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1. Domestic Production and Use: In 1979, 12 companies operated 32 primary aluminum reduction plants, with 3 firms accounting for 64% of production. Washington, Oregon and Montana accounted for 32% of the total production; Gulf Coast States 20%; other Northern States 32%; and other Southern States 16%. Based on published producer prices output of primary metal in 1979 was valued at over $6 billion. Aluminum consumption by 25,000 firms was centered in the East Central United States. Of aluminum consuming industries in 1979, building accounted for about 24%; packaging 23%; transportation 22%; electrical 11%; consumer durables 8%; and other uses, 12%.

Jan 1, 1980

By R. V. Ramani

"In this paper, the current status of respirable dust control in coal mine atmospheres is presented. The advancements in the engineering control of dust generation and entrainment, and of reducing the exposures are summarized. The results of the Health Surveillance Program are briefly reviewed. The results of research conducted in the Generic Mineral Technology Center for Respirable Dust are presented. The 1995 NIOSH criteria document on respirable coal mine dust is briefly reviewed. The fundamental scientific and engineering issues in need of research are discussed. A detailed bibliography is attached.IntroductionFor coal mines in the United States, the current permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 2mg/m3MRE-equivalent concentration (an 8-hour TWA concentration measured gravimetrically) was established by Public Law 91-173: the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety of 1969 (the 1969 Coal Act). This standard is reduced when the respirable quartz content in the dust sample exceeds 5%; the reduced standard in mglm3 is obtained by dividing 10 by the percent quartz. The OSHA and ACGIB PEL for respirable coal mine dust is also 2 mg/m3 , and OSHA PEL for respirable quartz is 100 µg/m3 . The 1969 Coal Act also prescribed two activities in the Coal Mine Respirable Dust Sampling Program and the National Coal Workers' Health Surveillance Program n to control respirable dust in mines, and the coal worker's pneumoconiosis (CWP) among the coal miners.There are three principal methods by which personal exposures to respirable dust are controlled. The first is engineering control where the aim is to reduce the concentration in the mine atmosphere to or below the mandated level. The second is the provision of personal protective devices which allow the miner to work in dusty atmospheres without increasing personal exposure. The third is the use of administrative controls where the miner's exposure is controlled through work schedules and procedures to keep miner exposure at or under the mandated levels. The 1969 Coal Act specifically prohibits the use of respirators in lieu of environmental control. The compliance sampling program essentially does not give any credit to the use of administrative controls."

Jan 1, 1998

By Yves C. Lizotte

Although blasting remains the most inexpensive method of fragmentation in hardrock mining, the significance of the costs of blast-induced rockmass damage in terms of mining efficiency and safety is becoming increasingly recognized. There is no straightforward and systematic method of adequately measuring blast damage in on-going mining operations. This paper considers various techniques available to measure blast damage, making particular reference to recent underground hardrock mine studies. It concludes by proposing a damage audit procedure for integration into routine mine production control.

Jan 1, 1996

By Corinne Boone

CO2e.com, LLC - launched in November 2000 - aims to be ?the global hub for carbon commerce.? CO2e.com is a subsidiary of the Cantor Fitzgerald Group, one of the world?s leading brokerage firms Recent Investor in CO2e ? Mitsui & Co. Alliance with Cantor Fitzgerald Environmental Brokerage Services Group (CFEBS) Offices in London, Toronto, Tokyo, New York, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Connecticut, Houston Primary Goals/Benefits of ET § Goals of Emissions Trading: ? Permit Industrial Growth/Expansion ? Promote Economic Efficiency and Flexibility in Meeting Air Pollution Standards § Benefits of Emissions Trading: ? Enhance Air Quality w/o Economic Stagnation ? Encourage Development of New Technology ? Foster Most Efficient Use of a Limited Resource -- Clean Air § Contributes to Sustainable Development and objectives of UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol?.

Nov 1, 2002

By E. Oshima

In May 1991, a New Mitsubishi Continuous Copper Smelter Line started operation at Naoshima. Recently, it has been continuing steady operation and one and a half year campaign life has been achieved. In 1996, new records of on line time, the amount of copper concentrate treated and copper anode production were achieved. 1t proves the superiority of the process with respect to pollution control, energy efficiency, flexibility and easiness of the operation and over all economy including off gas handling cost. Furthermore, .plans are underway to prolong the campaign life for two years and to improve the process efficiency. This paper describes recent operation, improvements, and a future capability study.

Jan 1, 1998

By F. Baerhold

Recycling of hydrochloric acid from the pickling of mild steel using pyrohydrolysis is a state-of-the-art technology. Recent developments have focused on the production of a high value iron oxide by-product, where the chemical purity and physical properties are the main issues. New processing routes, especially for TiO2 and Ni production, use leaching operations with hydrochloric acid. The feasibility of those processes depends on the availability of an economic and reliable process for the recovery of the acid. Depending on the level and type of impurities and the required specification of the by-product, pyrohydrolysis in a fluid bed or in a spray roast reactor can be the ideal solution. In stainless steel annealing and pickling lines, a mixture of nitric and hydrofluoric acids is used to remove the scale from the surface after heat treatment. Nitrate emissions from the pickling and the rinsing processes have to be avoided because of more stringent environmental regulations. An annealing and pickling line that is totally wastewater-free was developed, where not only the nitric/hydrofluoric acid but also the rinse water, is completely recycled. New developments to increase the HNO3-recovery rate and to obtain a metal oxide by-product that is easier to recycle are presented.

Jan 1, 2006

By E. H. Rose

IN the realm of ore dressing the most pregnant feat of all time was announced in 1945: the winning of the mineral raw materials which made the harnessing of atomic energy possible. Lost in the stupendous implications of the end result, in the two billion dollar hugeness of the project, and in the famous names attached thereto, the fact that crude uranium ores had to be concentrated received relatively little notice in the press. Only the final link in the concentrating chain was publicized-ether extraction of uranyl nitrate, developed by Hoffman and carried on by the Mallinckrodt Chemical Works, or methods developed by the Ames group under Spedding. Some of the earlier links represented less glamorous but equally difficult and exacting research. One may only speak a word of admiration for those who worked hard, accomplished much, and said nothing. The universal lament for most of the year was "man shortage." A group of Canadian engineers expressed it as "being so short of labor that no labor was available to develop laborsaving devices." . Despite this, an outstanding amount of mineral-dressing progress was made in 1945. Necessity allowed no alternative. The insatiable demand of war for minerals forced the exploitation of lower and lower grade ores, and of others not before considered of commercial character or use, requiring the mineral dresser to fight for and win new bridgeheads on the home front.

Jan 1, 1946

By T. W. White

One of the objectives of today's mine superintendent is to increase his equipment availability. To this end we have seen improved scheduling procedures, preventive maintenance programs and extensive drive training and operating procedures. However, until recently, one area that has changed little in the past twenty years is the method of refueling and servicing mine equipment. In looking at mines across the country continually one encounters the hazardous oil soaked ground, the hand held fuel nozzle and the maze of hoses of the "traditional" fuel stop. By adapting technology developed in the construction and aircraft industry, current fueling and servicing practices can be easily improved. The result will be less nonproductive time, less downtime from engine failures and increased security from major refueling fires. The time saved almost amounts to having another truck in the fleet! One feature of the improved servicing practice is the implementation of high flow fueling. For trucks now on the market, a flow rate between 120 and 150 gam is feasible, about 90 gam greater than current practice. This flow rate could be increased even further as larger trucks come into use. A second idea borrowed from the aircraft industry is the use of positive lock type connection nozzles that automatically shut off when flow stops. These may be used for fuel, water, oil and hydraulic systems to eliminate spillage and assure that clean fuel, oils, and water are delivered to the vehicles. The reduction of fuel spillage lessens the threat of major fires resulting: in equipment damage and loss. Eliminating fire hazards will become even more important as the turbine engine with its lighter, more volatile fuels come into common use.

Jan 1, 1972

By Athul Prabhakaran, Ramin Motamed, Ahmed Elgamal, Milad Jahed Orang, Reza Boushehri

Documented case histories from past earthquakes have exhibited the devastating effects of the liquefaction phenomenon on the performance of buildings that are often presented in the form of excessive settlement of shallow foundations. Example earthquakes include the 1964 Niigata earthquake in Japan, and more recently the 2010-2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence in New Zealand, and the 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan. All of the listed events comprised several examples of severe liquefaction-related damage to the buildings founded on shallow foundations. Although the liquefaction-induced building settlements have been experimentally studied extensively since 1964 using shake table tests and dynamic centrifuge experiments, studies focusing on cost-effective mitigation strategies are still limited. In this study, the performance of helical piles as a cost-effective countermeasure to minimize the damaging effects of liquefaction-induced ground settlements on buildings founded on shallow foundations is studied. Two large-scale shake table experiments were conducted at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) to investigate the effectiveness of helical piles in liquefiable grounds. Results from these two experiments highlight a highly improved performance of a shallow foundation supported on helical piles. These largescale shaking table experiments demonstrate the efficiency of using helical piles as a cost-effective countermeasure to reduce the liquefaction-induced building settlement.

In its largest product launch in company history, Cummins Engines welcomed more than 200 customers, vendors and media to witness the unveiling of its new QSK95 engine at its Seymour Engine Plant in Seymour, IN on Nov. 1. It took the efforts of 150 engineers to design the QSK95 and more than $100 million in investments to establish a new production line and test facility at Cummins? Seymour Engine plant. The result of these efforts is a new platform of engines that Cummins says will provide as much as 2,983 kW (4,000 hp) and will be the most powerful, high-speed diesel engine ever built.

Jan 1, 2012

By J. W. Allen

This report reviews the work performed on Task M of Bu-Mines Contract H0220073 to develop an engineering model of a surface and subsurface communications system for normal mine operations and for post disaster rescue operations. The system concept provides for one-way transmission of digital information between a number of identifiable subsurface terminals or subcenters and a single surface station. It also provides 2-way voice communications between the subcenters and the surface station. The basic communications link is electromagnetic signaling through-the-earth, but the system is also capable of using mine phone lines as an alternate link. Engineering models of three subcenters and one surface terminal (see Figure 1-1) have been fabricated in order to demonstrate the system's performance. The system concept, however, permits up to 20 subcenters to be incorporated if desired. Additional subcenters are also feasible for large mines if they can be deployed in the mine to operate on a noninterfering basis.

Jan 1, 1973

By A. Ignatieff

"Demonstrations of Automatic Coal Burning EquipmentAT THE 1951 and 1952 Annual Coal Research Conferences sponsored by the Dominion Coal Board and attended by delegates from the Dominion and Provincial governments as well as industry, the importance ,of encouraging the co-operative interest of Canadian coal and equipment industries in •promoting the use of equipment types best suited to burn given Canadian coals was emphasized. It. was suggested that this idea •be enlarged upon at forthcoming C.I.M. meetings that would be .attended largely by coal mining engineers.With this in view, a Domestic Heating Forum (1) was featured in the Coal Division programme at the 1951 Annual Western Meeting of the Institute in Calgary, and a much more ambitious programme, highlighted by live demonstrations, was •staged at the combined Annual Western Meeting and Fourth Meeting of District 4 held in Winnipeg in October 1952.With the excellent co-operation of a number of equipment manufacturers and coal companies, and with facilities kindly provided •by the University •of Manitoba authorities, burning demonstrations were• arranged in the Agricultural Engineering Building, on October l 7th. These demonstrations were a fitting sequel to the Coal Division sessions held in the Royal Alexandra Hotel on October 16th, at which the combustion of coal was specially featured in a series of papers by prominent Canadian and United States specialists.The primary purpose of the demonstrations was to •show that all coal, regardless •of rank, can be satisfactorily used provided that proper application is made with equipment suited to its purpose."

Jan 1, 1953

By William O. Vanderburg

This paper gives the results of a reconnaissance of the mining districts of Mineral County, Nev., made during the month of June and the first 10 days in October 1936.3/ During the field work virtually all the mining districts in the county were visited and many data were obtained relative to active and inactive properties. The report covers the location of the various mining districts, nature of deposits, ownership, information on past and current activity, data on economic conditions, and general information likely to be useful to operators and investors and others interested in mining. The geology of the deposits is discussed only in a general way. For nearly three-quarters of a century mining tin Mineral County has been the principal if not the only industry of importance. At times it has reached a very low ebb, and at other times it has been attended by the wild excitement that usually accompanies valuable discoveries of precious metals.

Jan 1, 1937

By Edwin A. Clarke

[For almost 2 decades the Bureau of Mines has been Interested in converting solid fuels to liquid fuels. Small-scale laboratory investigations were carried on for a number of years.4/ This work wad expanded substantially under authority of Public Law 290, approved by the 78th Congress on May 5, 1945. As part of the. broadened program, coal-hydrogenation demonstration plant was designed and erected at Louisiana, Mo., where: hydrogen-manufacturing and compression equipment, shoes, electric power, and other utilities and facilities were available from a discontinued wartime ammonia works . The plant uses the direct -hydrogenation or Bergius process, but the process differs from prewar European practices in many respects. Many noteworthy improvements h eve bean made, particularly by substituting automatic instruments for manual control of process variable's, in line with modern American processing practices. The over-all objective of the demonstration plant is to bridge the gap between laboratory end commercial-scale operation by furnishing cost and engineering data to develop a synthetic liquid-fuels industry when it proves technically and economically justified. Fitting into the over-all program, specific objectives o early runs were to (1) train personnel who had no experience with this type of operation, (2) break in the installed equipment, (3) obtain successfully integrated operation of the entire plant, and (4) work towards obtaining data on the hydrogenation of coal-tar oil and a typical low-ash coal. In beginning fan integrated operation, it is common practice to operate and obtain reaonably smooth performance of each unit before the over-all operation is undertaken. The first part of the plant completed was the refinery, consisting of several fractionating systems, a stabilizer, and a chemical treater.]

Jan 1, 1953

"INTRODUCTION These safety standards for anthracite mines have been prepared for use as a guide for Federal inspectors. They are a revision of ""Tentative Inspection Standards for Anthracite Mines,"" published as Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7282 issued in May 1944 and used as a guide in Federal inspections. No provision made in these safety standards should be construed or operate to nullify any existing State statutes; they are intended to supplement the State statutes in the interest of increased mine safety. Mines are inspected in accordance with the Federal Coal-Mine Inspection and Investigation Act of 1941, Public Law 49, 77th Congress, H. R. 2082. Any unusual hazard noted by an inspector and not covered by these standards will be discussed in the inspection report, and suitable remedial procedure will be recommended.ARTICLE I. - SURFACE STRUCTURESSection 1. Breaker and cleaning plant.Electric switches and controls in breakers and cleaning plants should be enclosed.Where coal is dumped at or near air-intake openings, reasonable provisions should be made to prevent the dust from entering the mine.Section 2. Lamp houseNaphtha or other flammable liquids in lamp houses should be kept in approved containers or other suitable dispensers.Flame safety lamps should be permissible and maintained in permissible condition.Flame safety lamps should be properly cleaned, examined, and assembled by a qualified lamp attendant or other competent person before each period of use. Lamp assembly should again be checked by the person using it immediately before he enters the mine.When not in service, methane indicators, flame safety lamps, and electric cap lamps should be in the custody of competent persons responsible for maintenance and testing."

Feb 1, 1948

By T. E. Green, E. F. Spano, W. J. Campbell

A combined ion - exchange X- ray spectrographic method was developed and evaluated for determining trace amounts of cobalt and nickel in high - purity tungsten and tungsten trioxide . The sensitivity for both cobalt and nickel is in the range from 0.2 to 0.5 μg ( 0.04 to 0.1 ppm , based on 5 gram samples ) . Accuracy at the 5 to 20 μg level is ±10 percent of the amount present . Approximately 16 hours elapsed time is required for analysis

Jan 1, 1963

By J. T. I. Poijärvi

Outokumpu Harjavalta Metals Oy operates copper and nickel smelters, three sulphuric acid plants and nickel refinery at Harjavalta and copper refinery and precious metal plant at Pori. The by-products of these plants are presented in this paper. The by-products of the smelters include products from slag cleaning of flash smelting furnaces and converters, flue dusts and smelter off-gases. Weak acid and sludges from cleaning of smelter off-gases and acids are the by-products of the acid plants. The by-products out of the copper refinery are crystallized metal sulphates and sludges from electrolyte purification, on which a co-production process of the copper tankhouse is based. The main by-products of the precious metals plant are products from anode slime treatment and platinum metal group concentrates in the recovery of precious metals. Sludges from nickel matte leaching and precipitates from solution purification are the by-products of the nickel refinery. The formation, treatment and processing as well as the research work done for the utilization instead of dumping of the by-products in the production of copper and nickel will also be discussed in this paper.

Jan 1, 1995

This paper presents an overview of the current status of mine water management in South Africa. The regulatory framework within which mine water management operates is set out, based on the principles and policies embodied in the relevant legislation. The status of the gold and coal mining industries, with regard to water management, is presented on the basis of studies that have been undertaken to develop water and salt balances for these industries. While the data is not available to quantify the status of ARD in South Africa, the range of typical mine water quality problems faced by South African gold and coal mines is presented. The status quo, problems and challenges relating to mine water management are presented and discussed. It is shown that, while there have been major strides in the last decade, and mine water management and treatment in South Africa has moved onto the forefront of mine environmental management, important problems still persist. There is still a significant amount of improvement required, particularly in the field of prediction of water quality deterioration and the application of such predictions to the identification of management actions that can be applied to prevent or minimise mine water pollution in the shortmedium- and long-term.

Jan 1, 2003

By C E. Johnson, S Hosein

Previous researchers have put forward two different theories as to the origin of air overpressure from quarry blasting. In 1980, Siskind et al postulated that the initial face movement gave rise to the displacement of air and that this resulted in the air overpressure pulse. However in 1990 McKenzie et al carried out research that indicated that the air overpressure pulse came into being as a consequence of the shock wave created by the detention of the explosive charge in a blast hole. In an attempt to evaluate these hypotheses, an investigation was undertaken over a 4-year period with the aim of determining the precise origin of air overpressure. The research was carried out at a chalk quarry in the North of England.

Jan 1, 2017

By Robert H. Peters

Groundfall accidents have been the leading cause of fatalities in the underground coal mining industry for many years. Statistics from the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) indicate that approximately half of the victims of these fatal accidents were in an area where no devices had been installed to support the mine roof. This report was prepared by the U.S. Bureau of Mines to provide guidance to operators of underground mines concerning the use of techniques that may help to keep miners from going under unsupported mine roof. The report is divided into two major sections. The first section reviews the findings from several areas of empirical research pertaining to strategies for convincing employees to avoid unsafe acts and/or adopt self-protective behaviors. The strategies are (1) incentives and feedback, (2) disciplinary actions, (3) training (primarily fear communications and behavioral modeling), and (4) nondirective techniques. This literature review has a broad focus and should be helpful in making decisions about how to encourage a wide variety of types of self-protective behaviors. The second major section of the report presents an analysis of each strategy's potential for keeping miners away from unsupported roof.

Jan 1, 1991