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By A. Andreas

New Mexico retained its position in 1938 as the sixth largest oil-producing state, with a total production of 35,510,176 bbl. This was 2,875,598 bbl. less than the 1937 production of 38,485,774 bbl., or a decrease of 0.077 per cent, which was caused by the lack of pipe-line facilities and storage at the pipe-line terminals. The production for Lea County (excluding Maljamar) was 32,926,788 bbl.; for Eddy County (including Maljamar) was 2,225,411 bbl.; and for northwestern New Mexico (San Juan and McKinley Counties), 357,977 bbl. The average daily nonmarginal well allowable for Lea County on Jan. 1, 1938, was 65 bbl. At the close of the year it was 49 bbl. The average daily pipe-line runs for domestic consumption were less than the state allowables recommended by the United States Bureau of Mines. There was a demand for Artesia crude for foreign export, which if included in the daily production for New Mexico would be slightly in excess of the daily production recommended for New Mexico by the Bureau of Mines. The daily average production for the year was 97,329 barrels. There were 622 completions in the state, of which 520 were oil wells; 16 hydrocarbon gas wells; 5 carbon dioxide gas wells, and 81 dry holes. Of the dry holes 38 were in or near-by proven fields and the remainder, 43, were wildcats. Five new fields were discovered in New Mexico during 1938, three in Lea County and two in Eddy County. Southeastern New Mexico Lea County.—The Monumcnt field was the largest producing field in Lea County, with 9,440,334 bbl., and was closely followed by the Eunice field with 8,872,335 bbl. The Hobbs field was third with 5,010,414 bbl. The greatest activity in Lea County was in the Vacuum pool, with 129 completions, of which 126 were oil wells and three were dry holes. The Texas Company completed its Corbin NO. 1 in the KW 1/4 SW1/4 sec. 10, T. 18 S., R. 33 E. in August. This well was drilled to a depth of 5118 ft. in a white sand, encountering salt water. It was plugged back to 4315 ft, and pumped 43 bbl. of 36" gravity oil in 12 hr. It was approximately 6 miles southwest of the closest production in the Vacuum

Jan 1, 1939

By A. Andreas

New Mexico retained its position in 1938 as the sixth largest oil-producing state, with a total production of 35,510,176 bbl. This was 2,875,598 bbl. less than the 1937 production of 38,485,774 bbl., or a decrease of 0.077 per cent, which was caused by the lack of pipe-line facilities and storage at the pipe-line terminals. The production for Lea County (excluding Maljamar) was 32,926,788 bbl.; for Eddy County (including Maljamar) was 2,225,411 bbl.; and for northwestern New Mexico (San Juan and McKinley Counties), 357,977 bbl. The average daily nonmarginal well allowable for Lea County on Jan. 1, 1938, was 65 bbl. At the close of the year it was 49 bbl. The average daily pipe-line runs for domestic consumption were less than the state allowables recommended by the United States Bureau of Mines. There was a demand for Artesia crude for foreign export, which if included in the daily production for New Mexico would be slightly in excess of the daily production recommended for New Mexico by the Bureau of Mines. The daily average production for the year was 97,329 barrels. There were 622 completions in the state, of which 520 were oil wells; 16 hydrocarbon gas wells; 5 carbon dioxide gas wells, and 81 dry holes. Of the dry holes 38 were in or near-by proven fields and the remainder, 43, were wildcats. Five new fields were discovered in New Mexico during 1938, three in Lea County and two in Eddy County. Southeastern New Mexico Lea County.—The Monumcnt field was the largest producing field in Lea County, with 9,440,334 bbl., and was closely followed by the Eunice field with 8,872,335 bbl. The Hobbs field was third with 5,010,414 bbl. The greatest activity in Lea County was in the Vacuum pool, with 129 completions, of which 126 were oil wells and three were dry holes. The Texas Company completed its Corbin NO. 1 in the KW 1/4 SW1/4 sec. 10, T. 18 S., R. 33 E. in August. This well was drilled to a depth of 5118 ft. in a white sand, encountering salt water. It was plugged back to 4315 ft, and pumped 43 bbl. of 36" gravity oil in 12 hr. It was approximately 6 miles southwest of the closest production in the Vacuum

Jan 1, 1939

By Richard H. Johnson

The Castle Mountain Mine (CMM) is located in the eastern por­tion of San Bernardino County, Southern California, 70 miles south of Las Vegas. The CMM is a joint venture between Viceroy Gold Corp. (75% and operator) and MK Gold (25%). The CMM initially started gold production with an 8,000 tpd cyanide heap leach operation in February, 1992 when the first ore was crushed and delivered to the leach pads. Even during construction and commissioning, design work was under way to engineer and construct a 1,200 tpd Mill circuit to process the higher grade fraction of the ore through use of pulp agglomera­tion. The need for a grinding circuit became evident with the quantity of high grade material delineated during drilling and the amount of visible gold that the geologists were finding in the drill core and R.C. cuttings. Viceroy did not want to stack the higher grade ore on the heap, and it was clear that permitting a tailings pond would, at best, be a long drawn-out affair. An alternative to a tailings facility had to be found.

Jan 1, 1996

By Wm. R. Dotson

Forty years ago the atom was split and the Age of Fission dawned. Uranium was the element used in this earth-shaking accomplishment. Thitherto almost unknown to the man in the street, uranium soon became widely and persistently sought. And the quest for this unique material is not likely to diminish during this century. To find is one thing; to own is another. Who owns uranium in the ground? Where no mineral rights in the land have been severed by devise, grant, reservation or lease, the uranium belongs to the fee simple owner of the land. But where there has been a conveyance or reservation of all or part of the "minerals", determining WHAT a substance is has been the traditional way of determining WHO owns it. What, then, is this element called uranium? The 1907 edition of Watts Dictionary of Chemistry calls it "a lustrous, hard, silver-white metal". Of nature's three prime divisions it falls within the embrace of the mineral kingdom - substances neither animal nor vegetable. In its natural state uranium always is combined with other elements or substances in the form of an ore mineral. May we, then, put to rest any doubt or question as to the nature of uranium and classify it for all purposes, including that of ownership, as mineral? Not quite! That self-same logic would find oil and gas primly ensconced in the animal or vegetable kingdom. Technically, oil and gas are not minerals but legally they have been classified as such. Why? The Supreme Court of Tennessee sought the answer in 1897 in the case of Murray v. Allard, 43 S.W. 355. After citing authorities pro and con, and while admitting their origin to be "decomposition of marine or vegetable organises" that court firmly concluded that since they were obtained by a form of mining, oil and gas were minerals. From the above example two elementary truths emerge. First, for purposes of ownership, uranium is and will be whatever the courts say it is. Secondly, the courts historically and currently favor a practical rather than technical test to determine the "mineral" character of a substance. So now we turn to the jurisprudence for enlightenment and definition. EARLY CASES ALLOT URANIUM TO MINERAL OWNERS Two early cases involving the ownership of uranium followed what had been well-settled mineral within the meaning of the conveyances involved, confirming ownership in the mineral owners. In 1956 the U. S. District Court for New Mexico in the case of New Mexico and Arizona Land Company v. Elkins, 137 F. Supp. 767, appeal dism'd 239 F.2d 645 (10th Cir. 1956), found that a 1946 deed reservation of "all oil, gas and minerals underlying or appurtenant to said lands" included uranium and thorium. The court reasoned that uranium and thorium, being minerals within the scientific, geological and practical meaning of the term, would certainly constitute minerals within the purview of the reservation. While agreeing that uranium and thorium were "minerals", defendants argued that at the tine of execution of the conveyance it could not have been the intention of the parties to reserve them because they had no commercial value in the locality and were, in fact, not known to there exist until their later discovery in 1950. The court re¬jected, as a matter of law, this "lack of knowledge" theory citing the Supreme Court of Kentucky holding in Maynard v. McHenry, 113 S.W. 2d 13, that: "The mere fact that a particular mineral has not been discovered in the vicinity of the land conveyed or is unknown at the time the deed is executed rules of construction and held that uranium was a does not alter the rule . . ." that a grant or exception of "mineral" in a deed includes all mineral substances which can be taken from the land unless restrictive language is used indicating that the parties contemplated something less general than all substances legally cognizable as minerals. Further, argued the defendants, the only feasible mining procedure for such substances was open pit or strip mining, which would destroy the value of the land for grazing or agriculture. Finding that the language of the reservation was clear and unambiguous, the court would not permit the admission of extrinsic evidence as to mining procedures required. Elkins is the first uranium case construing the granting clause involved. In 1958 the Texas Court of Civil Appeals at San Antonio, in Cain v. Neuman, 316 S.W. 2d 915, no writ, held that a 1918 lease conveying "all of the oil, gas, coal and other minerals in and under" the land involved covered uranium. The lease provided a royalty of 1/10th on "other minerals." "We find no Texas precedent which discusses uranium," said the court, "but the usual arguments that uranium is not embraced within a lease are that the ejusden generis rule excludes uranium from the meaning of the lease

Jan 1, 1979

By John A. Meech

"Oleic acid flotation of Mount Wright thickener underflow tailing material has been shown to be capable of increasing plant recovery by 3%. High levels of oleic acid addition (1.5 kg/t) are required, which limit the economic practicality of the system at this time. Nevertheless, from a technical viewpoint, the process is stable with respect to extreme fluctuations in oleic acid requirements, pulp pH and pulp temperature. Methods to reduce the average consumption of oleic acid need to be found. One technique that merits further testwork uses the ""piggy-back"" principle to float hematite fines with coarsegrained hematite particles.IntroductionWith most large-scale iron mining operations treating specular hematite ores, flotation is not often conside red a necessary processing step. The bulk of the iron minerals can be concentrated by gravity techniques and the generation of fines can be minimized because of the course- grained nature of the mineralization. Nevertheless, production of some fine material is unavoidable, and recovery of iron from this fraction by spirals is poor (10-30%).When the proportion of the iron in these fines becomes excessive, alternative methods to conventional spirals are considered(11), Many of the techniques that have been developed suffer from either poor recovery (e.g. the Reichert cones at 36010 recovery)(11) or low throughput rates (e.g. wet highintensity magnetic separation)(12), Flotation is often passed over because of excessive reagent costs, pollution problems and/or balling difficulties from the reagents used.However, of all the processes available, flotation can yield high recoveries (60-90%) at reasonable throughput rates with excellent process control features (reagent addition and/or cell level). The key parameter is reagent cost.This paper describes testwork on the use of oleic acid to float hematite from the fine fractions of the Mount Wright concentrator tailing. The concentrate product from this plant is directly shipped, so no balling problems exist. As well, oleic acid may be considered a lesser pollution hazard than many of the cationic collectors used in other iron ore flotation systems. A reduction in fine hematite slimes discharged as tailing into lakes may also reduce environmental damage."

Jan 1, 1981

By M. Tamura, K. Fujita, K Shinozuka, H. Daimon, H. Esaka

"In-situ observation of unidirectional solidification using transparent substance has been performed to investigate the growth direction of solid phase. Cell or dendrite of which preferred growth direction is not parallel to the heat flow direction was observed with various solidification conditions. Dimensionless growth direction (p) changes from 0 to 1 with increasing growth velocity at a constant temperature gradient. Introducing the dimensionless growth velocity, the relation between p and growth condition could be correlated.IntroductionTransition in macroscopic solidified structure from chill to columnar zone which is found in normal castings takes place via grain selection1). Cast products such as turbine blades are unidirectionally solidified, grain selection plays an important role to choose suitable crystals which have reasonable orientation in the region called ""starter"", which is a very initial part of casting2). Therefore, grain selection is a very important process in the formation of casting structure. The present authors have been studying on the process of grain selection using succinonitrile, which is a transparent organic substance and have found that the growth distance necessary for grain selection depends upon the solidification condition3-5). When the solid/liquid interface is dendritic, the grain selection occurs quickly. On the other hand, when the solid/liquid interface is cellular, it occurs slowly. We supposed that the growth direction of dendrite is different from that of cell when the substance is unidirectionally solidified. Indeed, Kurz and Fisher wrote in their text book that dendrite grows along its preferred growth direction, <100>, regardless of heat flow direction and that cell grows along heat flow direction regardless of its preferred growth direction1). However, there is no quantitative description about the growth direction when the solid/liquid interfacial morphology is cellular. Furthermore, there have been little works6) to study the growth direction of cell and dendrite."

Jan 1, 2000

By Ali Kahriman

This paper presents the results of ground vibration and air blast measurements from tunnel blasting activities during the construction of the Beylerbeyi-Kucuksu waste water tunnel under a residential area in Istanbul, Turkey. Within the scope of the study, the blasting pattern of the tunnel was engineered using Tunnel2000 design software and field studies and measurements for evaluating the productivity and safety of shots were realized for 136 rounds. During the study, the advance of the tunnel, face condition, ground vibration, air blast and neighbours’ complains and comments after every round were observed and the tunnel pattern was improved. Finally, an empirical relation for this tunnel route was developed between scaled distance and maximum amount of explosives, to continue activities in a safe and productive manner.

Jan 1, 2006

By Karl Marquis

La Mine Mouska exploite depuis deux ans certains blocs de réserve à l?aide de la méthode long trou. Même si, à priori, la méthode long trou semble rentable, le contrôle de la dilution ainsi que le respect d?un échéancier serré s?avèrent primordiaux afin que cette méthode d?exploitation puisse être justifiable économiquement. La présentation suivante fera la comparaison économique entre cette méthode et celle de chambre-magasin.

Oct 1, 2001

By Harald Brekke

On 13 July 2000, the ISA adopted the Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Nodules in the Area. The first contracts for such exploration were issued by the ISA the same year. The duration of exploration contracts is 15 years, after which the contractors are expected to go into exploitation. In 2013, ISA with the LTC initiated the process for developing the regulations for exploitation, and are currently working on the first draft to put forward for the Council. In the meantime, the first seven exploration contracts have expired, and been given five years extensions in order for the contractors to get ready to apply for exploitation contracts. According to the current draft of the exploitation regulations, an application for an exploitation contract shall be accompanied by all data acquired during the exploration phase, a mining plan, a financing plan, and a set of environmental plans (i.e. an environmental impact statement, an emergency response and contingency plan, environmental management and monitoring plan, and a closure plan). All of these plans have to be based on substantial scientific and technical data and information. The mining plan requires geoscientific data regarding the mineralogy and grade of the nodules, and the physiography of the mining site as a basis for the consideration of critical aspects, inter alia for making reliable resource estimations, design the mining operations, and forecast revenues. The environmental plans require the input of a substantial set of bioscientific data and information on the exploitation technology in order to establish base-lines, and monitor and evaluate the effects of the mining operations. Under the exploration contracts, such scientific data have been acquired and reported on an annual basis to the ISA. Some testing of mining equipment and experiments on the extraction of metals have also been performed by some contractors. These scientific and technical data from the exploration phase will be the basis for the for the preparation of the studies, plans and documents required for the applications for exploitation. No time frame is specified for the preparations of an application but it must be assumed to take place before the expiration of the exploration contract.

Jan 1, 2018

By Dyson NF

Nickel sulphide precipitated from waste liquors at the Yabulu plant of Queensland Nickel Pty Ltd was pressure leached under various conditions. Leaching at 130¦C and 700 kPa of air dissolved 95 per cent of the nickel as the sulphate in less than 2 h. Leaching at 130¦C and 350 kPa of oxygen dis- solved 95 per cent of the nickel in less than 1 h. Dissolution was faster with oxygen than with the equivalent pressure of air. Crystallization of hydrated nickel sul- phate from the resulting clarified leachate is readily achieved. Because the sulphide pre- cipitate also contains minor amounts of iron, copper and cobalt, the crystallization product contains these metals in excess of the amounts required for electrolytic-grade nickel sul- phate. This grade of product could only be produced if the contaminants were removed prior to crystallization. Alternatively, the "crude" nickel sulphate could find a market as a feed for the electrolytic production of Ni-Fe coatings.

Jan 1, 1984

The response was good-one of the best the SAIMM has had to its various questionnaires. 231 replies were received from 2768 members representing a response of 8,35%. For fellows and Members together, the response was 13,7%. The spread of responses based on respondents&apos; work situation appeared to be well balanced with some bias from those in consulting organizations. Members&apos; perceptions of their employers&apos; positions withrespect to environmental management looked somewhat optimistic, but it is encouraging to note that they reported that more than half were developing environmental management systems. Training of varying degree was taking place at al levels in their organizations. Members saw their Institute as an important agent inlifting environmental awareness, literacy and responsibility not only through the journal and symposia, but also by liaison with government departments and educational institutions. Most respondents saw environmental legislation both from local and overseas sources as affecting their organizations, their products and services with the emphasis on corporate image, core business and sales.

Jan 1, 1995

By AIME AIME

MATTERS pertaining to mine ventilation were, taken up at the annual meeting Wednesday morning with E. A. Holbrook in the chair. In the absence&apos; of its author, G. E. McElroy, the first paper, entitled "Economic Size. of Metal Mine %Airways," was read by title by the chairman. The second paper, "Intermittent Mine Ventilation," by Oscar A. Glaeser, was &apos;abstracted by Dan Harrington. It related to metal-mining practice, being inapplicable to coal mining, of course. B. F. Tillson asked how the ,quantity of air was measured and con- trolled in the different splits and Mr. Harrington stated that an anemometer presumably was used and that split- ting was controlled by adjusting the steel doors to the desired position by means of screws. George &apos;S. Rice asked if the fan were underground, and Mr. Harrington replied that it was. Although he had at, one time recommended that it be placed&apos; on the surface, certain factors led the management to keep it underground, a. location that has several advantages in this particular case.

Jan 1, 1932

By B. R. Reddy, Y. V. Swamy, B. V. R. Murthy, H. S. Ray

The Ni oxide was reduced with a CO-CO2-N2 gas mixture and the effects were observed of process variables such as roasting temperature, time and CO partial pressure. Extraction of over 90% of Ni was achieved by ammoniacal leaching of ore that had been reduced for 1 h at 760 degrees C under a gas mixture with a volumetric CO/(CO+CO2) ratio of 0.57. The kinetic data were found to conform to the Ginstling-Brounstein equation. The applicability of this model was confirmed by evaluating the apparent activation energy with the use of independently constructed differential and integral plots, which showed an excellent match

Dec 1, 1995

By M. I. Brittan

Cyanide leaching of two West African gold ores was studied in multiple laboratories to provide process-engineering data for plant design purposes. Unusually slow leach extraction kinetics were observed using routine cyanide leach test procedures with pregnant solution monitoring. Carbon-in-leach testing, however, showed normal rapid kinetic behavior, with the same ultimate gold extractions being reached in much shorter elapsed times. Kinetic curves based on washed solids assays also exhibited more typical leaching characteristics. The results bore all the hallmarks of some equilibrium inhibition of the leaching. It was surmised that ore gangue components were responsible for weakly adsorbing gold-cyanide complex reaction product, thereby holding up soluble gold in the solid phase. The term ?preg-borrowing? was coined to describe the reversible phenomenon and distinguish it from irreversible preg-robbing. The two ores investigated may represent an extreme form of a more general effect that in most instances might pass unnoticed. The effect can lead to misinterpretation of kinetic leach curve data and underestimation of calculated ore head grades.

Jan 1, 2008

By Howard R. Pratt, Jimmie L. Bratton

The Air Force Weapons Laboratory (AFWL) has been carrying out a series of experiments whose principal purpose is to measure the dynamic response of rock media to large pressure pulses. Coupled with the field experiments have been theoretical calculations simulating this response. These two approaches allow an appraisal of the current ability to measure in-situ rock response under extreme conditions and also give a fair estimate of the current state-of-the-art in the area of computer calculation of the response of "real" geologic media to a large load. The area chosen for the test series is composed of a sequence of sedimentary units (shale, sandstone, and limestone) located in the Estancia Valley 45 miles east of Albuquerque, N.M. (Fig. 1). The units, which dip gently off the uplifted Manzano Mountains to the west, are essentially horizontal at the test site. An extensive geologic and geophysical investigation of the area was carried out in the form of surface mapping and seismic exploration. Numerous holes were cored and material properties were determined from tests of the cores. In-situ geophysical measure¬ments were also carried out. The experiment consisted of loading a 60X40 ft test area with a 4000-psi transient exponentially decaying pressure pulse. The pulse was initiated at one end and traveled the 60-ft length of the test bed. The test area was instrumented with acceleration, velocity, and strain measuring devices placed in drill holes to depths of 30 ft. Theoretical computer calculations of the response of the layered geologic media have been carried out on the AFWL CDC 6600 using one and

Jan 1, 1972

By Henry M. Howe

If a bar of wrought iron or steel is suddenly cooled from a bright red-heat, the contraction which then occurs is considerably greater than the expansion previously caused by heating the bar, so that its final length is considerably less than its initial length. Mr. Thomas Wrightson has investigated this phenomenon,* and has shown that not only does this permanent contraction occur on sudden cooling, but, if the heating and cooling be repeated, say fifty times, a further permanent contraction occurs at each successive cooling. In Mr. Wrightson&apos;s opinion, this contraction cannot be explained on mechanical grounds, and he ascribes it to some molecular change caused by sudden cooling; but I think that we need not invoke mysterious molecular changes to explain this phenomenon, which appears to me to be due to very simple and purely mechanical action. Let us consider the cooling as divided into two periods, in the first of which the exterior or skin of the bar becomes almost completely cooled, and hence tends to contract almost to its initial dimensions, while the still hot arid plastic interior contracts but little; in the second period the already cool skin remains nearly constant in temperature, and hence tends to contract but little, while the interior cools from a comparatively high temperature to the ordinary temperature, and hence undergoes great contraction. The excess of the contraction of the skin over that of the interior during the first period tends to make the bar bulge in the middle of its length. This, as well as the decrease of density which occurs, Mr. Wrightson correctly explains. The interior of the bar just sufficed to fill the skin when both were in their initial condition, before being heated at all. At the end of the first period, the volume of the still hot interior is more than the now contracted skin can hold while maintaining its initial shape; and the effect is much the same as when we powerfully blom into a soft India-rubher Lag of the shape of the skin of the bar—it bulges, and tends to approach the spherical shape, in which the ratio of surface to

Jan 1, 1886

By Gustavo Fierro

Se plantea un enfoque de dimensionamiento de coberturas para cierre de minas, considerando los criterios de estabilidad física, química y biológica a largo plazo. El desafío de una visión integral de solución a este problema se enfoca en proveer soluciones cuantificables que aseguren el comportamiento a largo plazo de la cobertura, de modo tal que se pase de una solución cualitativa a una cuantitativa. Para ello, se emplea el estado del arte en múltiples disciplinas, que si bien en las dos últimas décadas han dejado información valiosa, hasta ahora no estaba orientada a la visión integral del problema.

Sep 20, 2019

By G. E. Lagos

This paper analyses the scope and instruments employed by the Basel Convention for regulating the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes, the present and projected hazardous waste regulations of Chile, reviews the Chilean import/export trade of wastes of the period 1985-1995, and discusses, the influence that the Basel Convention has had on mining trade, its perceived benefits and costs, and possible effects on Chile&apos;s trade of the application of the Convention&apos;s Decision III/l. There is no quantitative estimation as to the effect of the Convention on the general volume of imported or exported materials destined for recovery, recycling, reclamation, or reuse. All recycling imports, with the possible exception of residues of petroleum oil, which occurred during the decade 1985-1995, can be classified tentatively as non hazardous. The entry into force of the Convention has had several effects on Chile&apos;s trade. It has brought home the need to have a comprehensive hazardous waste legislation, it has been a base for applying import restrictions, which in all likelihood, would .have otherwise not been applied, The benefits and costs of this import restriction, as well as those of the multilateral export ban are analyzed.

Jan 1, 1999

Accidents in open pit mining have a high cost in lost time of person- nel, damage to equipment and installations, and lost production. The realities of export competition require that Mine Management sig- nificantly reduce the costs associated with accidents and workplace ill-health. Newer management approaches are proving effective in reducing the Total Cost of Risk through a strucured Occupational Health and Safety Programme exhibiting the following features: ò Formal Company Policy ò Accountability for OH&S performance clearly designated to each level of management and supervision ò Effective utilisation of a Mine Occupational Health and Safety Co- Ordinator and a Mine Occupational Health and Safety Adviser ò Development of realistic OH&S Objectives ò Training of Management, Supervision and Workforce in Occupa- tional Health and Safety ò Development and adoption of Safe Work Practices and Procedures ò Effective employee selection procedures, control of Contractors ò Monitoring of the health of the workforce ò Collection, recording and distributing information on all Mine inci- dents, accidents, injuries and damage ò Ensuring that the Mine environment is healthy and safe ò Effective Emergency Procedures to deal with injury, fire, rescue and other situations of risk ò Controlling those Mine hazards which cannot be removed ò Adopting a high standard of Occupational Rehabilitation ò On-going visible Management participation in the programme to ensure that momentum is developed and maintained. This approach requires that Occupational Health and Safety be given equal status with product quality, maintenance of plant and output per- formance; its implementation is rewarded with improved morale and major cost reductions.

Jan 1, 1989

By R. E. Head

[Surveys of the manganese situation conducted by the Geological Survey any other agencies have definitely established the, fact that the tonnage of high-grade manganese or in the United States is relatively small. It is therefore obvious that large-scale production of manganese is possible only through beneficiation of low-grade material. Deposits of low-grade manganese ore are being examined by engineers of the Mining Division of the Bureau of Mines to determine their size and possibilities as sources of manganese on a tonnage basis. The Metallurgical Division of the Bureau is developing and perfecting beneficiation processes with the objective of utilizing such low-grade ores. Microscopic study of these ores represents one phase of the research.]

Jan 1, 1941