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By George H. Holmes

This report describes the results of a reconnaissance survey of areas in California and Nevada considered favorable to beryllium mineralization. Pegmatite dikes, veins, intrusive sills, contact metamorphic, and disseminated deposits as well as tactite deposits in the former major tungsten-producing districts were investigated. A general geographic pattern of beryllium mineralization was found to be concentrated along a wide belt in eastern Nevada extending from the Ruby Mountains, Elko County, south through the Fish Creek Range, Eureka County, the Snake Range, White Pine County to the Virgin Mountains in Clark County, Nev., and Mohave County, Ariz. Sporadic occurrences of beryllium are in central and southern Nevada, and in the pegmatite dikes of San Bernardino, Riverside, and San Diego Counties, Calif., and the granite masses of the southern Inyo Mountains, Inyo County, Calif. Principal company activities are centered in the Snake Range, Fish Creek Range, and the Virgin Mountains, Nev., and the Inyo Mountains, Calif. Other areas in California and Nevada have been superficially explored with results indicating either limited or widespread, but submarginal, mineralization. Although beryllium was found to occur, to some extent, in many of the deposits, mining has been hindered by the lack of a market for beryllium ores and concentrates other than standard-grade beryl and also by the erratic pattern of mineralization and the high exploration and beneficiation costs required to produce a marketable product.

Jan 1, 1963

By Victor Azbe

Introduction Lime enters our daily life in many ways. Our building, chemical, agricultural, sanitary, and industrial endeavours depend on it to such a great extent that it could probably be called the most important inorganic chemical, and the extent to which it is used might be considered an index of industrial development. Industrial limes vary greatly in quality, due to internal structure and other characteristics. They may be good or bad, sensitive or slow to react. While improper manufacture may not greatly alter the appearance of the lime, it may affect its properties considerably and thus its suitability in the many processes in which lime is used. In some of the processes, one kind of lime is wanted, in others another. While the nature of the stone from which it is made has much to do with whether a lime is suitable or not, its burning and hydration are the crux of the matter. Up to not so many years ago, the knowledge of lime burning was rather imperfect and it is only relatively recently that its manufacture is approaching the state of a higher industrial art. This slow development was in part due to lime manufacture being scattered among many small concerns who, independently, either lacked the inclination or could not afford to strive for a higher technical development.

Jan 1, 1946

Compagnie Minière Espérance mines a primary gold orebody in an openpit. The ore is processed through crushing, primary gravity concentration, grinding and secondary gravity separation, generating tailings with remaining fine gold. Analysis of the material in the pond has indicated a residual gold grade sufficient to justify a chemical treatment process to recover the gold. However, direct cyanidation would require a prohibitively large installation for the site, which is located in a remote rainforest environment. It was decided to test the feasibility of preconcentration using flotation. As lab tests proved up the technical feasibility of the flotation process, an on-site pilot operation was carried out to assess the continuous circuit performances, define the best configuration and obtain enough data for industrial circuit sizing. Data collected during the pilot campaign was used for calibrating a process simulator built with the USIM? PAC software. The simulator validated the feasibility of upgrading the existing plant, including the reprocessing of tailings to obtain an acceptable fine gold recovery from a small amount of concentrate.

Jan 1, 2010

By P. A. Mahanwar

Flyash were melt mixed with nylon 6 at a 30wt% concentration. TYZOR® TPT, a coupling agent, was used to facilitate the link between filler and matrix. The morphological characterization, using SEM, revealed sufficient matrix residue on the filler surfaces thus confirming the strong interfacial bonding between the filler and the matrix on treating. Tensile, impact and the flexural properties of the composites were also improved with the incorporation of coupling agent. As flyash particles tend to impart a grayish color to the plastic, TiO2 pigment was employed to make the formulations aesthetic. The pigment was added to the filled system in 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 wt/wt ratios. Scattering of incident light and spectral reflectance was higher for smaller particle size flyash. Moreover an increase in the scattering with increase in pigment concentration indicates better dispersion of the pigment, which again is due to the presence of coupling agent.

Jan 1, 2006

By A. Tylczak, C. Shook, A. Doogan-Smith, S. Loif, B. Hilscher, P. Nayak

"This paper discusses how to effectively conduct energy efficiency studies during the design of new mineral processing plants and plant expansions. Energy management studies for new plants are ideally conducted as part of the feasibility study, but can also be done at the detailed design stage prior to the purchasing of equipment. Energy management engineers work as part of the mineral processing plant design team.Such studies usually result in energy savings of approximately 3-8% of the predicted plant’s energy consumption and energy demand. Potential cost savings can be significant. A variety of mineral processing systems – crushing/grinding, pumping, materials handling, fans/blowers, compressed air, and others – are assessed within this study.Energy Management Information System (EMIS) studies can also be performed for the new plant or plant expansion, as an independent study. EMIS can be incorporated into the electrical and controls design of the plant.Most Canadian Utility companies fund new plant design studies and provide financial incentives based on the predicted energy savings and incremental cost of the more energy-efficient design. A new plant energy efficiency study improves the potential for energy reduction because only the incremental equipment cost is included in the project return-on-investment calculation. After the design and construction phases, energy efficiency projects must justify the entire cost of the upgrade, which is significantly higher than the incremental cost alone.This paper outlines the major steps of a new plant/plant expansion energy efficiency study, the available utility company incentives, and the areas yielding the largest potential energy savings.IntroductionThis paper discusses energy efficiency studies and energy management systems with regards to mining operations. Energy management refers to the systems of monitoring, analyzing, and optimizing energy usage within a facility. It includes energy efficiency optimization of the initial plant design as well as the implementation of an Energy Management System (EnMS) and Energy Management Information System (EMIS) for optimizing energy usage over the lifetime of the facility. An EnMS is the organizational framework and procedures for managing energy use; an EMIS is the system of monitoring, reporting, and tracking process energy use against targets."

Jan 1, 2016

"The standards set out requirements of the Toronto Stock Exchange for company’s providing information to investors, regulators and/or the media regarding their mineral properties. In addition, information contained in new releases, continuous disclosure documents [annual report], or other forms of communication [printed investor relations materials and electronic publications] are also subject to these standards.1.0 INTRODUCTIONThe disclosure of the results of exploration and development activity on mineral properties mustcomply with the requirements of the Toronto Stock Exchange Policy Statement on Timely Disclosure, theOntario Securities Act and all applicable policies and rules of the Ontario Securities Commission and anyother securities regulatory body having jurisdiction over an issuer listed on the Exchange. In particular,the requirements of National Instrument 43-101 must be followed.The purpose of the standards is to set out the requirements of the Toronto Stock Exchange when acompany provides information to investors, regulators and/or the media regarding its properties, whethersuch information is contained in a news release, a continuous disclosure document such as an annualreport, or other form of communication, including, but not limited to, printed investor relations material andelectronic publications such as Internet Web sites. These standards do not apply to prospectuses orlisting applications, the standards for which are contained in the policies and rules of the securitiescommissions and the Exchange. These standards are also not intended to establish requirements for thecontent of technical reports.Any information published by or on behalf of a company must comply with these standards. If acompany becomes aware of information published by others regarding its mineral properties which ismaterially misleading to investors, it should take appropriate action to correct such information orotherwise make it known that it is not responsible for publishing such information and does notnecessarily agree with such statements.Disclosure concerning mineral properties should identify the ""qualified person"" as defined in NI 43-101 who is responsible for the work conducted on the property and such person shall have read andapproved of the technical disclosure."

Jan 1, 2003

By Louis Schaffer

The objectives of the research were to determine whether a model health and safety program could be defined in terms which would enable its application to mines of all types, and, if such a model program could be defined, to determine through evaluations in two mining companies whether it would achieve measurable improvements. Volume 1 describes the model, how it was applied in the field and how it was evaluated. This, Volume 2, describes the literature and field research that preceded the model definition.

Jan 1, 1983

Due to the ongoing restructuring of the mining industry in central Europe with a continuous decline of the number of large underground mines and collieries, and a simultaneous decline of staff numbers in the remaining mines, the established mine rescue schemes are endangered to collapse. With the end of the mine rehabilitation at Wismut Uranium in 2014, the last remaining major mine rescue teams in Saxony, providing basic mine rescue services for all other mines in the region, will disappear. This will leave a large number of small mines and other underground operations without capable mine rescue support. Since none of these companies is able to set up a complete mines rescue unit on its own, new ways have to be found. Among others, a central mine rescue team for central Germany as well as the assistance by special trained professional fire fighters or mine rescue teams from abroad are discussed. Problems like location of the central rescue team, financing, communication and transport have to be solved. This paper provides an overview over the complexity of the problem as an example for other mining regions worldwide and will discuss national and cross-national strategies.

Feb 23, 2014

By Deepak Malhotra, Robert Dorfler

Modern engineering mill design has been refined over the years to the point where detailed ore and process specification criteria can be developed In the engineering design phase of the project. The plant Is then built to the detailed criteria and performance acceptance tested by the owner to see if the as-built mill meets the criteria, This performance testing is critical to the owner; the test must be systematic with sample collection coordinated throughout the plant. Despite the availability of systematic approaches to plant development, the new plants often fall short of design criteria. This paper discusses the key Issues a Project Manager/Process Engineer should Implement to ensure that plants meet design criteria.

Jan 1, 1991

By S Das

Deposit-10/11A is situated in the iron rich Bailadila region of India comprising haematite ore of average grade 65 per cent Fe. The deposit production line was commissioned in the year 2002 having a capacity of 5 Mt/a. The plant has the state of the art mineral processing equipments.The ore is transported from mines to crushing plant by means of dumpers. The ore is comminuted in two stages to get 150 mm top size product and this product is transported through conveyor system and is stored in silos as feed stock for beneficiation plant. In the beneficiation plant this crushed product is wet screened in two stages to produce a product of lump (-150 + 10 mm) and fines (-10 + 3.15 mm). The product of -3.15 mm top size is fed to primary classifier for a size separation at 150 µm. The resultant product (-3.15 mm + 150 µm) is dewatered and transported to fi ne ore product stock yard through conveyor system. The minus 150 µm material from classifier overflow is fed to cyclones (508 mm cyclone battery with an apex of 65 mm) for desliming at 45 µm and to recover ultrafi nes (-150 + 45 µm). The cyclone overfl ow slimes (-45 µm) along with water is treated in lamella thickeners to recover process water. The thickener underflow material is transported to tailing pond (discharge rate is 300 m3/h at a specific gravity of 1.4) by pumping through HDPE (high density poly ethylene) pipeline and the over flow water is being recirculated. The water requirement for beneficiation is approx 1.5 m3 per ton of ore.This paper aims at identifying and quantifying the factors that affect the overall plant performance (grade and recovery) during the different seasonal variations especially in the rainy season (mid-June to end October). The effect of seasonal variations on unit operations such as milling, classification, thickening and filtration are discussed. Specific cases are presented as examples and recommendations are formulated.

Jul 11, 2011

By B. J. Timmons

Depending upon which of two letters describing the theme of the session I chose to honor, the subject choices because either one or three. They were: "Applied Research and Exploration and Discovery" or "Applied Research in Exploration and Discovery." The final choice; to partially ignore both of them. That minor difference in meaning may be appropriate here, inasmuch as very minor research/exploration differences may also have profound impacts on discovery. To further set the stage, I consider myself an Industrial Minerals geologist, and more specifically primarily associated with basic construction materials crushed stone and sand & gravel. My remarks will apply primarily to those materials. Therefore, when the discussion instructions included emphasis on beneficial aspects (to name a few): "drill target definition; elimination of ore potential; ore forming environments; alteration studies, and isotope analysis," problems became apparent. Evidently, and although this was a form letter, the drafters of that letter had no idea what was involved in research for a construction materials source. My task may be great.

Jan 1, 1995

By R. Kuyvenhoven, A. Parbhakar-Fox, X. Prieto, J. Quevedo, L. V. Danyushevsky

This paper presents the results of a study focussed on determining the distribution of cobalt in different types of pyrite of the La Estrella IOCG deposit in Chile. In the IOCG mineral deposits, where copper is the main product, the quantification and distribution of cobalt is required to correctly define the technical and economic viability of recovering cobalt as a by-product. In the La Estrella mineral deposit, seven alteration and mineralisation events were recognised through both optical and automated electronic mineralogical analysis. Of these seven events, five different types of pyrites were identified, each with unique characteristics of the pyrite crystals. Through advanced elemental analysis of these five types of pyrites, it was determined that the concentration and distribution of cobalt within the pyrite crystal is dependent on the mineralisation event. The results indicate high cobalt concentrations in the early pyrite mineralisation events, associated with relatively fine pyrite grains, and cobalt generally occurring in a solid form in the pyrite core. The late pyrite mineralisation event exhibits the lowest concentrations of cobalt, with cobalt predominantly present along the outer periphery of the pyrite. These results are relevant from a metallurgical point of view because the preferential location of cobalt within the pyrite crystal will influence the maximum metallurgical recovery of cobalt. For this, a cobaltiferous pyrite concentrate must be formed which, according to the characteristics of pyrite, must be processed with the optimal solubilisation method. The overall objective is to ensure both good cobalt recovery and a high concentration of cobalt in the leach solution resulting from pyrite leaching. Keywords: Cobalt, pyrite, IOCG, copper, metallurgical recovery, solubilisation, Chile

Jan 1, 2020

By Pengfu Tan

Lead blast-furnace bullion cools to near its freezing point in an operation known as copper drossing or hot drossing usually contains 0.02-0.06% copper. The removal of this copper is usually carried out in a batch operation known as sulfur drossing. Sulfur is stirred into the bullion at temperatures near its freezing point, and the dross of copper and lead sulfides that floats to the surface is skimmed off manually. A thermodynamic model has been developed to simulate the copper drossing. The phase diagram of Pb-Cu-S system has been calculated, and the effects of the process parameters, such as temperature, copper content, and sulfur content, on the drossing process have been simulated and discussed.

Jan 1, 2006

By William N. Hale

This Bureau of Mines report gives a detailed study of water usage in the Montana mineral industries, along with projections for the future. The mineral industry of Montana in 1963 used 36.5 billion gallons of new water, and reused or recirculated an additional 53.5 billion gallons for a total water requirement or usage of 90 billion gallons. The petroleum industry was the major water user, followed by the copper and zinc industries. Many mineral industry operators provide their own water, and new water is withdrawn largely from surface sources. At present, sufficient water is available in rivers, streams, and reservoirs in Montana; however, shortages do exist locally near mineral industry operations using large quantities of water. Some is supplied from sources up to 44 miles distant. New water withdrawn by the State of Montana mineral industry is expected to increase from 36.5 billion gallons in 1963 to 51.1 billion gallons by the year 2000. The total-water requirement is expected to more than double, or reach 182 billion gallons by the year 2000.

Jan 1, 1966

By Kenneth Wardell

Those flat lying, bedded or replacement, non-fossil fuel deposits which exist within the U.S.A., and which are amenable to longwall mining, are identified by reference to three principal factors associated with their physical/geological environments. These are their depth, extent and structural continuity. Technical feasibility is assessed in relation to the likely cutting speeds which can be achieved in the identified minerals with existing longwall shearer machines. Economic comparisons are made between traditional mining operations in those deposits for which technical feasibility is demonstrable. Continents are made concerning those technical deficiencies which appear to preclude the application of existing longwall equipment to the identified deposits and suggestions are made regarding the lines of research aimed at improving longwall technology.

Jan 1, 1978

The information in this document has been prepared as at February 16, 2011. Certain statements contained in this document constitute ?forward-looking statements? within the meaning of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and forward looking information under the provisions of Canadian provincial securities laws. When used in this document, the words ?anticipate?, ?expect?, ?estimate?, ?forecast?, ?will?, ?planned?, and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements or information. Such statements include without limitation: statements regarding timing and amounts of capital expenditures and other assumptions; estimates of future reserves, resources, mineral production, optimization efforts and sales; estimates of mine life; estimates of future internal rates of return, mining costs, cash costs, minesite costs and other expenses; estimates of future capital expenditures and other cash needs, and expectations as to the funding thereof; statements and information as to the projected development of certain ore deposits, including estimates of exploration, development and production and other capital costs, and estimates of the timing of such exploration, development and production or decisions with respect to such exploration, development and production; estimates of reserves and resources, and statements and information regarding anticipated future exploration; the anticipated timing of events with respect to the Company's minesites and statements and information regarding the sufficiency of the Company's cash resources. Such statements and information reflect the Company's views as at the date of this document and are subject to certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions, and undue reliance should not be placed on such statements and information. Many factors, known and unknown could cause the actual results to be materially different from those expressed or implied by such forward looking statements and information. Such risks include, but are not limited to: the volatility of prices of gold and other metals; uncertainty of mineral reserves, mineral resources, mineral grades and mineral recovery estimates; uncertainty of future production, capital expenditures, and other costs; currency fluctuations; financing of additional capital requirements; cost of exploration and development programs; mining risks; community protests; risks associated with foreign operations; governmental and environmental regulation; the volatility of the Company's stock price; and risks associated with the Company's byproduct metal derivative strategies. For a more detailed discussion of such risks and other factors that may affect the Company?s ability to achieve the expectations set forth in the forwardlooking statements contained in this document, see the Company's Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2009, as well as the Company's other filings with the Canadian Securities Administrators and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. The Company does not intend, and does not assume any obligation, to update these forward-looking statements and information. Marc Legault, a Qualified Person and the Company?s Vice-President, Project Development, reviewed the technical information disclosed herein. For a detailed breakdown of the Company?s reserve and resource position see the February 16, 2011 press release on the Company?s website. That press release also lists the Qualified Persons for each project.

May 1, 2011

By Alper Kirmaci, Taghi Sherizadeh, Dogukan Guner, Samuel Nowak, Khaled Mohamed, Morgan Sears

Coal ribs present a major safety hazard in underground mines, and there is currently no unified approach for their design in the United States. To tackle this issue, this study investigated the stability of underground coal pillar ribs under development load. Utilizing over a thousand 3DEC models, a framework for calculating coal pillar rib rating (CPRR) was developed. A detailed step-by-step method was outlined for computing the CPRR based on a 3DEC analysis, which was then validated with various 3DEC models, demonstrating a strong correlation between the two models. The results demonstrated that the rib factor of safety (RibFOS) under development load is directly proportional to CPRR, coal mine roof rating (CMRR), and floor strength, and inversely proportional to the overburden depth and rib height. Moreover, a regression equation was formulated to predict the RibFOS based on the aforementioned parameters. Furthermore, empirical relationships were developed between the RibFOS and the applied primary rib support density (PRSD) in U.S. coal mines. To ease the calculations, a stand-alone application, Design of Rib Support (DORS), was developed. This application can be used to assess rib stability and easily calculate CPRR, RibFOS, and PRSD.

Jul 1, 2023

By John Shirokoff, Ladan Khaksar

"Cyclic polarization technique and also potentiodynamic measurements were applied to study corrosion behavior of 13% chromium steels in chloride containing environment. Potentiodynamic measurements were performed at 25 and 75 °C with 0, 10 and 20 g/l NaCl in 0.01 M hydrochloric acid solution. At the same time, the significant pitting parameters such as corrosion potential (Ecorr), pitting potential (Epit), protection potential (Epro) and passive current (Ipass) of cyclic polarization curves with various NaCl concentration were analyzed and compared to describe the corrosion behavior of 13% chromium stainless steel. Surface measurement techniques such as SEM and EDS were used for morphology and analysis of corrosion products. The results showed that both temperature and Cl- concentration had significant effects on corrosion behavior of 13% chromium stainless steel in acidic solution.INTRODUCTION Of all the corrosion resistant alloys (CRA) used in oil and gas developments, martensitic stainless steels (MSS) are some of the most common ones these days. These steels not only have the advantages of normal steels: high strength, cost-effective, easy to manufacture, available in a wide variety of product forms, but they also have good CO2 corrosion resistance at higher temperatures as a result of their 11% minimum chromium content. One of the most common types of MSS used in the oil and gas industry is 13% chromium steel. NACE and API standards both reference several different varieties of 13% chromium steels for use in oil and gas projects(“Corrosion Resistant High Cr Steel for Oil and Gas Wells,” 2013). All types of 13% chromium steels have about 12 to 14% chromium and other minor alloying additions, and can be placed into two general groups: conventional and modified. Conventional 13% Cr steels (13Cr) are those most common in oil and gas, some of which are CA6NM (UNS J91150), AISI 410(UNS S41000), and AISI 420 (UNS S42000). These alloys have excellent corrosion resistance when compared to carbon steels up to about 300°F (150°C) and are used for a variety of wellhead, tubular, and downhole components however they have very limited resistance to cracking in H2S (Vallourec Group, 2015). Modified 13% Cr (M13Cr) steels came from the need for increased corrosion resistance at higher temperatures, increased H2S cracking resistance, and increased yield strength above 85 ksi (586 Mpa) primarily for tubular goods and other downhole equipment. These features were developed by taking a conventional 13Cr steel and adding nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), copper (Cu), and other alloying elements. M13Cr provides better corrosion resistance than 13Cr up to about 350°F (177°C), yield strengths up to 110 ksi (758 Mpa), and also improved H2S cracking resistance(“Corrosion Resistant High Cr Steel for Oil and Gas Wells,” 2013)."

Jan 1, 2017

By Millard M. Gilkey

This Bureau of Mines report presents results of a detailed study of water usage in the Wyoming mineral industry along with projections for the future In 1964, the mineral industries of Wyoming used 20 billion gallons of new water, nearly all self-supplied, and reused 72 billion gallons, a total usage of 92 billion gallons. Consumption amounted to 2.8 billion gallons. About one-half of the 20 billion gallons of new water was obtained from [srface] sources and the rest from ground water. Reported costs, covering power and maintenance, for the self-supplied new water at mineral industry operations ranged from less than 1 cent to 20 cents per thousand gallons and aver-aged 8 cents. At one mineral-related operation, water was hauled by truck to supplement a well supply. The cost was $2.00 per thousand gallons delivered. However, the supplemental requirement was only 10 gpm. Cost figures for the recirculation of water, covering power and maintenance, averaged 2 cents. In terms of water usage, the value of product for the entire industry was $25 per thousand gallons of new water intake and about $180 per thousand gallons consumed. The study revealed that Wyoming has a water deficiency but that the shortage is less severe than in the arid Southwest. Projection of the water needs of the Wyoming mineral industries indicates that the demand for new water will increase from the 20 billion gallons used in 1964 to 25 billion gallons in 1980, a 25-percent increase. The projected new-water requirement for the year 2000 is 40 billion gallons, a 100-percent increase compared with the 1964 figure.

Jan 1, 1967

By J. A. Reid

THE views and observations expressed herein on this old but constantly recurring question are our own, no effort having been made to align them with standard texts. Therefore, while they may find general acceptance amongst fellow engineers, they must stand as personal opinions and as such are open to debate and discussion. In order properly to consider the subject, it should first be 'set in proper perspective. Why are Prospects Examined? Prospects are examined to determine whether they may contain economic concentrations of metals or minerals, the legitimate mining business being run, pretty largely, to make money. Next to food and clothing, modern civilization is based on metals, with which are included in this discussion minerals, oils, and fuels. A constant and increasing demand for the common metals requires the location of replacements for depleted orebodies, while the use and appreciation of new metals brings increasing demand for them. Aluminium is a good example of a metal which has, within recent years, made great progress. Today, we are becoming increasingly aware of magnesium, chromium, tungsten, thallium, and other lesser known, metals.

Jan 1, 1945