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By Robert A. Brown

"The O'Brien mine is in the west-central part of Cadillac township along the Cadillac 'break', which extends for 7,500 feet from west to east across the property.The ground was staked in 1924 by A. Dumont and W. Hermeston, prospecting for M. J. O'Brien, Limited. The first vein discovered is that now known as No. 1. The No. 4 vein was later exposed on the surface; the other veins known to be present were revealed by underground work and diamond drilling carried out both from the surface and underground.The mine is developed from three vertical shafts: No .. 2 extending from the surface to 2,000 feet; No. 3 from the surface to 1,500 feet; and No. 4 from 2,000 to 3,000 feet. There is on the property a mill of about 200 tons a day capacity, the usual shops, and a townsite housing about forty-five families. Gold production to the end of September, 1944, amounted to 295,824 fine oz. from ore having an average grade of 0.505 oz. a ton. In addition, the mill recovered 3,237 tons of arsenic trioxide having a purity of 83 per cent As2O3.GENERAL GEOLOGYThe four main groups of rocks of the Cadillac area- the Cadillac, Blake River, Kewagama or Pontiac, and Malartic- are found within the boundaries of the property. However, as these rocks have been fully described in · various government reports (1,2,3,4,5,6) and all the known orebodies occur within one group- the Blake River-a detailed description of the geology will be dispensed with here. The known ore deposits lie south of the Cadillac 'break' in a group of rocks that includes 'greenstones', greywackes, conglomerate, porphyries, and a rock of gabbroic composition that may be intrusive. Both flows and tuffs can be recognized in the 'greenstones'. The two bands of porphyry that trend easterly across most of the property have been considered by some observers to be dyke rocks and by others to be flows. Certain evidence points to their being dykes that were intruded as sills considerably prior to the emplacement of the gold-bearing veins, but the possibility of flow origin cannot be fully rejected. North of the talc-chlorite-carbonate schist zone forming the 'break' the rocks are conglomerate and greywacke with iron formation, in which there are no known veins of ore grade. Within the schist zone are minor acid and basic intrusives. The general trend of both bedding and schistosity is a few degrees south of east. The dip is generally vertica1 or steep to the south."

Jan 1, 1954

By Yuanyuan Zhang, Patrick J. Masset

"The reduction of FexO in slag is one of the fundamental reactions in iron and steelmaking technology, including the blast furnace process (BF). Experiments on the reduction reaction of iron oxide using CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-FexO-C mixtures were carried out using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) under reducing conditions at temperatures up to 1100°C. The composition of the primary slag was chosen so that the FexO concentration varied between 0 and 75 wt % and the CaO/SiO2 ratio being kept constant to 0.90. From the TGA curves recorded isothermally at different temperatures the kinetic parameters of the iron oxide reduction were determined.IntroductionIn blast furnace the iron ores and coke are charged in layers from the top. The reduction of iron oxide by coke is one of the fundamental reactions in the blast furnace process. Although a great amount of work has been done on the topic of reduction of composites [1, 2, 3], gasification of carbon [4, 5] and reduction of iron oxides by CO [4, 5, 6], the mechanism of reduction in iron oxide - carbon powder mixtures is not fully understood. Fruehan [1] and Rao [2] studied the reaction rate of the reduction of iron oxide by different types of carbon and concluded that the reaction mechanism is controlled by the oxidation of carbon at temperatures up to 1200°C. Rao [2] studied the reaction of hematite with graphite as carbon source up to 1080°C. An activation energy close to 300 kJ/mol was calculated within the temperature range of 950°C to 1087°C. In his study, Fruehan [1] determined the rate of reduction of Fe2O3 and FeO by coal, coke and coconut charcoal as carbon sources within the 900°C to 1200°C temperature range. He found that the reduction of Fe2O3 by carbon occurs in two stages and that the reduction of Fe2O3 to FeO is faster than that of FeO to Fe. This is due to the fact that the CO2/CO equilibrium ratio is higher, and hence, the rate of oxidation of carbon is faster. Fortini and Fruehan [3] have studied the reduction reaction of wustite by graphite and wood charcoal. They found that the wustite reduction can have a significant effect on the overall rate of reduction in composites at high temperatures or in the presence of a large excess of carbon. The calculated activation energy of the reduction reaction by wood charcoal was close to 368 kJ/mol, while the activation energy of the reduction reaction by graphite was 444 kJ/mol."

Jan 1, 2011

"The mountains of Utah contain one of the largest deposits of high grade bituminous coal in the world. According to the United States Geological Survey, there are 13,130 square miles of land known to contain workable coal, and these extensive fields contain 196,000,000,000 tons of coal. More remarkable than the extent of the coal fields is the thickness of the coal beds. Over three-fourths of the output of coal in Utah is recovered from beds ranging from 8 to 17 feet in thickness, as compared to one-eighth of the output of the entire country from such beds. In 1917, Utah mined one-third of its coal from seams at least 16 feet thick, compared to one-half of one per cent of the total bituminous output of the country from like seams.Coal at Wales, in Sanpete County, and in the vicinity of Coalville, Utah, was, it is reported, the first discovered by white men in the state. Wales claims the distinction of having produced the first coal mined in Utah. Two men, who had been coal miners in Wales, learned of the coal from an old Indian chief who called it ""rock that would burn."" In 1857, the town of Wales was founded and coal mined, and in 1858 some coke was manufactured and hauled by ox team to Salt Lake City. South of Wales is Castle Valley, in Wasatch Plateau field. From 50 to 60 miles of the Old Spanish Trail from Santa Fe, New Mexico, to Monterey, California, lies in Castle Valley. The coal in this field may or may not have been known at the time the trail was used extensively. The first published reference to this coal, however, was made by a party of the Corps of Topographic Engineers in their journal for October 11, 1853.After the completion of the Union Pacific railroad in 1869, mining on a commercial scale was attempted. In 1876 the Utah and Pleasant Valley railroad commenced operations between Scofield, in Carbon county, and Springville, Utah county, and following the year 1878, when the Rio Grande Western railway began construction through the Carbon county field, development increased until in 1900, when large smelters commenced operations in Salt Lake valley and gave coal mining in Utah an impetus that first carried it to an annual output of a million tons. During the past fifteen years many new mines have been opened, and with the construction of the Utah railway, an exclusive coal road, from the properties of the United States Fuel company in Carbon and Emery counties to connect with the Union Pacific system at Provo, the state reached a maximum production of 6,005, l 99 tons in 1920."

Jan 1, 1925

Plurigaussian simulation allows constructing lithofacies or rock type models that reproduce the contacts between facies in accordance with the geologist?s interpretation. Its implementation requires inferring the local facies proportions, but the uncertainty in the true proportions is not accounted for. The simpler model with constant facies proportions may not yield realistic results, due to the possibility of obtaining facies at locations where it is geologically unlikely to find them. This article presents a variation of the plurigaussian model, in which the facies proportions are represented by random fields. The realizations can be made conditional to soft geological informati onto account for local changes in the facies proportions. The model is illustrated via a case study of a porphyry copper deposit where four Gaussian random fields are simulated conditionally to drill hole data and to constraints on the probability of finding a given facies at specific locations (control points) in the deposit. Then the first two fields are truncated using the random thresholds defined by the last two, generating a three-facies model. The proposed random proportion model proves to be simple to use and to account for spatial variations of the geological characteristics and for the uncertainty in the facies proportions. Keywords: categorical variable; lithofacies; truncated plurigaussian simulation; regionalized proportions

Jan 1, 2008

By R. C. Newell

The primary objective of this study was to establish the fate and distribution of material rejected during marine aggregate dredging, and the extent to which this is associated with spatial changes in biological community composition. Two actively dredged sites in the southern North Sea (Licence Areas 430 and 106) were selected in order to provide a comparison of impacts between sites subjected to different levels of dredging intensity and of contrasting environmental conditions. Dispersal of material rejected during the dredging process was monitored by means of acoustic doppler current profiling techniques (ADCP). Composition of the substratum and benthic invertebrate assemblages were investigated by the analysis of seabed grab samples. It was found that dredging in both areas had an impact on seabed bathymetry in the form of dredge furrows and also led to a reduction of the coarse gravel-sized components of the worked area. Sand sized particles were shown to increase in the surface deposits of both dredged areas. This is likely to reflect both the removal of coarse particles as cargo and the settlement of finer particles rejected during overboard screening. Dispersion and settlement profiles of material rejected by dredging vessels suggested that the majority of the suspended sediment load resulting from overboard screening settles to the seabed within 500 m. Some evidence of suspended sediment loads above background levels were noted at distances of up to 2 km from the working vessel. Analysis of the particle size composition of the deposits, along the axis of transport of material from the dredged sites, suggested that the impact on the sediment composition outside the boundaries of the dredged sites is dependent on the strength and direction of net sediment flux at the seabed. Benthic invertebrate communities within the dredged zones of both areas were found to differ significantly from communities in nearby undredged deposits. A major suppression of species richness and abundance was noted in the dredged sectors of both sites when compared to control locations. A ?footprint? of potential impact on the benthic fauna was noted in samples taken along the axis of sediment transport at distances of up to 1750m outside the boundaries of Area 430. In contrast, impacts on benthic community structure at Area 106 appeared to be confined to the immediate vicinity of the dredged zone itself. This apparent difference in impacts, beyond the boundaries of the dredged sectors between the two study sites, was thought to be a reflection of the smaller quantities of material rejected at Area 106 and the weak seabed sediment flux which is characteristic of this area. These findings, along with those of numerous dredging impacts studies, were then used to make generalised predictions of macrobenthic community recovery following marine aggregate extraction in a variety of seabed habitats.

Jan 1, 2004

By H. F. Smiley, Fred Sehmann

The production of the North Central Texas area comes entirely from the Pennsylvanian section with the exception of one pool in Cooke County and one in Young County where oil has been, produced from the weathered surfaces of Pre-Pennsylvanian peaks overlapped by oil-bearing strata of Pennsylvanian age. In the southern part of the area the Strawn and Bend groups furnish the production, the Strawn sands being the predominating horizons at depths from 1500 to 3000 feet. In the northern part of the area including North Young, Archer, Wichita, Wilbarger, and Clay counties, the Cisco group has produced consistently for nearly 30 years from sands ranging in depth from 700 to 2500 ft. To our knowledge there are 13 separate producing sands in t,he Cisco group ranging from 200 to 1800 ft. in Wichita County. During the past three years, deeper drilling has opened three new producing horizons. A Canyon sand in Central Archer County has produced from 400 to 800 bbl. per well at a depth of 2200 ft.; and in the same pool, owned jointly by the Deep Oil Development Co. and Lindsay Drilling Co., a Strawn sand was found at 3600 ft. which produced 75 bbl. per day. In Southern Wichita County the Bend group has been found productive. A very oolitic sandy lime series from 3675 to 3942 ft. has produced in three wells drilled to date. During the past year the district has been producing under an extreme proration which accounts for the small production figures for 1932, as well as the few drilling activities at the end of the year. Table 1 presents the available drilling and production data compiled by the North Texas Oil and Gas Association.

Jan 1, 1933

By Albert Williams

A large proportion of the work performed in wet-crushing silver mills is devoted to the handling and re-handling of pulp between the battery and the pans. There seems to be no generally applicable substitute for the settling-tanks, and in the present system of constructing mills the tanks involve an amount of labor which may be regarded as disproportionate and unnecessary, in view of the automatic improvements which have been introduced in other directions. This diffculty has been met, however, by Boss's continuous process, in which the pulp flows directly from the mortars to the first of a series of constantly working overflow-pans. This method has been adopted at the Noonday mill, Bodie, California; the Harshaw, Arizona; the Sierra Grande, New Mexico ; and the Prietas, Sonora. The continuous process, while giving excellent results with special ores, and under peculiar local conditions (such as a deficiency in water supply), is not, I believe, claimed to be available for all raw-amalgamating mills, notwithstanding its well-merited popularity for certain work. Some trouble has been experienced from the tendency to concentration in the pans, though this can be avoided by skilful manipulation. It has also the disadvantage inherent in combinations of distinct operations ; it requires a very nice adjustment of the water supply to obtain full battery efficiency without running the pans too thin, though the latter defect is partially compensated for by the gradual thickening of the pulp as it proceeds through the series of pans. The objection is similar to that which holds in a parallel duplex process, that of combining roasting and smelting in a single furnace, where each operation is injuriously affected by the necessity of fitting it in with another and entirely different one.

Jan 1, 1883

Dr. Wadsworth's discussion of leaching is straightforward and certainly points out some of the critical areas in regards to the fundamental aspects of leaching. I will address myself to the more practical aspects of leaching. As a couple of general comments, very fine particles are often dealt with only when necessary. In many processing applications the sands and slimes are separated with the sand portion being treated by common metallurgical techniques and the slime portion being treated essentially by any technology that will recover some of the values. Ore treatment techniques such as leach/precipitate/float (LPF) have been used in the copper industry to take advantage of leachable copper preferentially reporting to the fine fraction. The second advantage, of course, is the improved metallurgy associated with the treatment of the sand fraction. Cases can be made for sand/slime separations in the aluminum and uranium industry where most of the value reports to the slime fraction and the sand fraction is rejected In the agitated leach systems, fine particles are often the most readily attacked and leached. In dump, vat and in-situ leaching, fine particles cause considerable problems. The fines will tend to restrict the solution flow from portions of the leach feed. This either causes a significantly reduced solution flow or, more probably, the solution will channel, by-passing much of the ore. In either case the result is a decreased metal recovery from ore. The fine particles of principal concern are clays of a flat plate-like shape which can very effectively compact, swell and cause a decreased solution flow. Discrete silica grains or sulfide grains due to their shape, even though they may be very fine, will not cause nearly the problems clays and secondary precipitates can cause.

Jan 1, 1979

By T. F. Witherbee

(Read at the Amenia Meeting, October, 1878.) As the forms of blown-out furnaces are of much interest to iron-masters and metallurgists, the manner of taking the accompanying sections of the Cedar Point stack is here given. The diagrams show the original and also the final shape of the furnace after a two years and twelve days' blast, during which the following solid materials passed through it, viz.: Coal, 41,000 tons; ore, 57,000 tons ; limestone, 30,000; total, 128,000 gross tons. Product, 41 1/4 tons per day Bessemer pig iron. The apparatus used in taking the sections was a modification of that proposed by Mr. Frank Firmstone,* and consisted of a sliding rule, to follow around the circumference of the stack, which rule was connected by a string to a segment of a circle of 24 inches radius. The segment was carried by an arm which connected it to a hub as a centre, 2 inches in diameter. A second string was wound around the hub, and communicated motion to a pencil-carrier, the pencil of which marked out on paper the exact outline, and reduced it to a scale of 1/2 inch to the foot. The whole machine was made in about three hours, with the facilities of a carpenter's shop, and gave in operation every irregularity of the lining. The sections were taken at salient points, by lowering a hanging staging on which the apparatus was placed. Tracings from the paper of the machine were made, and, as in this case several copies were required, the tracings were glued on to thin sheets of basswood, and patterns carefully sawed out with a bracket saw. * Transactions, vol. iii, p. 106.

Jan 1, 1878

By C. W. Owings, L. D. Tracy

"IntroductionMany bituminous coal-mining companies have inaugurated extensive safety Programs, but the failure to have approved or permissible equipment or safe practice in only one part of a mine has resulted in disaster. The necessity of using only equipment bearing the U. S. Bureau of Mines approval plate is emphasized by the fact that many accidents are the direct result of carelessness on the part of trusted employees using non-permissible equipment. A concrete example is found in the case of an explosion on October 26, 1926, in a mine in the Pittsburgh district, Pennsylvania.Story of the ExplosionAt about 10 o'clock on the night of the explosion an examination was made in No 2 butt left and parallel off 7o. 14 north, and was found to be clear of dangerous accumulations of gas. (See figure). Several hours later a crew of two men brought a self-propelling rock-dusting machine within 50 feet of the face of Po. 2 butt parallel before they examined for gas. The machine operator found an accumulation of explosive gas about 18 inches from the roof. He began to wave his arms thoroughly mixing the gas and air. Undoubtedly a highly explosive mixture was created, and as the men attempted to run the machine back to fresh air an explosion occurred.The helper dropped to the floor and was burned about the face and wrists. The machine operator ran down the entry and was more severely burned about the face, neck, and arms. He later developed pneumonia and died. Both men reached the door in the chute between No. 14 and No. 15 north. A pumper, who had felt the rush of air, found the men and helped them to walk outside."

May 1, 1927

By Henry A. Mather

While this device is not new in its inception, its peculiar advantages failed to be of practical utility until furnace-builders instituted the mechanical reform of supporting the upper and lower water-jackets by hanging them from an I-beam frame, independently upheld by iron columns, instead of resting the entire weight of structure on the bottom, as practice formerly prescribed. The Colorado Iron Works were among the first to build copper-furnaces of this description, and the device, illustrated herewith, has been installed by them in three recent plants,—two furnaces for the Westinghouse interests near Ely, Vermont, and one for the Grand Prize Copper Company, of Gila county, Arizona. The jack-screw supports (Figs. 1 and 2) and the familiar iron bottom of former practice are retained as integral parts of this new furnace-bottom. And, instead of resting inert on the tapfloor of the furnace-room, the jack-screws are supported on and bolted to two I-beams the length of the furnace, placed immediately beneath, and parallel to, its sides. These I-beams are bolted to, and supported by, three steel axles equipped with small flanged wheels, the whole constituting a carriage, which runs freely on a track. The entire apparatus is movable or rigid at will, for the wheels are easily braced, if the tension of the tightened jack-screws does not serve to hold the whole in position. The advantages of this design will be at once apparent to those who have had practical experience in barring furnaces provided with stationary iron bottoms. It is a well-known fact that the larger part of the time occupied in cleaning and preparing a frozen furnace for active service is necessitated by working in a confined place where the temperature is uncomfortable, and that in such case the débris must be removed from

Jan 1, 1903

By W. B. Heroy

The rapid development of transportation routes on the African continent in recent years has greatly stimulated the demand for motor fuels and this in turn has led to more extensive exploration of such limited portions of the continent as seem to give promise of commercial oil production. In 1930, however, only two countries were classed as producers of petroleum and only one, Egypt, attained any importance. Egypt The petroleum production of Egypt is derived from the Gemsah and Hurghada fields on the west coast of the Red Sea and the Abu Durba, on its eastern shore in the Sinai peninsula. The Gemsah field, which began to produce commercially in 1912, has now practically ceased production, owing to the invasion of salt water. The Hurghada field has been producing since October, 1914. It now has about 60 producing wells. During 1929, a deeper sand with flowing produition was discovered in the eastern part of the field, producing oil of lighter gravity and free from water. The Abu Durba field was discovered by the exploration work of the Egyptian Government in 1918, oil having been found at a depth of 172 ft. This field has now 15 producing wells but a very small production. The production of these Egyptian fields over the last five years, is as follows: Metric Tons Metric Tons 1926......................... 172,881 1929....................... 271,520 1927......................... 184,557 1930....................... 277,146 1928......................... 269,324 This oil was all produced by the Anglo-Egyptian Oilfields Ltd., a constituent corporation of the Royal Dutch Shell group. During the year 1930 the Egyptian Government was engaged in geophysical prospecting of reserved areas along the Red Sea coast. Other Countries Soma1iland.—A geological survey of Somaliland was undertaken by the Somaliland Petroleum Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of the Royal Dutch

Jan 1, 1931

By J. W. Pall

The method of mining bituminous coal in Pennsylvania cannot be treated in an extended manner in this publication since this would require more space than justified. The general plan of operation of most mines is on the room and pillar system, using double entries from which the rooms are driven In the early mining in the Pittsburgh coal bed the "checkerboard" plan was much used, but this entailed a large loss of coal in the blocks of coal that were left standing. In recent years there has been a tendency towards the adoptions of the panel, room and pillar method, also the block system, which ad mats of concentrated mining within a relatively small section of the mine It is not unusual to use 4, 6, or 8 parallel entries for the panel development. The longwall advancing method has been tried in some of the thin beds of the central coal field, but so far it has not passed beyond the experimental stage. The average extraction' of coal throughout the State is 714 per cent, but it is estimated that 15 5 per cent of the loss is avoidable, so the actual extraction should approximate 87 per cent. Pennsylvania is exceptionally well provided with means of transportation by trunk lines, branches, and by intra State railroads, among which are the Pennsylvania, Baltimore & Ohio, New York Central, Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh, Western Maryland, Bessemer & Lake Erie, Pittsburgh & West Virginia, Pittsburgh & Lake Erie, Erie, Monongahela Division, and Montour railroads, all of which reach some of the bituminous mines The Monongahela River furnishes water transportation for Allegheny, Greene, Fayette, and Washington counties During 1923 the coal traffic on this river amounted to 18,709,084 tons, and of coke, 385,426 tons Coal is moved on the Allegheny River also, the total in 1923 being 911,178 tons s.

Jan 1, 1928

By A. B. Parsons

This YEAR BOOK, which is sent to every member, contains the roster of officers and the principal standing committees, brief summaries of the proceedings of the Annual Meeting and of the Regional and Divisional meetings, and the necrology for the year 1934. Also are included abstracts of papers published during the year and a classified list of TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS and CONTRIBUTIONS, as well as an index of all material published by the Institute in 1934 in TRANSACTIONS, in TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS and CONTRIBGTIONS and in MINING AND METALLURGY, the monthly magazine, the twelve issues' of which contained 98 technical papers Thus 111 small space are gathered together references to all papers, magazines and books printed by the Institute during the year. The papers for the Iron and Steel and Institute of Metals Divisions have been issued as TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS distributed under the binding of METALS TECHNOLOGY in the months of January, February, April, June, August, September, October, December This plan of distribution will be continued in 1935 for these two groups The publications for the year 1934 include two sponsored by the Institute's special funds. A Manual for Student Associates and Affiliated Student Societies, prepared by the Committee on Student Relations, of which Jay A. Carpenter was Chairman, was published through the courtesy of the Seeley W. Mudd Memorial Fund, and Volume 112 of the TRANSACTIONS, on Milling Methods, assembled by the Committee on Milling Methods, of which Charles E. Locke was Chairman, was financed by the Rocky Mountain Fund The remaining volumes were all TRANSACTIONS, Volumes 107, Petroleum Development and Technology; 108, Coal Division; 109, Metal Mining and Nonmetallic Minerals; 110, Geophysical Prospecting; 111, Institute of Metals Division and 113, Iron and Steel Division

Jan 1, 1935

By John Branner

FIVE of the geologic horizons that yield oil in other parts of the world are represented in Brazil; namely, the Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Cretaceous, and Tertiary. Thus far, the first two have shown no, evidences of being oil bearing within Brazilian territory. Not enough exploring has been done to permit trustworthy comparisons of the relative importance of the Permian, Cretaceous, and Tertiary as oil-bearing horizons in this country. The most important, indeed almost the only, information available relates to the locations of the areas and to the structural features of the several horizons. The theories regarding the physical conditions under which these rocks were laid down, however, I regard of the utmost importance. PERMIAN Rocks of Permian age cover an enormous area in Brazil, extending from Rio Grande do Sul to Maranhão on the north, and to Matto Grosso on the west. These Permian rocks in many places are known to include oil-bearing shales and in some locations contain small veins of gilsonite. The geologic map of Brazil shows that the Permian area is widely distributed, but there is considerable doubt about 'the origin of some of the rocks:. Some of the lower Permian beds in southern Brazil contain marine fossils, but in Minas no fossils have as yet been found in them, and in Bahia, at only one locality have a few Permian plants been found. Indications of oil have been found in the states of São-Paulo, Paraná, and elsewhere farther south, but wells drilled in the Permian of São Paulo near the Morro do Bofete did not find oil. One well has been started, by the Brazilian government, in the Permian of Paraná near Marechal Mallet, close to latitude 26° south, but thus far oil has not been found.

Jan 6, 1922

By John C. Branner

Five of the geologic horizons that yield oil in other parts of the world are represented in Brazil; namely, the Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Cretaceous, and Tertiary. Thus far, the first two have shown no evidences of being oil bearing within Brazilian territory. Not enough exploring has been done to permit trustworthy comparisons of the relative importance of the Permian, Cretaceous, and Tertiary as oil-bearing horizons in this country. The most important, indeed almost the only, information available relates to the locations of the areas and to the structural features of the several horizons. The theories regarding the physical conditions under which these rocks were laid down, however, I regard of the utmost importance. Permian Rocks of Permian age cover an enormous area in Brazil, extending from Rio Grande do Sul to Maranhao on the north, and to Matto Grosso on the west. These Permian rocks in many places are known to include oil-bearing shales and in some locations contain small veins of gilsonite. The geologic map of Brazil shows that the Permian area is widely distributed, but there is considerable doubt about the origin of some of the rocks. Some of the lower Permian beds in southern Brazil contain marine fossils, but in Minas no fossils have as yet been found in them, and in Bahia, at only one locality have a few Permian plants been found. Indications of oil have been found in the states of Sa0 Paulo, Parana, and elsewhere farther south, but wells drilled in the Permian of SaO Paulo near the Morro do Bofete did not find oil. One well has been started, by the Brazilian Government, in the Permian of Parana near Marechal Mallet, close to latitude 26" south, but thus far oil has not been found.

Jan 1, 1923

By John C. Branner

Five of the geologic horizons that yield oil in other parts of the world are represented in Brazil; namely, the Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Cretaceous, and Tertiary. Thus far, the first two have shown no evidences of being oil bearing within Brazilian territory. Not enough exploring has been done to permit trustworthy comparisons of the relative importance of the Permian, Cretaceous, and Tertiary as oil-bearing horizons in this country. The most important, indeed almost the only, information available relates to the locations of the areas and to the structural features of the several horizons. The theories regarding the physical conditions under which these rocks were laid down, however, I regard of the utmost importance. Permian Rocks of Permian age cover an enormous area in Brazil, extending from Rio Grande do Sul to Maranhao on the north, and to Matto Grosso on the west. These Permian rocks in many places are known to include oil-bearing shales and in some locations contain small veins of gilsonite. The geologic map of Brazil shows that the Permian area is widely distributed, but there is considerable doubt about the origin of some of the rocks. Some of the lower Permian beds in southern Brazil contain marine fossils, but in Minas no fossils have as yet been found in them, and in Bahia, at only one locality have a few Permian plants been found. Indications of oil have been found in the states of Sa0 Paulo, Parana, and elsewhere farther south, but wells drilled in the Permian of SaO Paulo near the Morro do Bofete did not find oil. One well has been started, by the Brazilian Government, in the Permian of Parana near Marechal Mallet, close to latitude 26" south, but thus far oil has not been found.

Jan 1, 1923

By W. C. Wright

A PRACTICAL program of education for workers of the mining industries is being formulated by the Federal Board for Vocational. Education in cooperation with the States in which this industry is a dominant one. The Federal Government last year passed a law, known as the Federal Vocational Education Act, that provides for the promotion of vocational' education and for cooperation with the States in the promotion of such education in agriculture and trades and industries and in the preparation of teachers of vocational subjects. More than 1,000,000 men in the continental United States are employed in mines and quarries. The following table, from the-1910 Census Report, shows the relative importance of mining and manufacturing pursuits: Manufactures Mines and Quarries Employees 7,405,313 1,109,410. Capital $18,428,269,706 $3,380,525,841 Value of product $20,672,051,870 $1,238,410,322 Of the more than 1,000,000 men employed in mining, almost three-fourths are engaged in the, production of bituminous and anthracite coal; one-fifth, in the production of copper, iron, lead, zinc, and other metals; and the remainder in getting out structural and miscellaneous materials from quarries. The meeting of the needs of the coal-mining industry, therefore, is the problem of greatest importance in the point of numbers to be served. Moreover, the dangers in coal mining are greater than in metal mining. Practically all States have set up educational and technical standards , for the position of foreman, boss, superintendent, etc., and every applicant for these positions must have a certificate of competency. The qualifications, too, are becoming increasingly difficult in the field of technical information. In some States, every miner must have a certificate, which is issued by the mine examining board. only after an oral examination.

Jan 1, 1919

By John W. Cloud

In 1877 the Pennsylvania Railroad Company removed an old bridge from its line at Duncannon, Pa., built intermediate piers and erected shorter spans of the Pratt truss type, which had previously been in use on another portion of the road. The design of this truss would not admit of diagonals larger than 19 inches diameter, and in order to stiffen the bridge somewhat steel rods were introduced for the main diagonals in the first and second panels, 19 inches and 18/8 inches diameter respectively. These rods were threaded without upsetting, and by the ordinary formulae the strains were of the same intensity upon both, viz., 16,000 pounds per square inch with the maximum loading. The other main diagonals in the truss are 19 inches diameter, and of iron. It was specified for the steel rods: Elastic limit,.......46,000 Ibs. Tensile strength,. .. ,. .. 80,000 lbs. Elongation,,.,.,. 20 per cent. The steel was procured without difficulty, and it allowed a factor of safety of 23/4 at elastic limit, while a similar factor of 2½ had for a long time been successfully used for iron. In the course of three years, from time to time, six of these steel rods broke, three of them being 18 inches in diameter, and three 19 inches in diameter. The broken rods were tested, and three of them analyzed at Altoona to ascertain the cause of failure, and what modifications should be made in the steel for such service. Examination showed that all the rods were broken in detail close under the nut. The threads were well cut and properly rounded at the root. testing the rods micrometer screws, reading to .0001" with c bell to signal the contact, were attached to the test pieces, and by this means the modulus of elasticity and elastic limit accurately obtained.

Jan 1, 1881

By A. G. Mayton, L. Adler

The paper under discussion provides an excellent and concise study of compartment ergonomics for thin seam equipment. However, in accomplishing this, some very important operational aspects were ignored. Since these are likely to be determinant, the authors' response is solicited. The novel shuttle car with its cross-car, end-mounted compartment is operationally very different from the current one. The latter can be considered a highly mobile extension of the continuous miner or loader, with a pass-through conveyor, dump boom, and extra storage. As such, the vehicle's kinematics are the simple "I," or shuttle pattern, bent for going around pillars, with an intermediate stop at the "change-out point" (Adler, 1986 ). The action of the cable reel adjusts well to this pattern. The proposed shuttle car's motion either superimposes a "Y," time is lost (5 seconds) for each cycle, space is needed, line of sight is compromised, and a cable anchor is probably required at the dump. A chute is almost prohibitive in construction time and cost. The lack of a dump boom further curtails flexibility in the proposal. The value of a standard hand and opposite standard hand configuration also needs consideration. Many front-end loaders have a rocker (overshot) capability that is designed to achieve an "I” pattern. And crawler loaders sometimes use a side dumping bucket variant for the same purpose. These examples indicate the pattern's importance. For underground, thin seam application, the ram car has become popular. This is an articulated truck, battery-powered, and with an ejector dump. Its operational patterns would be similar to the novel shuttle car, except without the loading flexibility provided by a conveyor. Since the cab location of the proposed shuttle car largely obviates some of the major advantages of the present shuttle car, the question arises whether this configuration could be adapted to the current ram car and scoop

Jan 1, 1991