Search Documents

By A. B. Needham

This report describes the exploration work done in 1941 in connection with the search for strategic minerals as authorized by the Strategic Materials Act approved by the President on June 7, 1939. It deals with the various manganese deposits and showings in the Tombstone mining district of Cochise County, Ariz. The exploration project comprised a study of the geology, mapping of the areas, and exploration of various mines and deposits by sampling old drifts, crosscuts, and scopes, supplemented by diamond drilling from underground stations. The Federal Government's manganese-purchasing programs have revived interest in occurrences such as the scattered deposits near Tombstone. Because of this, the Bureau of Mines project report on the Tombstone district, prepared originally in 1941 but not published, has been revised and now is being made public.

Jan 1, 1956

To the members of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy We have audited the annual financial statements of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy set out on pages 451 to 460 for the year ended 30 June 2002. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Institute?s Council. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. Scope We have conducted our audit in accordance with statements of South African Auditing Standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance that the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes: ?examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, ?assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and ?evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Audit opinion In our opinion, the financial statements fairly present, in all material respects, the financial position of the Institute at 30 June 2003 and the results of its operations and cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with South African Statements of Generally Accepted Accounting Practice. Auditors 29 July 2003 Council?s approval of the annual financial statements The annual financial statements for the year ended 30 June 2003 set out on page 451 to 460 were approved by the Council on 26 July 2002 and are signed on its behalf by:

Jan 1, 2003

By Jorge Alberto Soares Tenório, Flávia Paulucci Cianga Silvas, Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa, Ivo André Homrich Schneider, Erika Gusmão, Daniella Cardoso Buzzi, José Roberto de Oliveira

"This study evaluated the Salvinia sp action on metals biosorption in a synthetic sample of acid mine drainage (AMD) in order to determine the time and amount of metals uptake. Biosorptives tests were realized varying the contact time of 5, 20, 60 and 240 minutes. And keeping constant the follow parameters: pH (2.6), biomass concentration (1g.L-1), temperature (25°C) and agitation (175rpm). In order to quantify the metals concentration captured by biomass, the AMD samples will be analyzed by ICP. Biosorbent, Salvinia sp., will be characterized before and after the biosorptives tests through analysis of SEM and IR. The micrographs indicate the occurrence of micro-precipitation and changes in biomass physical structure. The infrared spectra indicate changes in functional groups present in the biomass before and after the biosorptives tests.IntroductionThe current emphasis on environmental sustainability leads the industry in general, to treat their waste. The human activities are increasing, highlighting the industrial and mining activities, and have promoted the contamination of soil, waterways and groundwater by metals (1). The waste must undergo treatment processes aimed at reducing pollution, and therefore, less aggression ecosystems.This means the importance of studies of economic and effective methods to eliminate these metals from wastewater generated. The bioindicators are good investments in this area. The aquatic weeds are plants that inhabit swamps up from truly aquatic environments. They have several morphological and physiological adaptations that enable them to colonize the various aquatic environments. They are used as bioindicators of water quality and have also been used in decontamination of aquatic environments, production of biomass for livestock feed, fertilizers, soil and fish tanks (2)."

Jan 1, 2012

By S. V. Krishnan

Stability of fine quartz suspensions in process water is of concern in several mineral processing applications. In alkaline solutions, the presence of magnesium ions, arising from such sources as water hardness and magnesium-bearing minerals, leads to the precipitation of Mg(OH)2 which coats the surfaces of quartz. The conditions under which heterocoagulation or surface precipitation of Mg(OH)2 on quartz occur and the manner in which they influence the settling behavior of ground quartz was studied by means of settling tests, coating density determinations, zeta potential measurements and electron microscope observations. Coating density was greater when Mg(OH)2 nucleated on the surface of quartz than when the precipitates heterocoagulated on the quartz surface. The settling curves of quartz suspensions in the presence of different concentrations of MgCl2 exhibited a maximum of maxima which occurred at 10-3M MgC12 and pH 11. Interactions between quartz and Mg(OH)2, and flocculation-dispersion characteristics of quartz suspensions in this system are discussed.

Jan 1, 1983

By A. H. Larson, R. J. McClincy

Laboratory-scale decopperizing experiments with multiple sulfur addifions were conducted at 330°C on ternary Pb-Cu alloys containing, as the third elenlent, Sn, Ag, As, Sb, Bi, Zn, and Au, common impurities in lead blast-furnace bullion. For silver and tin, an increased rate and extent of 'cofifier removal was obsert3ed. The elements As, Sb, Zn, Au, and Bi had no effect or less effect as compared to sulfur additions with no i)npurily additions. THE production of primary lead in the blast furnace yields an impure lead frequently containing such impurities as copper. antimony. arsenic. tin, gold, silver iron, oxygen. and sulfur. By cooling this lead to a temperature near its melting point. most of the iron, sulfur, and oxygen and part of the other impurities are removed in the form of a dross. With incipient solidification of the lead, the copper concentration wil have been reduced to 0.02 to 0.05 pct. depending upon the concentration of the other impurities. according to Davey.' Since copper interferes with the treatment of silver after the desilverizing process, it is desirable to decrease the copper content of the lead still fur-ther before the lead is desilvered. The decopperizing of the lead is accomplished by stirring a small quantity. approximately 0.1 pct. of elemental sulfur into the lead at a temperature near its melting point, 330" to 360°C. The copper is removed as a copper sulfide which constitutes a small fraction of a voluminous dross consisting mostly of lead sulfide and entrained metallic lead. The residual copper concentration following the decopperizing operation is frequently as low as 0.001 to 0.005 pct. Thi fact has aroused considerable interest because the equilibrium copper concentration of lead in contact with solid PbS and solid Cu2S is at least an order of magnitude greater, 0.05 pct Cu at 330C. 1, 2 Most investigators have suggested that various impurities in the lead bullion are responsible for the very low copper concentrations frequently encountered in practice. There is little agreement, however? as to which of the impurities are helpful and which are not.3"11 Also. few investigators have sought to explain the mechanisms responsible for the removal of copper to very low concentrations. Willis and Blanks9 have proposed that a nonstoichiometric copper-deficient cuprous sulfide forms in place of the supposed Cu2S. Being copper-deficient, this sulfide phase would possess a low copper activity, and the diffusion of copper dissolved in the liquid lead into this phase would be greatly facilitated. Pin and wagner2 have investigated the removal of copper from liquid lead by studying the effect of impurity-doped lead sulfide on the decopperizing of pure Pb-Cu alloys. Samples of the doped PbS were held in contact with copper-saturated lead for 1 week at 33'7°C. They reported a beneficial effect on decopperizing with bismuth and antimony and no effect with tin or silver. which is directly opposite to the results observed in practice and those reported by Davey 3 and this studv. The purpose of this paper is to describe the effects of certain additive elements on the extent to which copper can be removed fro111 liquid lead by successive additions of sulfur. The impurity elements were added individually to prepared Pb-Cu alloys. The resulting ternary alloys as well as a binary Pb-Cu alloy were then decopperized with repeated additions of sulfur. EXPERIMENTAL Materials. Granulated test lead with a purity of 99.999 pct and the additive elements Cu. Ag. Sb. Bi. Zn. Sn. and Au with purities of 99.99 pct were American Smelting and Refining Co. research-grade materials. The major impurities in the lead were 1 ppm each of iron and copper. all others being less than 1 ppm. The arsenic used was a technical-grade arsenic of 98+ pct purity. Reagent-grade flowers of sulfur were melted under argon to provide small pieces free of fines. Apparatus. The decopperizing experiments were carried out in a 25-mm-OD by 375-mm-long Pyrex tube sealed at one end. The tube was mounted vertically in a resistance-heated. hinge-type tube furnace controlled to within ±lcC. Temperature measurement was accomplished by means of a standardized chromel-alumel thermocouple sealed into the base of a silica. paddle-type stirring rod. All decopperizing experiments were carried out under an argon atmosphere. Procedure. A Pb-Cu starting alloy containing 0.05 pet Cu was prepared under carbon and poured into cold tap water to produce shot. The ternary alloys were prepared by melting together 100 g of the starting alloy and a sufficient amount of the impurity element to yield the desired concentration. The resulting alloy was then homogenized in a Pyrex tube at 450C with continuous stirring. The furnace temperature was then lowered to the operating temperature of 330°C. When thermal equilibrium had been obtained at the operating temperature, individual additions of 0.2 pct (0.2 g) of solid sulfur were added to the melt and stirred in. Stirring was continued for a period of 3 min. discontinued for 5 min. and resumed for the remaining 2 min of a 10-min cycle. This cycle was repeated for as many sulfur additions as desired. When the decopperizing experiment had been completed the lead bullion was quenched and samples of the bullion and dross phases were taken for analysis. Results. The results obtained in the decopperizing

Jan 1, 1970

By Zohreh Kazemi Motlagh, Virginia T. McLemore

Critical minerals are nonfuel minerals, essential to the U.S. economy and national security, whose supply chain may be disrupted. Mine wastes are potential sources of critical minerals. The goal of this project is to estimate and characterize critical minerals endowment in three mining districts in New Mexico: Black Hawk (Grant County), Hillsboro (Sierra County), and Magdalena (Socorro County), and assess their acid-generating potential. The Black Hawk district is an arsenide five-element vein deposit (Ag, Ni, Co, As, U, Bi, and local minerals like Pb, Cu, Zn, W, and Sn). The Copper Flat mine in Hillsboro district is a copper porphyry deposit. The Kelly mine in Magdalena was first mined at 1878 and are carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposits. Mine waste rock piles and tailings are sampled using USGS Beta sampling procedure. Geochemistry results show that Black Hawk district mine wastes samples are elevated in Ag (>200 ppm), Co (290 ppm), Ni (2,130 ppm), and Zn (8,463 ppm). Copper Flat mine tailing is elevated in Bi (111 ppm), Cu (7,453 ppm), and Zn (2,360 ppm). Downhole profile plots in Copper Flat show the positive correlation between Cu, S and Te values. Magdalena samples are elevated in Cu (5,700 ppm), Zn (129,500 ppm), and Pb (58,100 ppm). Determination of acid-generating potential in these areas suggests that Black Hawk district mine wastes are non-acid-forming while high S present in some Copper Flat and Magdalena samples can potentially cause acid mine drainage.

Feb 1, 2025

By T. W. Bossert

MELTING is the initial step in the fabricating of all aluminum and aluminum-alloy products. Its function may be considered as threefold: to improve the metal quality, to adjust the composition, and to change the form to that required for subsequent fabrication. Because the melting operation is generally somewhat removed from the final product fabrication, its importance is frequently overlooked. Melting equipment and melting procedures can reflect materially on fabricating procedures as well as on quality and cost of final product. The selection of equipment and the establishment and control of melting procedures, therefore, should be given careful consideration. It is the purpose of this paper to present the various factors that should be considered in establishing melting procedures and in selecting melting equipment. Certain of these are the result of the inherent characteristics of aluminum and can be treated rather specifically. Others depend on the particular production requirements and hence will have to be considered more generally. This paper is intended to cover only the melting of solids, as differentiated from fines, such as borings, turnings, and sawdust. The melting of fines, in many respects, is a subject that should be treated by itself, and practices for melting fines are by no means as standardized as are those for melting solids. The melting of fines is today the subject of considerable developmental interest; hence practices discussed today may soon be replaced by new or improved ones. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE METAL THAT AFFECT MELTING Aluminum and aluminum alloys possess several inherent characteristics that affect the melting problem. Of the physical properties, density, heat content, thermal conductivity, emissivity, and melting temperatures are important because of their effect on equipment design. A list of such properties for commercially pure aluminum is given in Table r, compared with similar properties for iron and copper. The low density of aluminum as well as of the aluminum alloys is of material advantage in the design of melting equipment, in that such equipment can be considerably lighter than similar equipment for handling the heavier metals. The density, however, particularly of the molten metal, is not greatly different from that of the oxides and other nonmetallic materials that develop or become part of the melt during the melting process. Separation of such nonmetallics is not as rapid a process as with some of the other metals, and consideration of this must be made in establishing melting procedures. Sufficient holding time to permit such materials to separate out and, in some cases, fluxing treatments to aid the separation, are required. Since some of these nonmetallics settle to the bottom of the melt, provision should also be

Jan 1, 1946

By Carlos Virrueta

"El presente texto señala la importancia del comportamiento seguro en el sistema de riesgos aplicados al comportamiento de los trabajadores, salud y medio ambiente para así establecer los lineamientos yresponsabilidades requeridos para realizar el programa de Auditorías de Comportamiento Seguro, fortalecer el compromiso visible de liderazgo de los equipos de trabajo, así como crear y fortalecer en las personas el hábito de la prevención de los riesgos."

Oct 21, 2015

By D. Geiselman, A. G. Guy

Single cvystals were grown from high-purity magnesium containing known amounts of nitvogen in the range 0.0008 to 0.0048 wt pet. Crystals of known ovientation were tested in tension in an Instron ma chine to determine the yield strength and to obsevue wheather a yield point occurred. Slowly cooled crystals or those given a solution heat treatment did not show a yield point. However, crystals that were aged following a solution treatment showed a yield point for all of the nitrogen contents studied. It was concluded that nitrogen caused the yield point by the Cottrell mechanism. NITROGEN has been shown to produce sharp yield points in single crystals of cadmium, zinc,2'3 ß-brass,4 and iron,5,6 as well as in polycrystalline iron7 and molybdenum.8,9 Since magnesium has a structure similar to zinc and cadmium, it seemed reasonable that magnesium should also exhibit a sharp yield point provided it contained sufficient nitrogen. Bobalek and Shrader10 reported a total nitrogen content of 0.002 to 0.0065 wt pct in com- mercial magnesium alloys, an amount well in excess of that required by theory. However. magnesium differs from cadmium and zinc in that it forms a stable nitride, Mg3N2, which has a standard free energy of formation of -95,480 cal per mole at 25" c." If rather than being in solid solution, the nitrogen were predominantly combined as the nitride, it could not act to produce a yield point. This type of behavior is the basis for the elimination of strain aging and a yield point in steel by the addition of strong nitride formers such as titanium,12 columbium,13 aluminum,14 vanadium,15 and boron.16,17 Thus, there appeared to be factors both favorable and unfavorable to the production by nitrogen of a sharp yield point in magnesium, and the purpose of this investigation was to determine the actual behavior of magnesium crystals containing known amounts of nitrogen.

Jan 1, 1960

By Fred N. Kissell

The new MSHA diesel rules have stone mine operators looking hard at pos¬sible upgrades to their ventilation systems. There are existing methods to reduce diesel engine emissions (MSHA, 2001)(Head, 2001b),but many operators will decide that a ventilation upgrade is necessary is well. NIOSH hay several stone mine ventilation projects underway, but in the meantime a good information resource is the work done by the U.S. Bureau of Mines in the 70's and 80's on ventilation for oil shale mines. The Bureau conducted this research because oil shale mines were projected to be gassy and would, therefore, require a lot of ventilation air. The focus of this oil shale work was on the use of jet tans for lace area ventilation, and on stoppings that would he low Lost and leak-tight. The work also considered changes in mine design to reduce the number and size of stoppings. The findings are still applica¬ble to stone mines.

Jan 1, 2002

By Hector O. Romero, Paulo C. Fernández A, Claudio C. Gajardo

Phase 06 of the Los Bronces mine, currently under extraction for development, has the particularity of being close to the installations and buildings of a neighboring copper mine. Therefore, the blasts must ensure the continuity of the operation without affecting the nearby structures of the neighboring district, which include Maintenance sheds and Warehouse. Specifically, the safeguards consider a scenario that includes: - Flyrock projections (<150m) - Edge profile studies - Vibrations according to the NCh3577 standard - Nitrous gases Additionally, Phase 06 is also within Los Bronces, so strict control over spillage into the pit is necessary to avoid blocking ramp access to this level. The challenge lies in protecting not only the operation and facilities of the neighboring mining district but also the operability of Los Bronces. Thus, addressing these considerations, blasting configurations are developed with prior simulation of vibration models, flyrock, and spillage in all blasts, with strict control of technical design and implementation to ensure the results. Currently, blasts are successfully executed with control of projections based on the proximity of the projects, vibration (<40mm/s) with decoupling of holes of 17 mm/s between holes, reactive rock tests for explosive selection (loading advancement), and spillage simulation inside the pit according to the loading design; thus, ensuring operational continuity and mine development.

Jan 21, 2025

By F. T. Principe

In order for solvent extraction technology to be acceptable as an alternative to existing jarosite precipitation circuits, iron must be cleanly separated and concentrated into a feed stream suitable for downstream iron by-product recovery which meets market specifications and economics. Ten years ago, significant progress was made in a joint McCill University/CANMET project that involved iron extraction with mono(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid and stripping with HCI. Our iron solvent extraction research was reactivated recently by looking into this and other members of the organophosphorus extractant family. Our research focuses on the mechanisms and control of anion (SO42/CI) transport across the various phases (Rafinate/Organic/Strip), iron build-up in the strip liquor, and extractant stability/selectivity. In this paper, these issues along with some other performance parameters are discussed using data derived from an extensive search of the two commercially available and best known members of the organophosphorus family, di-2-ethylhexyl (D2EHPA) and mono-2-ethylhexyl (M2EHPA) phosphoric acid. Further in this discussion, the challenges lying ahead in the development of sx systems that overcome the deficiencies of D2EHPA and M2EHPA are outlined. In particular, the necessity of considering secondary separation technologies that can further concentrate iron values in the chloride strip liquor to levels economically attractive for the production of saleable iron oxide by pyrohydrolysis is addressed.

Jan 1, 1998

By R. Grierson, L. J. Bonis

The high-temperature Strength oF TD nickel has been observed to be dependent upon the previons thermal and mechanical history of the material. Variations in both the level and the anisotropy of strength have been observed. 01 this paper- these variations are correlated with the storing of annealing resistant elastic strain energy in the matrix of the TD nickel. An x-vay line -broadening tecknique is used to measure the maLrTis elastie strain. THE inclusion of a finely dispersed second phase into a ductile matrix has long been recognized as an extremely effective method of strengthening the matrix both at high and at low homologous temperatures. It has been found, however, that the factors which determine the high-temperature strength are not the same as those which are important at low temperatures. Below 0.5 Tm the size and distribution of the second phase particles are of prime importance in determining the strength,&apos;)&apos; while above this temperature the strength is mainly dependent upon the previous thermal and mechanical history of the alloy,3-7 This paper is primarily concerned with explaining the response of the high-temperature mechanical strength of one of these alloys (DuPont&apos;s TD nickel) to various thermo-mechanical treatments. It will be shown that this response is not associated with the occurrence of any form of dislocation substructure within the matrix of the alloy. It has been found, however, that a correlation does exist between the elastic strain level in the matrix and the previous thermomechanical history of the alloy and that the observed changes in elastic strain level parallel the measured changes in high-temperature strength. It therefore must be concluded that variations in high-temperature strength are a direct result of the variations in elastic strain level. MATERIAL TD nickel contains approximately 2 vol pct of Tho2 in an unalloyed nickel matrix. It is formed, as a powder, by a chemical technique and this powder is compacted to form ingots which are then extruded to give 21/2-in.-diam rod. Rod of smaller diameter is prepared from the as-extruded rod by swaging. In the studies reported in this paper, 1/2-in.-diam rod was used. This rod received an anneal of 1 hr at 1100°C prior to being used in any of these studies. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES Two methods were used to examine the structure of the nickel matrix of the TD nickel. These were: 1) transmission electron microscopy; 2) the analysis of the position and profile of X-ray diffraction lines obtained using the nickel matrix as the diffracting media. To prepare thin foils for electron-microscopical examination, slices of TD nickel approximately 0.050 in. thick were cut from the as-received 1/2-in.-diam rod. These were then chemically polished down to 0.045 in., rolled to 0.009 in., given a predetermined heat treatment, and thinned, using a modified Bollman technique, to provide the foils for observation. All observations were carried out at 100 kv, using a Hitachi HU-11 electron microscope. Specimens of the undeformed rod were prepared by grinding down the 0.050-in.-thick slices to approximately 0.015 in. and then thinning chemically and electrolytically to give the thin foils. The X-ray specimens were prepared by rolling 0.375-in.-thick rectangular blocks down to 0.075 in. The surfaces of the rolled material were ground flat, chemically polished to remove the layer disturbed by the grinding, and given a predetermined anneal in an inert atmosphere. They were then ground lightly to check their flatness and given a final chemical polish prior to being examined. The X-ray diffraction line profiles were measured using an automated Picker biplane diffractometer. A special specimen holder was built to allow a more accurate and reproducible positioning of the specimen. The line profiles were determined by carrying out intensity measurements at intervals of either 1/30 deg or 1/60 deg over a range of 3 deg on either side of the nickel peaks of interest. A piece of pure nickel which had been recrystallized to give a large grain size was used as a standard to give the X-ray line profile generated by a strain-free matrix. The analysis of the X-ray diffraction line profiles is a modification of that due initially to Warren and Aver-bach8and has been described elsewhere.3 This analysis gives a measurement of two parameters associated with the structure of the nickel matrix. These parameters are: 1) the size of the coherently diffracting domains within the nickel matrix; 2) the magnitude of the elastic strains in these domains. Both of these parameters are first determined in terms of a Fourier series. These series are obtained from other Fourier series which describe the measured profile of the X-ray diffraction lines. Thus, for both the coherently diffracting domain size and the elastic strain level, it is possible to plot Ft (the Fourier coefficient) against t (the term in the Fourier series), where t can be expressed in terms of a distance L and the Fourier coefficient Ft(S) (associated with elastic strain level) can be expressed in terms of the root mean square strain (e2)1/2. Thus a plot of (F 2)1/2 vs L can be obtained. Plots of this type are shown graphically in Figs. 6 and 8. Interpretation

Jan 1, 1968

By Morris Beattie

Arseno Processing Ltd. has developed process technology for the extraction of gold from refractory ores and concentrates. These ores, which do not respond to conventional extraction processes, are rapidly becoming the primary targets for mining companies wishing to become significant gold producers. It has recently been estimated that by the mid 1990's, the annual gold production from the Pacific Basin Epithermal Arc in southeast Asia could be as high as 550 tonnes. Within this area the Porgera deposit under development by Placer, Renison and MIM, and the Lihir Island deposit under development by Kennecott have been shown to be refractory and require pretreatment before the gold can be extracted. The additional deposits which are now starting to be developed in this area are also expected to require such pretreatment. The Arseno process promises to be an economical pretreatment for these ores and to result in the maximum achievable gold recovery. Numerous refractory deposits are also known in Australia, North America, China and other parts of the world. Samples from many deposits throughout the world have been tested using the Arseno process conditions and the consistently successful results have demonstrated its widespread application. The samples which have been tested include ores in which the gold is locked in pyrite, marcasite or arsenopyrite. The process is insensitive to the sulphur content of the feed. Feed materials containing from 1 % to 50% sulphur have been tested successfully with the process. In the Arseno refractory gold process, sulphide minerals are dissolved so that the contained gold becomes accessible for subs7qu7nt gold recovery. This gold recovery is achieved by cyamdat1on of the process residue. For many of the materials which have been tested, gold extractions in excess of 95% have been achieved.

Jan 1, 1998

By J. W. Oberholzer

The use of computers in the South African coal mining industry has increased during the 1980s. Applications at mine level commenced in the financial and personnel areas of payroll systems, mine accounting procedures and staff record keeping. More use is made now on mines of technical programs for purposes such as mine planning and mine survey calculations. The Coal Mining Laboratory of the Chamber of Mines Research Organization has provided, for a number of years, a service to Chamber member collieries in regard to the application of technical computer programs. Programs presently in use for simulating production procedures and conveyor belt transport systems are described. In addition, reference is made to the collection, storage and analysis of data concerning the performance of continuous miners over a period of eight years. More recently a computer program for the simulation of the cutting action of continuous miner cutting drums has been developed. The use of this program to assist with drum design is explained. The fact that many requests to make use of the programs are received from collieries is an indication of their acceptance by industry. Their interest in running the programs themselves on their own desktop computers has led to the need to convert the software for microcomputers.

Jan 1, 1987

By W. D. Robertson, D. A. Koss, A. J. Goldman

THE significance of the hcp (E) structure, which appears when Fe-Cr-Ni alloys (stainless steels) are transformed martensitically, has been the subject of considerable study and speculation.&apos;-7 It has been proposed that the hcp structure is an intermediate phase in the transformation: fcc (austenite) — hcp (E) -bcc (0, martensite). However, recent studies by transmission electron microscopy6,7 have indicated that the hcp structure may be a consequence of the large shear strain (10 deg) associated with the fcc to bcc transformation. That is, the transformation to a bcc structure is accompanied by extensive dissociation of dislocations in the parent austenite, which has a low stacking-fault energy.&apos;-&apos;&apos; X-ray diffraction analysis of the transformed alloy reveals a pattern of lines corresponding to an hcp structure, together with the parent austenite and the bcc product. The fact that the hcp structure is observed only in association with the bcc product in these alloys1&apos;4&apos;6&apos;7 lends support to the conclusion that the hcp structure is a secondary product of the transformation. But, the evidence is circumstantial and more definite resolution of the two possibilities mains to be obtained. If the hcp structure is an intermediate product of the transformation, as in 1) above, then two distinct Ms temperatures should be observed, Ms and To evaluate this possibility, three different techniques that are particularly sensitive to the structural changes accompanying such transformations have been used in an attempt to detect two transformation temperatures in an Fe-15.1 Cr-11.7 Ni alloy: 1) high-sensitivity differential thermal analysis, 2) the temperature dependence of resonant frequency (elastic moduli), and 3) internal friction of cylindrical specimens vibrating in either longitudinal or torsional modes. To obtain the necessary sensitivity, a differential thermal analysis technique was developed for the purpose, Fig. 1. The differential temperature between a nickel standard and the specimen was amplified to produce a sensitivity of 0.02OC (0.7 v) in temperature difference. The specimen and the standard were surrounded by a copper block and the entire assembly was immersed in a solution of methyl and ethyl alcohol, freezing point, - 140OC, which provided the necessary thermal stability to reduce temperature fluctuations to negligible proportions. A cooling rate of about 1.5OC per min was obtained by bubbling liquid nitrogen through the liquid bath. In order to calibrate the experiment with respect to the evolution of heat in the transformation from fcc to hcp structures, differential cooling curves were obtained for an Fe-19.8 Mn alloy, which transforms martensitically to E.&apos;"-&apos; a Ms(e) temperature of 145°C was clearly defined by a temperature

Jan 1, 1964

By A Roseman, T Gruber

Traditional methods for installing gaskets for segmented bored tunnels have relied upon different bonding procedures with adhesives that carry a series of disadvantages to segment producers. Fixation of the gaskets into the concrete segment as part of the casting procedure has been developed over the last 20 years and has emerged as an economical solution to produce high-quality tunnel segments for various technical tunnel applications. This paper investigates the advantages of using anchored gaskets, the different tunnel systems that employ anchor gaskets and reviews the first anchor gasket project; the Lee Tunnel and analyses how segment production efficiencies are gained.CITATION:Gruber, T and Roseman, A, 2014. Use of anchored gaskets in segmented bored tunnels, in Proceedings 15th Australasian Tunnelling Conference 2014 , pp 253–256 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 17, 2014

By G. Robert Moorehead, Peter T. Luckie, Harold L. Lovell, David J. Akers, James K. Kindig

Jigging is a process of particle stratification in which the particle re- arrangement results from an alternate expansion and compaction of a bed of particles by pulsating fluid flow. The vertical direction of fluid flow is reversed periodically. The rearrangement results in layers of particles that are arranged by increasing density from top to bottom of the bed. This response, developed from the many and continuously varying forces acting upon the particles, permits a solid-solid separation more related to particle density and less to particle size than any other "hydraulic-type" process. The stratification is usually carried out in a rectangular, open-top container called a jig, in which the mass of particles (termed a "bed") is supported on a perforated base through which the water flows in alternating directions. The coal particles, in addition to the vertically expanded and compacted bed motion, move continuously, horizontally across the supporting screen. Following the particle stratification, the particle bed is physically "cut" at a desired horizontal particle density plane to separate the desired clean coal product from the more dense refuse. The jig system includes means for continuously introducing the raw coal and for moving the water through the coal bed in a controllable manner, as well as for separating and removing the stratified particles from the system as two or more product streams. In coal preparation, this highly versatile unit operation is applied preferably to a wide size range of particles with top sizes up to 8 in. (20 cm) rather than to a closely sized fraction. In gravity ranges, the process has been applied to gold particles with a density of 19.3 and to coal particles having densities less than 1.30. Single jig washers have capacities from 5 (4.6) to greater than 700 tph (637 t/h) of feed coal. The separation results attainable by jigging have favored this unit operation as optimum for creating a clean coal product as required by steam coal specifications. Al- though the jig is used in preparing coals which are difficult to separate, its limitations to achieve both quality products and high recovery are being recognized in comparison with heavy media-based processes which make sharper separations from feeds having high "near-gravity" contents. The accu- racy of the densimetric stratification in the upper portions of the jig bed are less precise. It follows that coals with more than 10% near-gravity material

Jan 1, 1991

By Georg Petersen

El presente artículo describe la actividad petrolera realizada durante el año 1962. En 1863 el Gobierno del Perú derogó al Ing. A. E. Prentice el estudio de las posibilidades petroleras de Piura y Tumbes, a través de la perforación del primer pozo de petróleo en Zorritos a través de herramientas imperfectas. Ante tal éxito, en 1864 Lama y Rudens gestionaron que se constituya en Nueva York la "Compañía Peruana de Petróleo". Posteriormente, doce compañías petroleras han desarrolado trabajos de exploración y nueve se encuentran en estado de producción. En este plano tenemos a Belcom Petroleum Corporation Perú, Cerro de Pasco Company, Empresa Petrolera Fiscal, Compañía peruana de Petróleo "El Oriente", International Petroleum Company, Mobil Oil Company, Mobil Oil Company of Perú, Compañía de petróleo Ganso Azul, Peruvian, entre otros.

Jul 1, 1963

By Georg Petersen

El presente artículo describe la actividad petrolera realizada durante el año 1962. En 1863 el Gobierno del Perú derogó al Ing. A. E. Prentice el estudio de las posibilidades petroleras de Piura y Tumbes, a través de la perforación del primer pozo de petróleo en Zorritos a través de herramientas imperfectas. Ante tal éxito, en 1864 Lama y Rudens gestionaron que se constituya en Nueva York la "Compañía Peruana de Petróleo". Posteriormente, doce compañías petroleras han desarrolado trabajos de exploración y nueve se encuentran en estado de producción. En este plano tenemos a Belcom Petroleum Corporation Perú, Cerro de Pasco Company, Empresa Petrolera Fiscal, Compañía peruana de Petróleo "El Oriente", International Petroleum Company, Mobil Oil Company, Mobil Oil Company of Perú, Compañía de petróleo Ganso Azul, Peruvian, entre otros.

Jul 1, 1963