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By W. G. Davenport

Smelting oxidizes Cu-Fe-S concentrate to matte. Converting oxidizes this matte to metallic copper. Smelting and converting are, therefore, part of the same oxidation process. It would seem natural, then, that smelting and converting should be combined to produce metallic copper in one step. This would: (a) maximize S02 capture by restricting S02 emission to a single, continuous source (b) minimize industrial oxygen and fuel requirements (c) minimize cost. This chapter discusses one step, direct-to-copper flash smelting as it is practiced in 2000. It then uses. the matrices of this book to determine: (a) the industrial oxygen and oil requirements of direct-to copper flash smelting (b) the distribution of Cu between metal and slag during direct-to-copper flash smelting. It concludes that direct-to-copper flash smelting: (a) captures?S02 efficiently from its single continuous stream of SO2 off gas (b) minimizes oxygen/oil consumption but: (c) sends -114 of its Cu-in-feed to slag.

Jan 1, 2001

By Thomas C. Denton

In 1965 Africa maintained its position as a region of the world essential to advanced non-Communist nations for supply of vital metals and minerals. The position stemmed from the fact that Africa produced in large quantity a number of key minerals of which either or both resources and production capacity elsewhere did not approach the needs of the free world. The Republic of South Africa alone contributed more than three quarters of the gold mined in the entire non-Communist world besides an estimated 60 percent of metals of the platinum group and the entire new supply of amosite asbestos, and Africa as a whole was nearly the non-Communist world's only source of gem and industrial diamond. Africa also accounted for 83 percent of non-Communist world cobalt production. Besides these massive contributions, Africa in 1965 provided 50 percent or more of the new supply from non-Communist countries of the following mineral commodities: Lithium minerals, corundum, manganese ore: and chromite, and over 20 percent of new supply from non-Communist countries of columbium-tantalum concentrates, antimony, beryl, vanadium, phosphate rock, and copper. Africa also accounted for 18 percent of the non-Communist world's output of uranium, 14 percent of its tin, 11 percent of its lead, 9 percent of its zinc, and 8.9 percent of its crude oil output. With respect to chromite, at yearend Africa's reserves of the mineral were far larger than those of all other non-Communist regions combined. This probably also held true for manganese ore. In the case of crude oil, the fact that Africa's share of non-Communist world output was 1.6 percentage points greater than in 1964 was significant, particularly inasmuch as the output rate was continuing to increase at yearend.

Jan 1, 1967

By Lei Wang, Qi Zheng, Xiao-kui Che

"The wastewater emitted by gold chemical industry contained vast of different heavy metal ion, such as Zn, Cu and Ni etc. Among them Zn is the main ion in the waste water which causes the serious environment pollution. A method of preparing a kind of resin which is used for the removal of Zn by magnetic adsorbent was developed and was applied in practice. This adsorbent is a chitosan made of a kind of Fe3O4-chitosan modified by epichlorohydrin. The adsorption capacity of the absorbent and it was concluded that under the laboratory conditions, the maximum adsorbing capacity of this adsorbent could be 287.58 mg/g. The absorbent was also applied in the wastewater emitted by a gold industry in Shandong province. Its performance was tested and the result showed that the concentration of Zn ion in the wastewater was reduced from 0.58 mg/L to 0.0174 mg/L. What is more, the adsorption rate could be more than 97% when the dosage was 100L/m3 after adsorbing for 1h. KEYWORDS Selective, preparation, laboratory experiments, industry experiment, comparation INTRODUCTION Currently, most gold chemistry use cyanide to leach gold ore. Many different metals participate to this reaction besides the gold ion in this processing, so that the composition of the water is very complex. The waste water emitted by gold chemistry industry contains large amount of heavy metals. Definitely, if it was discharged without any treatment, the water would threaten the environment. The recuperation of any ion in the water would mitigate the pollution. Ion exchange resin, which is an effective material to do the water treatment with low cost, became widely applicated in this field [Yu-jiao Wang,2013]. Different kinds of resin were developed and the influence factors such as pH, adsorption properties and selectivity for different ions were investigated [CA Cruz et al,2018; PawanKumar et al.2016; Y Zhang, et al,2010; and ShengingSun, Aiqin Wang, 2006;]. The waste water mentioned in this article has a high Zn concentration, so a magic resin for Zn adsorption selectively we designed was used to manage this water. And the recovery of Zn could not only contribute to pollution abatement but also a best way to settle a dispute to the short of Zn resource. So the article mainly describes the preparation and the application of a kind of magnetic adsorbent used for the removal of Zn both in laboratory and industry. The aim of this article is to compare the effect of this resin in industry and laboratory?"

Jan 1, 2018

By D P. Yang, Yang R. G

The laws of throwing and heaping of engineering blast are important for making use of throwing and heaping of thrown body to form certain shape, such as building dams by directional blast. The article is to apply Ballistic theory of single thrown body to take the throwing course of thrown body as the movement of particle system, and then delimit the total of thrown body into units of thrown bodies, and regard the heaping shape of single thrown body as a perfect triangle, and found a quantitative relation between macro-geometry parameters of perfect triangle and designed parameters of explosives. The theory has been adopted in blast practice and gotten good effects.

Jan 1, 1999

By Steven B. Van Kouteren

Added value is a term loosely used in the industry, but what exactly does it mean? What does it take to make a value-added product and more importantly how does a company maintain the value added to its products? Most people agree that value-added means the value of a mineral minus the cost to produce it. But what is misleading is that producing value added products does not necessarily guarantee the profitability of the products. In some cases firms that make "value-added" products are not very profitable. It is not only important to understand how to make a value-added product but also how competitive forces in the market can erode the value added. Therefore, when we look at value-added opportunities, we must understand how to obtain the value added and more importantly how to maintain the value. There are four major factors that limit a company's ability to add value to its products. This paper will examine these factors and will use the ground calcium carbonate and mica industries as examples.

Jan 1, 1990

By A. Rubina P.

El presentre trabajo describe las propiedades del mercurio, usos, consumo, precios, reservas de producción, condiciones, así como el proceso que comprende su metalurgia y los factores que intervienen en los hornos rotatorios de la mina Santa Bárbara ciomo la velocidad de los gases, importancia de los refractarios, temperaturas, bafles, control de combustión, refinación y mantenimiento de operación. De otro lado, la Sociedad mineral "El brocal" enfoca el problema de la metalurgia de su mineral de arenisca a partir de la clasificación del mineral en grueso y fino. El primero, será beneficiado en las instalaciones de horno rotatorio, mientras que el fino se tratará a través de la flotación-retortas, flotación-briquetes-horno rotatorio y flotación, lixiviación, electrólisis.

Jul 20, 1960

By John M. Boyle

The use of high vacuum mercury retort recovery as a safe and effective means of removing mercury from mercury hazardous waste solids rendering them non-hazardous and recovering mercury suitable for recycling.

Jan 1, 1995

By W. O. Kerr

As in other industries, companies engaged in mining and extraction use and develop intellectual property (?IP?) in the form of new technologies or production processes. The development of IP assets in mining may occur as a byproduct of ongoing operations, or result from investment in dedicated R&D efforts. New technology may lower costs, increase quality of output, and/or increase operational efficiency or safety. Key business questions with respect to any new technology are how best to use IP assets, how to protect them and how to derive value from them. IP assets can provide a competitive advantage to a developing firm that uses the technology to improve its operating results. The developing firm can preclude others from using the technology if it believes that is the best way to exploit the technology?s value. Or, it can be shared with others taking care to ensure rights are maintained, thereby generating royalty income or strategic value through cross licensing or other business relationships. Either way, in order to fully realize the maximum economic benefit, innovators must protect the IP assets and control their dissemination.

Jan 1, 2012

By Ivo Dreiseitl, Kondratenko. Anatoly

"The second prime area within the Interoceanmetal Joint Organization exploration area named H22 was delineated in 2013 with the goal to ensure sufficient nodule reserves for profitable mining operations and processing.The knowledge base for area H22 has been obtained from archive materials. The geological situation can be characterized as follows: the sea bottom is represented by tectonic blocks oriented in a sub-meridional direction. According to swath mapping, the depressions (troughs) are contoured at depths of 4500-4600 m while the tops of horsts occur at 4300-4350 m. Volcanic relief occupies 6% of the H22 area; in the eastern part a multicone volcano was detected. Its area at the base is 153 km2. The maximum height of a cone above the base is 850 m. The crystalline basement composed by tholeiitic basalts of late Oligocene age is covered by about 100 m of sediments. Semi-consolidated to consolidated calcareous nanofossil sediments of the Marquesas formation are deposited on the basement. Higher up in the profile sediments of the Clipperton formation occur. They are represented by unconsolidated siliceous (Radiolaria, Diatom) ooze. Sediments containing calcium carbonate have not been detected. Where opaline silica (or CaCO3 if any) content is below 5%, the sediments belong to zeolitic clays or red pelagic clays. Grain size composition of the seabed and the near-seabed sediments in H22 classifies them into clayey silts."

Sep 1, 2014

By John T. Ryan

FOR the first ten months of 1942, on which data are available at the time this is written, the coal-mining industry achieved a most creditable safety record, and ha1 figures for the year may show a record surpassing that of 1941 in which the industry reached the best accident rate in its history. The ten- month accident rate for both bituminous and anthracite mining in 1942 was 2.197 fatalities per million tons of coal mined, compared with a revised rate of 2.271 for the same months of 1941. The bituminous rate decreased from 2.139 in 1941 to 2.039 for ten months of this year, and the anthracite rate shows a reduction from 3.707 to 3.699 for the same period.

Jan 1, 1943

By G. S. Hume

Activity in geological exploration and drilling continued in Canada in 1945 at about the same rate as in the previous year, but with disappointing results as far as new production is .concerned. Both in the foothills and on the Plains of Alberta, however, there are wildcat wells that have either given encouraging shows or some production, which are very important in relation to future developments. The normal decline of Turner Valley, the largest producing field in Canada, has continued, and this decrease has not been offset by new discoveries. In addition, the closing of the Canol pipe line on March 31, 1945, isolated the Norman Wells field in the Mackenzie River valley, and the outlet at present. is confined to supplying the relatively small local requirements. This

Jan 1, 1946

The flotation behavior of kaolinite and diaspore using N, N-diethyl dodecyl amine (DEN12) and N, N-dimethyl dodecyl amine (DRN12) as collector have been investigated through flotation experiments. The mechanism of adsorption of two tertiary amine collectors on surface of kaolinite and diaspore were investigated by FTIR spectral, Zeta potentials measurements and calculation of molecular orbital energy. It has been found that DEN12 and DRN12 have stronger collecting power to kaolinite and weaker collecting abilityto diaspore than DDA. Kaolinite and diaspore in bauxite ores can be separated by using DEN12 and DRN12 as collectors at pulp pH below 8 and 6, respectively. The results of zeta potentials and calculation of molecular orbital energy indicated that the adsorption strength on kaolinite surface is in the order DEN12>DRN12>DDA and the adsorption strength on diaspore surface is in the order DDA>DEN12>DRN12. FTIR spectral analysis and Zeta potentials approve that the action between kaolinite and tertiary amine collector is strong electrostatic adsorption and that of diaspore is weak electrostatic adsorption in the range of pH 5~6.

Jan 1, 2014

By Howard E. Parkinson

An environment monitoring and communication system has been installed in the Bruceton Mine, and research is under way to improve mine safety. Standard day-to-day mine communications are available, along with additional systems installed to permit experimentation with wireless radio, through-the-earth phones, along-the-roof paging, and mine face machinery communications. Research is continuing and the essential concepts for a dependable whole mine communication system, providing simple environment monitoring, improved day-to-day communications and post-disaster communications, will be demonstrated in a larger mine with about 900 feet of overburden.

By Zhijie Zhu

In order to determine the overburden failure characteristics of extra-thick seam mining, EH4 electromagnetic image system and borehole televiewer survey were applied to panel 8100, Tongxin coal mine. EH4 electromagnetic imaging system was used to map the overburden strata before and after mining. Analysis of the distribution of the electrical conductivity showed that the fractured zone height was 492-558 ft (150-170m); Observation through the borehole televiewer showed that the fractured zone height of water conductivity (or water flowing fractured zone height) was 110m-142m. The results of the two methods showed that the fractured zone height of water conductivity was 492-558 ft (150- 170m) or 10-11.3 times the mining height.

Jan 1, 2014

By A. Vien, B. C. Flintoff, R. P. Edwards

"This paper provides a critical review of the development and application of advanced controls in mineral processing at the industrial level. These algorithms can be sub-divided into four broad categories: Kalman filter, self-tuning, extended horizon, and knowledge based or expert systems. Applications from each category are described outlining the benefits derived, the relative advantages of that particular controller, and potential limitations of the controller which may inhibit their more widespread application. The paper will conclude with a description of control algorithms which are currently in the rudimentary design stage, but may hold tremendous potential for mineral processing control systems in the next decade. INTRODUCTIONThe Canadian mining industry has a large installed milling base and many plants are run with manual or low level automatic process control. The competitive pressures imposed by the market will not allow these operations to ignore the significant increase in efficiency that can be achieved through the effective application of advanced process control. These improvements will come in the form of better quality, higher productivity and reduced costs.There have been quite a number of reports of successful applications of advanced control in mineral processing applications. As this trend continues, and more of the work is documented, the technology will be more effectively transferred to process and control engineers. It is the authors' opinion that the most difficult problems facing process control are not really technical in nature. Rather, they lie more in process control education. This extends from management, through engineering to the operators.The purpose of this paper is to provide a tutorial type overview of some of the more frequently encountered advanced control algorithms. The assumption is that the reader has a superficial knowledge of this technology. In the discussions which follow, several techniques are explored within the framework of simple process examples. Industrial examples are cited for each and an evaluation of the expected longer term potential is given."

Jan 1, 1992

By L. K. Smith, E. M. de Kock, J. van der Walt

A unique and systematic approach for analysing alternative methods of ventilating and cooling large hot mines is presented. The important factors that have a bearing on ventilation and cooling requirements and practices, such as air flow through the mine, geographical distribution of heat loads, micro ventilation considerations etc., are dealt with. Analysis of these leads to the definitive ventilation and cooling strategies, air and water process design, detail specifications and design of associated plant and equipment.

Jan 1, 1982

Caving of the second lift of the E26 orebody at Northparkes Mines was monitored with a comprehensive package of instrumentation, including an ISS seismic monitoring system. Seismicity was collected by an array of 19 triaxial accelerometers and 9 uniaxial geophones, giving a high quality seismic data set. The seismic response to block caving at Northparkes has been divided into two papers. The first paper focuses on the seismicity during undercutting. The second paper deals primarily with the seismicity during cave propagation during initial cave production. In this paper, traditional seismic monitoring concepts are applied to seismicity during cave mining. More than 40 000 seismic events were recorded during cave undercutting between February and January 2004. Events up to local magnitude +1.3 were recorded near the mine during undercutting, with event rates of up to 500 per day. Analysis of frequency-magnitude distributions, S-wave to P-wave energy, and temporal variations in event magnitude all gave insight into the seismicity recorded. In addition, a new technique, called apparent stress time history, was shown to be sensitive to stress change from undercut blasting, and useful to identify significant periods during cave development. A significant difference was identified between the cave back location and the halo of seismic events above the cave. Throughout the undercutting, the a seismic zone of loosening was typically 50 to 70 metres in vertical thickness. Based on the seismicity, a stress driven rock mass failure model is proposed. Early in the undercutting, seismicity and movements in the seismogenic zone were directly triggered by stress change from undercutting. Towards the end of undercutting, seismicity was virtually uncorrelated with undercut blasting, and likely due to the onset of cave initiation.

Jan 1, 2008

By C. Jay Hodgson, Adrienne C. L. Larocque

Abstract -The Mobrun VMS deposit in northwestern Quebec does not fit the classic Noranda­ type model, but exhibits characteristics more consistent with a Mattabi-type deposit. The orebodies are underlain by fragmental volcanic rocks indicative of explosive volcanism in shallow water. Felsic volcanic rocks are more abundant than mafic rocks. Alteration assemblages comprise chlorite, carbonate, sericite, and quartz. Broad semi-conformable alteration occurs high in the footwall to the 1100 lens. Mobrun occurs higher in the stratigraphic sequence than most of the other deposits in the Noranda camp. In this part of the stratigraphy, zones of pervasive carbonatization may be more useful guides for exploration than zones of silicification.

Jan 1, 1993

A mining operation can be identified as demonstrating prudent management when a number of vital characteristics are evident.All risks and opportunities that are critical to the on-going success of the operation have been identified and are being effectively managed. All significant tasks and events are plan driven. All levels of management visibly support the policies of the operation through their attitude, behaviour and actions as well as words. Supporting evidence for required activity and the outcomes is readily available. Improvement mechanisms are working to advance the key business processes. Everyone is working towards satisfying the needs of the stakeholders of the operation. When these characteristics are integrated with the satisfaction of all legislative requirements, all industry codes and optionally all relevant international management system standards then an operation is fulfilling all the requirements of a Due Diligence Process. The majority of mining operations do not show all of these characteristics and therefore unnecessarily suffer from missed profit opportunity and constant cost pressure, less than acceptable safety and health and environmental performance and consequent poor relations with employees, unions and regulators. In these operations the characteristics to be observed are quite different.Serious incidents are occurring with no sign of a rate decrease. The operation lurches from one panic ituation to another. Management are absent in their leadership, but very active in developing rules and enforcement methodologies. The operation has no history. Re-inventing the wheel with employees who come and go at an alarming rate seems to be forever occurring. All efforts are directed at controlling the business outputs with a strong emphasis on blame. Everyone is trying to look busy to avoid the ever-present cost reduction threats. To change to more prudent management utilising a Due Diligence Process is not theoretically difficult. However it does take clear direction, focussed efforts, supporting actions with appropriate tools and perhaps most importantly an internal desire and drive to become such an operation. A Due Diligence Process is about doing the important things that have to be done, providing the understanding of why they are important, demonstrating proof of activity and effectiveness, and leading the way through effective management.

Jan 1, 1998

By E C. Holloway

"The financial valuation of mining assets has a number of fundamental differences to the valuation of many other asset groupings. One such difference is that typically, the greater proportion of both the cost and revenue sides of the cash flow are inherently governed by systemic market forces.As a result, the range of outcomes for the valuation of each mining asset is more unpredictable, with higher levels of risk and uncertainty. In contrast, the management function of many other non-mining businesses or industry groups can control at least a portion of the cash flow by maintaining the margin or controlling the sales price. The management teams of mining businesses and operations typically have limited options, and are thus price-takers for both costs and revenues. As mining is an inherently cyclical industry, large, long-life operations can exist through several price cycles, making valuation both subjective and challenging.The outcomes of both static- and stochastic-based valuations, as well as the internal probabilities of the associated cash flow statements, are significantly impacted when the correlations between the appropriate parameters are quantified, modelled and incorporated into the valuation framework. The appropriate parameters for correlation modelling primarily include those that are governed by systemic market forces. Applying this process results in a different risk profile for the asset by allowing the risks resulting from systemic market movements to be more accurately quantified and then objectively minimised. This process also reduces the level of residual uncertainty in the valuation outcome.This paper presents a valuation methodology to pragmatically incorporate this level of valuation sophistication and statistically quantify the associated increase in the level of confidence of the valuation outcomes reported.CITATION:Holloway, E C, 2016. Correlated valuation methodology, in Proceedings Project Evaluation 2016, pp 181–200 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Mar 8, 2016