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By V. Lessels, W. A. Hamilton

White Pine Copper Co. is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Copper Range Co. The property of White Pine is about 5 miles south of Lake Superior in Carp Lake Township, Ontonagon County, Mich. The new town of White Pine, adjacent to the company plant, is 18 miles south and west of the town of Ontonagon, and about 55 miles north and east of Ironwood, Mich. A diamond drilling program begun in 1937 to develop the orebody was carried on until 1950. During this period a test shaft, known as the Schacht shaft, was sunk on the orebody and approximately 8000 ft of development drift were driven. In an effort to solve the ore beneficiation problems, considerable metallurgical test work was done on ore extracted through the mine development. This work was conducted in a small pilot plant located in the mill of the Copper Range Co. at Freda, Mich.

May 1, 1956

By Dr. Hans Von Höfer

APART from the hypothesis of a .cosmic origin (which failed of acceptance because it was not adequately supported by facts), the only important controversy concerning the origin of petroleum has been, for a long time, between the advocates of inorganic and of organic origin respectively. Each of these theories has had a long history of development, and is still being perfected, under the influence of two causes: (1) the increasingly extensive and thorough study of the oil-fields (of which new examples are periodically discovered and opened); and (2) the progress of synthetic experiments devoted to this question. Moreover, the advance in our physical and chemical knowledge of the properties of this peculiar natural product has necessarily modified all criticism of conflicting views. I. THE HYPOTHESIS OF INORGANIC ORIGIN That the notion of an inorganic origin of petroleum, first set forth by Berthelot in 1866, and afterward ingeniously developed and formulated by Mendelejeff, should thus have proceeded chiefly from chemists, is quite natural; for the question was one of possible chemical processes in the earth's interior, and of imagined chemical reactions to be, verified by experiment. Hypotheses of this kind were suggested by many chemists, of whom two, P. Sabatier and J. H. Senderens, may be specially named by reason of their highly interesting chemical experiments. Among geologists, Mendelejeff's hypothesis was received at first with much interest and favor; for it rested on the assumption of a central terrestrial mass of iron carbide, and the geologists had good reasons for adopting that assumption. Yet comparatively few of them attempted to furnish geological proofs of the hypothesis: the majority either silently believed in it, or for one or another reason rejected it altogether.

Jan 5, 1914

By Wright D. C

The operation of the cyanide-sensitive Mintek/TB1 kegold electrode was studied in the laboratory, with regard to equilibration time and drift, the effects of pH, stirring, salinity, dissolved oxygen, zinc and copper(I) ions. Methods for valid calibration in the range 20-600 mg(NaCN)/L and pH values in the range 9 - 12 in the absence of copper were also studied. Increasing the salinity beyond a threshold of 40 g(NaCI)/L improves calibration and measurement. The sensitivity is 91 mV per decade change in the concentration of ionic cyanide, and output is reproducible to within 10 mV with attention to the factors listed above. However, salinity of 40 g(NaCI)/L also sensitises the electrode to interference by copper(1) ions. This copper sensitivity seems capable of saturation, suggesting a research strategy for possible remedies.

Jan 1, 1996

By Zay Jeffries

TUNGSTEN has the highest melting point of all the known metals, namely 3350° C.; it is one of the hardest of the metals; it has the highest equiaxing or recrystallization temperature after strain hardening, of any pure metal known. It is particularly distinguished because, when composed of small equiaxed grains, it is extremely. brittle and fragile at room temperature, and when possessing a fibrous structure it maybe ductile and pliable at room temperature. The common ductile metals act in exactly the opposite manner in this respect. The present paper will include a brief note regarding the manufacture of wrought and. ductile tungsten. The metallography of wrought and ductile tungsten in the various stages of manufacture will be considered more or less in detail. The general relationships between the properties of tungsten and other metals will also be considered. A discussion will be given explaining why fibrous tungsten is ductile at room temperature, even though past experience with other metals would indicate that it should be brittle. Finally, a brief note regarding some new fundamental metallographic propositions relating to all metals will be given.

Jan 6, 1918

Numbering of the Journal Because computer and library authorities prefer journal subscriptions to be based on the calendar year, and because the present numbering system of the Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy does not conform with the calendar year, it has been decided to change the numbering system of the Journal.

Jan 1, 1979

By John M. Loveioy

EVERY producer of crude oil knows what is meant by the Rule or Law of Capture. It means that the ultimate ownership of a migratory substance such as oil is not determined until that substance is reduced to physical possession. Unless, therefore, the producer moves quickly to capture his share from the common pool, he may lose to any neighbor who is drilling and producing more rapidly than he a portion of the oil originally underlying his property. And there is no recourse open to him if his property is so drained. Under this rule it is obvious that the owner of an oil property, if he is to protect his' ownership, must be governed in his development and production policies by the activities of his neighbor rather than by his own business requirements. He must drill as densely and as fast as the other operators in the field or lose part of the oil to which he should be entitled.

Jan 1, 1936

A PROSPECTOR stood atop a Venezuelan mountain called El Florero just 25 years ago, and shouted to the world that he had found a large, rich new source of iron ore. But his words were lost in the big green South American jungles and besides, the world had more iron ore than it could handle. There were no crises in 1926, no major wars on the horizon, no worries about mineral supplies. In the U. S., the populace was "keeping cool with Coolidge," and the solid foundation of the economy-the steel industry-rested on a still firmer basis, the Lake Superior iron ores.

Jan 5, 1951

By Edwin C. Barringer

IRON and steel scrap has again become page one news, as it was during the war. To many this is anomalous because the common concept is that the theaters of war are literally paved with scrap as the by-product of war damage and abandoned materiel. To an extent this is true, the bottleneck being the ferreting out and transportation of this scrap. While you as consumers of the electric-furnace grades of scrap-the premium grades-are concerned primarily in only one segment of the scrap market, I believe you ill be interested in a general discussion of the market with subsequent funneling down to your specialty.

Jan 1, 1947

By L. J. Erck

H EAVY-MEDIA separation continues to be the favored process for concentrating the coarser fractions by elimination of undesirable tailing and middling fractions. The first vessel used for heavy-media separation was the closed-top cone. Further developments then led to the Akins spiral separator which fulfilled the requirements for improving metallurgica1 separation as well as gaining mechanical advantages. During the last season there has been a substantial influx of separator designs for further improvements of metallurgical separation based on the heavy- media method as well as attempting to garner further mechanical advantages with reduction in power consumption to boot. The newest of these designs was the Hardinge counter-current separator which was introduced into the field last spring in two plants. Both Hardinge separators proved satisfactory in operation and substantiat-

Jan 1, 1950

By D. Hanson

Fox most of their practical applications metals are required to with-stand stresses of appreciable magnitude: indeed, it is because they possess the quality of resisting stress without becoming permanently deformed that they find such extensive use in the service of man. Metals and alloys must, in service, usually behave as elastic substances-or nearly so. It is not difficult to satisfy this condition at ordinary temperatures. Iron and its alloys, especially the steels, are at normal temperatures excellent elastic bodies, capable of satisfying most of the mechanical requirements of the engineer: where electrical, chemical or other properties are impor-tant, which cannot be met by steels, it is usually possible to find a non-ferrous alloy such as nickel, copper or aluminum, which will prove satisfactory. When the metals or alloys are not inherently sufficiently elastic, cold-working or heat-treatment may develop elastic properties to a sufficient extent for practical needs. By means of relatively simple, rapid tests we can measure such properties as elastic modulus, limit of proportionality and proof stress, upon which design can be based with confidence. The case of the soft metals, such as lead and tin, is well known to be exceptional. They possess no definite limit of elasticity, and the value of proof stress or tensile strength depends to a great extent on the speed with which the test is carried out. Design here must be based on other considerations than a well-established theory of the proportionality of stress and strain. It is now generally recognized that steels and non-ferrous alloys possess at temperatures not greatly exceeding that of the atmosphere, characteristics quite different from those existing at ordinary temperatures, and that they assume qualities similar to those of the soft metals. Not only have they no limit of elasticity, but the proof stress and the ultimate stress depend on the time of application of the load. Flow under load may persist for long periods of time, possibly indefinitely, and the determination of a true maximum stress becomes a matter of great difficulty.

Jan 1, 1939

"7.1. Glossary of the Platinum-Group Minerals7.1.1. IntroductionA glossary of the platinum-group minerals (POM) serves as a useful introduction to a chapter on their mineralogy. Earlier glossaries (Cabri, 1972, 1976) were prepared for different purposes and composed in a different manner. As for most mineralogical textbooks, from Dana's System of Mineralogy, 3rd Edition (1850) , to Fleischer's Glossary of Mineral Species (1980), this glossary is primarily a chemical classification, arranged here in two tables. Table 7.1 groups the mineralforming compounds of the six platinum-group elements (POE) according to their essential anion(s) or according to the nonPOE element in intermetallic compounds. Table 7.2 is a similar listing for the native metals and alloys of the POE. Both tables include unidentified POM considered to be bona fide new minerals requiring additional study for complete characterization and recognition (see Chapter 9*). Some information on the chemistry of the POM is given in the sections on X-ray data (7 .2) and ore microscopy (7 .3). Because the overwhelming majority of POM have been characterized by the electron microprobe, a more detailed account of representative analyses is given in Chapter 8**. The total POM listed in Tables 7.1 and 7.2 is about 100, after deleting some which would not qualify as discrete species if found today, but which are still recognized on historical grounds; e.g. iridosmine, osmiridium, platiniridium. Tables 7.1 and 7.2 also include 28 unnamed POM; included because they are considered to be probably new species (Cabri 1981 b). The referral scheme for unnamed minerals is the same as in Chapter 9. There are considerably more palladium minerals known than other POM; the proportion of total species (listed in Tables 7.1 and 7 .2) for the POE is: Pd 48%, Pt 21 o/o , Ru and Ir 9% each, Rh 8% and Os 5%. These proportions are in marked contrast to the estimated cosmic abundance, as compiled for average type C1 chondrite by Naldrett and Duke (1980): Pt 29%, Ru 20%, Pd, Ir and Os 15% each, and Rh 6%."

Jan 1, 1979

This paper discusses recent ore reserve methodology at the Woodlawn base metal Mine in New South Wales. The ownership of the Mine changed hands in 1987 and a number of revisions to ore reserve practice were instigated by the new operators. While the overall modeling and calculation procedure remained essentially unaltered, the modifications and revised assumptions significantly increased the ore reserve. While general ore reserve procedures are discussed in this paper, it is the impact of these changed assumptions on the reserves which is our main focus.

Jan 1, 1990

By Thomas J. O’Neil

From the time of its emergence as an independent state until the late 1950's, the Republic of Ireland suffered from chronic unemployment, the lowest living standard in Northern Europe, and-most serious of all-an aggravated emigration problem which drained off most of its talented young people. In 1958, however, there was a drastic legislative reaction to these problems, and this in turn ignited the current mining boom in Ireland. Paving the Way to Prosperity In order to reverse the tide of emigration, the Irish government now realized, challenging domestic employment opportunities had to be increased and living standards had to be raised. It was also apparent that future industrial and economic growth in Ireland had to be based on producing goods for export. The home market could not sustain large-scale expansion, and consequently Ireland's chronic balance-of-payments deficit could best be minimized by producing export goods. These considerations, together with the limited amount of accumulated wealth in Ireland, combined to set the objectives of the country's First Program for Economic Expansion in 1958. The general objectives of this program were (1) to stimulate all segments of the economy, (2) to develop foreign trade and (3) to attract foreign capital.

Jan 1, 1970

By John Mathews

SOMEONE has divided mankind into two groups: (1) those who have the willingness and imagination to weigh the future gain over against a present indulgence, and (2) those who cannot do so. The former have self-control, patience, foresight and a capacity for sustained effort. Those having these homely virtues become the, possessors of capital and hence employers of others. Those lacking these qualities and owning no capital must seek it from those of the first class, and therefore are employed by others. The human qualities, which divide men into two classes-employers and employed-are, however, capable of change by education, training, environment and by all agencies which tend to develop character. These words of the economist have stuck in my mind for many years and the more I see of men in my business contacts the more firmly I am convinced of their truth. The earth in some respects resembles its inhabitants. When we stroll over the fields and hills we are impressed by the unorganized masses of sand and rock which make up the ground beneath our feet. When by chance we come upon a bit of mineral matter in crystalline form we are impressed by its beauty and symmetry and probably have it polished and call it a gem. Gems constitute a minute portion of the earth's crust, and those intellectual gems, worthy of polish, who brilliantly reflect the incident rays of education and experience that have fallen upon them are few among the masses of mankind.

Jan 1, 1931

SUMPEARY OF CURRENT PRACTICES History The outcrop and surrounding area of Comincots Sullivan Mine was originally mined by small open cuts on surface and small open stopes underground to which shafts and adits were driven for access. When it was established that a commercial grade of ore was available, an adit was driven on the 4600 level (feet above sea level), and OM was extracted by larger scale open stoping leaving supporting pillars where necessary. After the depth of the ore body was proven to the 3900 level and an adit driven at this level, many miles of drifts, crosscuts, raises and sublevels were driven for the extraction of the ore above this level. Larger open stopea were extended from this development. The mining method was, and to a very limited degree still is, a benching method. Due to the strong hanging wall in this area of the mine, stopes with a width of 100 feet or more were opened. In 1931, because the orebody was proven to extend below the 3900 level, a winze was sunk from the 3900 level to the 3350 level. From this winze three intermediate levels were opened. Following a plan of development well in advance of production requirements, further sinking was done by winzes and eventually a large shaft was raised to surface. Prior to 1958 the 2850 level was bottom which since that time has been extended to the 2500 level. Open stopes were developed and mined as this area was opened up.

Jan 1, 1970

By Horace Winchell

IT IS OFTEN interesting to look backward and review the world's progress in any line of human endeavor. Our pride is flattered by our achieve-ments and our imagination stimulated by the compari-son between our present productivity and prosperity and those of the relatively unenlightened days of our recent ancestors. We love to reflect on the progress of the last quarter of a century in the art of metallurgy, in. the production and consumption of the various metals and minerals which constitute the basis of our industrial and commercial supremacy. We dwell complacently on the figures which prove that we are the world's leader in nearly all departments of mining and that our production of necessary minerals over-shadows that of other countries. We recall the days when it was considered the proper thing, if not indeed indispensable, to go abroad for the rounding out of a mining engineer's education. We had no mining schools equal to those of Germany. Our schools of technology were elementary and their equipment limited. RISE OF AMERICAN MINING SCHOOLS Now we point with true American pride to institutions which, are unsurpassed in all the world in their standard of efficiency. We know full well that the American engineer is in demand in many foreign parts and when we read recent scientific treatises published abroad we are amazed to find them unfamiliar with many of the more advanced ideas which have here already come to be an everyday part of our professional knowledge and equipment. Blessed with a country of unrivalled natural resources, dwelling in a latitude whose climate is most conducive to enterprise, peopled with races of inventive and organizing genius with equality of individual opportunity, our industries have grown and expanded until our output has reached staggering proportions and the draft upon our mineral reserves is appalling. Coupled with this development has arisen a demand for engineers which has brought into our schools of technical science larger and larger numbers of young men whose imagination has been stimulated by the success of their predecessors who happened to be contemporary elements in the recent industrial expansion and prosperity.

Jan 1, 1923

By M. N. Dunlap

Tries article summarizes the successful incorporation of a flash-flooding stream into the tailing-disposal system at the St. Joseph Lead Company's Federal Division mill, in St. Francois County, Missouri. The mill was built in 1906, by the Federal Lead Co., as its No. 3 mill for the concentration of southeastern Missouri lead ores, and damming Davis Creek was first considered in 1908. Plans were made also in 1925 and in 1937. Dam layouts varied from a reinforced concrete structure to a barrier built of tailings alone. All were abandoned because of liability that would be incurred by flashflood rupturing of an incompleted dam. By 1942 mill capacity had reached 12,000 tons daily and increasing tailing-disposal costs again focused attention on the Davis Creek basin. This time the problem of riskless dam building was solved. Moreover, most of the items that appeared in the answer were materials that normally required wasting and the major portion of labor involved performed functions that it would normally have done, without constructive benefit, elsewhere. The new layout also made possible advantageous changes in mill-water supply pumping; static head being reduced from 514 ft to 95 ft, friction head from 4900 ft to 2860 ft, and pumping can be done now at periods of low power demand. The following facts about the Davis Creek watershed explain the 36-year reluctance to reach these, and other, benefits. Size: 3600 acres. Outline: roughly pear-shaped, 2 1/2 by 3 miles at the largest dimensions. Topography: mostly hill land with steep valleys. Relief : 760 minimum to 1153 maximum. Maximum rainfall: 3.36 in. per hour. Permanent water: none natural. Now 2200 gpm discharged through 16-in. drill hole from mine pumps underground. Geology: the 17 acres near dam centerline is Bonne Terre dolomite covered with sand and gravel eroded from Pleistocene beds that cap some of the hills. The remainder of the pond basin is on Davis shale. Soil cover: mostly second-growth timber with some abandoned fields; all subject to careless burning, which reduces water-retaining ability. Flood history: flash-flooding that had taken at least one life. Downstream values: two railroad bridges before creek intersection with Flat River. Immediately below confluence, a highway bridge, a low-water crossing, a few business establishments and several blocks of residences. In July 1942 the following segments of an ingenious plan were put into operation. A ditch 270 ft long, 16 ft wide and 5 1/2 ft deep was excavated to bedrock in the gravelly soil along the proposed dam's centerline. This excavation, which exposed many gravel-filled channels, was run full of slimes drawn from a riser set in the top of an adjacent tailings-disposal

Jan 1, 1947

By BLAllEY STEVENS

(Canal Zone Meeting, November, 1910.) I. INTRODUCTION. TEH object of this paper is to show how igneous intrusion is governed by definite mechanical laws. A distinction is made between dikes and fissures, and the various characteristics of intrusions are explained on an exact scientific basis. The modification of rock-stresses by intrusion is then considered and extensive isostress regions are recognized. Finally, a complete classification of intrusions is constructed covering all pos-sible cases. The generalizations of observed data, taken from Geikie's Textbook of Geology, conform to the laws of intrusion herein stated, and the deductions based upon these laws. No authority, however, is quoted for the type which I have named a corrugated intrusion. Its existence is a necessary deduction from the laws of intrusion, and even the entire absence of examples in technical publications cannot disprove its reality. In all probability, corrugated fissures would have remained undiscovered, but for the working of mineral veins. As intrusions of tabular form are seldom worked for commercial purposes, it has been left for theory to anticipate the discovery of corrugated dikes. In the light of these laws of intrusion and the corresponding laws of fissures,1 there seems to be a remarkable uniformity of stress-distribution in rocks at moderate depths. This renders .possible the mathematical calculation which should help us to approximate exact science in this and kindred branches of applied geology.

Jan 1, 1911

By F. Habashi

Lead is an ancient metal. The alchemists related it to the planet Saturn. It was largely obtained by smelting galena which generally contains small quantities of silver. That is why the metallurgy of lead was closely related to that of silver and in some cases the ore was treated only for its silver content. It was also known during the Roman time that lead vapors were toxic. Lead has been produced exclusively by pryrometallurgical methods. Lead refining is a complex process because of the presence of deleterious impurities such as arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. In the nineteenth century lead played an important role as a material of construction in the manufacture of sulfuric acid. In the twentieth century tetraethyl lead was used exclusively as an anti-knock reagent. In recent years lead is mainly used for making batteries.

Jan 1, 2008

The necessary funds have been provided for the award in 1915 of three prizes, respectively of $50, $30, and $20, for the best essays, or other papers, submitted in competition by Junior Members and Members of Affiliated Student Societies. The following rules for the competition are therefore established in accordance with the instructions of the Board of Directors May 22, 1914: (1) A competitor for the President's Prizes must be, at the time of submitting his essay, either a Junior Member or a Member of an Affiliated Student Society of this Institute.

Jan 1, 1917