present the prospects for staggering liabilities, often of an unquantifiable nature in terms of time and amount. It is therefore necessary to keep them in clear focus. This is particularly true in light of President Reagan&apos;s signing into law the Superfund amendments on Oct. 17, 1986, and in light of the Environmental Protection Agency&apos;s (EPA) major policy pronouncement of July 3, 1986, regarding solid wastes from extraction of ores and minerals. This article examines the general trends as well as the specific provisions of these laws in an effort to assess the prospects of liability for the mining industry of releases of hazardous substances into the environment. Hazardous substances vs. hazardous wastes The distinction between the terms "hazardous substances" and "hazardous wastes" is important to appreciate for the purposes of assessing the potential for liability for a mining operation. Hazardous substance is a term that appears in and is defined in the Superfund Act. In Superfund, it is defined by reference to other substances that have been declared to be hazardous under other federal environmental statutes, such as RCRA, the Clean Air Act, and the Clean Water Act. Hazardous waste is a term that is less all-encompassing than hazardous substance, as that term is defined by RCRA. Hazardous substances do not need to be wastes to be considered hazardous for the purpose of Superfund liability. A "release" of a hazardous substance into the environment can bring about potential liability under Superfund. Many mining wastes, even though they are not considered hazardous wastes by EPA under RCRA, have been determined by that agency to be capable of bringing about liability under Superfund if they contain chemical substances, such as the heavy metals copper, lead, mercury, zinc, silver, and others. Therefore, it is not sufficient for the mining industry to be able to answer whether one has hazardous waste at a mining site. That question only goes partway in addressing the potential for liability. The next question is, do one&apos;s solid or liquid mining wastes contain hazardous substances that could bring about liability under Superfund? Superfund 1980 law: A review Some provisions of Superfund as it existed before its recent amendments must be considered. The law provides that the owners and operators of mining sites, together with those who transport hazardous substances to such sites, can be held jointly and severally liable for the cost of cleaning up the site. The concept of joint and several liability means that one party, as among many, can be held totally responsible for the costs of cleanup. This is particularly true where the harm done by many parties to the envi-

Jan 2, 1987

By B. N. Church, A. R. Pettipas

"The second vertical derivative method of processing aeromagnetic data from low level helicopter surveys yields results correiatable with the known geology and may be utilized to indicate possible targets for future exploration in the Silver Queen and Equity Silver mines areas, near Houston in central British Columbia . The principal zones of alteration associated with mineralization, known from detailed mapping, are further delineated and extended in a way not possible by a cursory examination of the original magnetic data.IntroductionThe second derivative method of processing aeromagnetic data is a long established procedure used to enhance the short wavelength content of the magnetic fields. Some recent exam pies of the use of the second derivative technique have been published by Chandler (p. 385), Sun Yunsheng et al. (p. 424) and Yarger (p. 223) in Hinze, 1985. According to theory, the ""second vertical derivative"" is closely related to the rate of curvature of magnetic (or gravity) fields and is particularly useful in resolving and sharpening local anomalies. The contours on second derivative maps may coincide with important features such as lithological boundaries, faults and mineralized zones.In the Houston area, central British Columbia, aeromagnetic data supplied by local mining companies provide a ready base for analyses. Examples are data sets for the Silver Queen and Equity Silver mines centred 35 km and 34 km south and southeast, respectively, from Houston (Fig. 1), (Cochrane, 1970 and Church, 1985)."

Jan 1, 1990

By S Withell, K Sheehan

Whitehaven Coal (WHC) is undergoing a transformative journey, deeply committed to the principles of a High Reliability Organisation (HRO) and the establishment of a mature, interdependent culture founded on psychological safety. This ongoing commitment is not merely aspirational but is supported by performance improvements backed by both quantitative performance data and qualitative evidence of cultural progression. WHC has strategically integrated leading and lagging indicators to target fatal risk. WHC focus areas include an emphasis on strategy and risk appetite, targeted data, informed learning, proactive addressing of fatal risk and the integration of data management and technology.

Apr 16, 2024

In order to appreciate fully the place of palaeontology within the general framework of the geological sciences, consideration must be given to the time, about 150 years ago, just before the study of fossils was beginning to be applied to geological problems. At theend of the eighteenth century, almost all geologists recognised that fossils were the remains of animals and plants that had lived at the time when the rocks in which they occur were formed. It was also realized that many-some geologists thought all-rocks hadbeen formed under water, but as regards the order of succession in which these rocks had originated, and the relative ages of rocks found in different parts of the world or even of one country, only the haziest and most contradictory ideas existed.Around the turn from the eighteenth to the nineteenth century, a widely taught system of theories was that of the German professor, Abraham Gottlob Werner, who believed that the surface of the earth had once been covered by a universal ocean at whose bottom all rocks had been deposited. As the level of this ocean gradually subsided, older rocks-so Werner taught-are now generally found in the mountains or at great depth below the younger rocks; this was his &quot;Primitive Division&quot; which included granite, gneiss, schists, slates, basalt, porphyry and other igneous and metamorphic rocks, all of which he believed to be of sedimentary origin. Younger rocks, according to Werner, were formed at successively lower levels as the water receded. Next in age he placed a &quot;Transition System&quot; of limestones and greywackes; still younger the so-called &quot;Floetz Division,&quot; which included sandstone, limestone, gypsum, salt, coal, but also some basalt, porphyry and other rocks; youngest were the alluvial deposits of recent clays, loams, sands and gravel. Thus, in the Wernerian system the age of a rock was determined on the basis of its petrographic properties and the height of its occurrence relative to sea-level.Here and there these ideas survived well into the nineteenth century. As late as 1825, Charles Darwin listened to lectures by Professor Jamieson, one of the last proponents of Wernerian theories in England. The fact that entirely different kinds of fossils occurredin rocks which were regarded as contemporaneous did not worry the theoreticians.It is, therefore, noteworthy and significant that the value of fossils for the interpretation of geological events was demonstrated to the geologists by an engineer and surveyor, WiIIiam Smith, who, although no professional geologist, has often been called the &quot;Father of English Geology.&quot; His professional work, which was mainly concerned with drainage and irrigation projects, took Smith to all parts of England, where he sometimes journeyed as much as 10,000 miles in 11 year. Smith was a keen observer and, unhampered by theoretical speculations, he noted the occurrence of fossils and collected specimens wherever he went. Before long he realized that the same kind of fossils followed each other in successive layers of rocks in much the same way in different parts of England, and soon he was able, by looking at fossils collected by other people, to tell from what...

Jan 1, 1950

By P. Basarova

The attachment of bubbles onto a collecting surface is an ubiquitous natural phenomenon, playing a critical role in numerous practical processes. The goal of the project is to broaden the knowledge about hydrodynamic interactions between small bubbles and large solids that occur in nature and industrial processes. Focusing on collision processes between a single rising bubble (Db<1 mm) and a larger falling spherical particle in stagnant liquid, the theoretical model describing the bubble trajectory is given here. The model is based on analysis of forces acting on the bubble, and utilizes equation for the bubble motion. Mobile and immobile type of bubble surface mobility are considered. The calculated results are compared with the experimental data; here a high-speed video camera was used to capture the bubble motion and bubble-particle interaction. Very good agreement between experimental and calculated data was found. For both types of surface mobilities, the bubble deviation in the horizontal direction is nearly linear. The proportion constant is bigger for immobile bubble surface and increases with the bubble size. Furthermore, particular forces acting on bubble were studied. A similar course of relative bubble velocity and force impact was observed for identical bubble position. For cases when the bubble centre is close to the particle axis, only deflection in one direction is observed. When the bubble is reaching the maximum trajectory, the force ratio is changed. The bubble is firstly pushed away from the particle, but when it is within close distance from the particle, the bubble is pushed towards the particle.

Sep 1, 2012

By Panagiota Tsolis-Katagas, Basilios Tsikouras, Tassos A. Grammatikopoulos, C. Katagas

"Mineralogical techniques including microscopic methods, reflected and transmitted light microscopy, Cathodoluminescence (CL) and Scanning Electron Microscopy equipped with an Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (SEM-EDS), are useful in determining the quality of industrial minerals. They are essential for studying ores and metallurgical products including the evaluation of physical characteristics of the mineral, paragenetic relationships, associations with possible deleterious contaminants (e.g., sulphides), spatial distribution within the ore zones and liberation characteristics. The methods are inexpensive, and provide quick identification and distinction among the industrial minerals and the gangue minerals in a section. Additionally, SEM is necessary to reveal complex textural sequences and 3-D measurements of minerals and quick semi-quantitative analysis.Common analytical methods include Electron Microprobe Analyses (EMPA) and Whole Rock Analysis (WRA) (commonly with XRF and ICP) for major and trace elements. The EMPA analyses of industrial minerals provide information on the purity of the analyzed grains as opposed to the bulk chemical analyses that may be misleading due to contamination by other associated common “gangue” minerals. These techniques have been implemented for the case studies of wollastonite, V-magnetite and muscovite. Therefore, these methods can provide extremely useful information and lead to the implementation of a successful pilot-testing programme.MINERALOGICAL EVALUATION OF DEPOSITSDespite their considerable and increasing economic importance, industrial mineral deposits have traditionally been neglected by economic geologists, and are only rarely the subject of the detailed analysis widely lavished on metallic mineralization. Moreover, in that they generally represent concentrations of “normal” rock-forming minerals, albeit commonly with particular textural and/or geochemical features, they have tended to fall between the mainstream of petrogenetic studies and mineral deposit research (Grammatikopoulos 1999). For many industrial minerals, little attention has been paid to the factors responsible for their local concentration as large and high-grade bodies. This comparative neglect has particularly been the case for minerals such as talc and wollastonite, widespread in metamorphic rocks, in which they are reasonably interpreted as components of assemblages derived, respectively, from pelitic sediments, ultramafic igneous rocks and siliceous limestones."

Jan 1, 2003

By Michael Roach

"There’s a bit of confusion and misinformation in the tunneling and underground construction industry regarding contractor joint ventures. If it was all so clear I would not have been "asked" to write this article. For those of us on the contractors’ side of the fence, joint venture business relationships have been a part of life for a long time. But even for contractors, there can be a bit of confusion, and it normally begins on bid day.How often have you received bid results and wondered (out loud, usually), "Who the hell are the Lake Mead Intake Constructors"? or the "Regional Connector Constructors"? Once you get past the name, you see that there is nothing behind Oz’s curtain other than a couple of contractors bidding and building work in an attempt to make a profit. So take a few minutes to read the rest of this, and I’ll do my best to dispel a few mythWhat is a joint venture?In some form or fashion, joint ventures are as old as industry itself. In the United States, some of the earliest (and largest) joint ventures involved the railroads and oil companies in the late 1800s. In the United States’ underground construction industry, joint venture names such as, Healy-Greenfield, Green and Winston, Gates & Fox and Walsh, Shea-Ball, Kenny-Paschen and S&M-Traylor bring back memories of successful joint ventures that operated over many projects.There are nearly as many definitions for joint ventures (JVs) as there are attorneys. A short and simple definition is, "an association of two or more companies engaged in a singular, for-profit business enterprise without actual partnership or incorporation." That’s it. Two or more contractors decide to partner up for one or more projects. One benefit of the JV relationship is that the partners typically do not need to file incorporation documents, or articles of organization within the state where they intend to operate. So it is a relatively easy business arrangement to pull together. Other benefits of the JV arrangement include: • Oportunities to gain new expertise and capacity.• The ability for firms to move into new geographic markets.• JV agreements are not long-term commitments.• Sharing of financial support for a project.• Sharing of financial risks within a project. between the partners.• Can complicate dispute resolutions with the owner and between partners"

Jan 1, 2014

"INTRODUCTION Foam, unless intentionally created, in any industrial process presents operational problems, or at a minimum, is a nuisance. Some foam problems are unique to a given industry and others are common across many industries. A few problems foam presents to any particular industry are: (a) Poor Housekeeping, (b) Environmental impact, (c) Safety Hazards, (d) Slower Production Rates and, (e) Reduced quality of the end product. Defoamers address these issues. Sadly, the assumption in most industries is all defoamers are alike. In reality, a lot of chemistry is involved in the manufacture of even the simplest defoamer sold today and rarely are any two defoamers “just alike”. Today’s defoamers can include polymer chemistry, fatty esters, alkoxylated alcohols, silicone chemistry, silicone surfactants, ethoxylated and propoxylated block polymers, and a tremendous amount of emulsion chemistry just to name a few. This paper will discuss the various types of defoamers, defoaming mechanisms, the advantages and disadvantages of defoamer selections, and how to choose the proper defoamer for your application. Before a discussion of defoamer can be brought about, foam generation and composition must be discussed. WHAT IS FOAM? Foam is a colloidal suspension of a gas dispersed in a liquid. Most often foam consists of air dispersed in water. If a stream of air is introduced into a liquid, the bubbles produced assume a spherical shape. As the density of the bubble is less than the liquid the bubble rises. When the individual bubbles reach and pass through a surfactant free liquid they collapse. Air from the bubble dissipates and the liquid previously surrounding the bubble flows back.It should be noted a pure liquid will not foam. In the case of air dispersed in water a surfactant is necessary to make the water support a stable foam. A surfactant is a term used to describe a surface active agent; a compound with a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end on the same molecule."

Jan 1, 2016