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By Jeane Hull

Jan 1, 2009

By S. Feuerstein, J. M. Galligan

SURFACE effects in the deformation of metal single crystals have been noted by a variety of workers.&apos; A large majority of these experiments have used surface roughening or a second chemical constituent at the surface. We performed the following experiment to see how the presence of a fine polycrystalline layer influenced the stress-strain behavior of single crystals of zinc. Spherical single crystals oriented for single slip were acid-machined into cylindrical dumbbell-shape shear specimens having a gage length of 3.2 mm and a cross section of 20 sq mm. The crystals were then deformed varying amounts at the surface of the gage section with emery paper. Following this treatment, the crystals were heated for approximately 8 hr at 200°C. This resulted in a polycrystalline surface layer, with an observed grain size of approximately 1/10 mm in diameter. Deformation of these crystals was undertaken at 78°K in pure shear, the shear direction <1120> lying in the basal plane. The deformation apparatus has been described elsewhere.2 The presence of a polycrystalline layer markedly raises the first observed plastic deformation, as can be seen from Fig. 1. This yield stress is then followed by a region of low work hardening comparable to that observed in shear tests on similar untreated zinc single crystals. However, the extent of easy glide is quite seriously curtailed, and is followed by a more rapid increase in work hardening, reminiscent of Stage II observed in the deformation of fcc crystals. The higher yield can probably be attributed to the difficulty of penetrating the grain boundaries by dis locations from sources interior to the boundaries. If we associate this yield stress with this breakthrough, then we might expect that more dislocations would be trapped in the crystal than is normally the case. If there is an increased density of trapped dislocations, this could lead to an increase in the amount of trapping with increasing strain, giving a larger strain hardening in the crystal. Although other explanations can be given, it is quite tempting to characterize the region of increased work hardening as a manifestation of Stage II-type deformation. This seems reasonable if the polycrystalline layer is quite efficient in holding up a large number of dislocations. In zinc crystals, since it is well-known that the slip distance can be as large as the specimen dimensions, one would only expect to entrap a large number of dislocation with very large crystals or by applying surface layers. If this interpretation of increased strain hardening is correct, it might present a method of studying Stage II in single crystals of zinc. This research was supported, in part, by the Office of Naval Research (1959). The encouragement and stimulation given by Professor E. R. Parker is gratefully acknowledged.

Jan 1, 1965

By G. Bonifazi

The study of minero-petrographical characteristics and the subsequent textural and structural characterization of an ore mineral represents the first step of each industrial processing whose aim is the beneficiation of each valuable mineral phase present inside the ore. Analytical, mineralogical and petrographical, chemical and multispectral image analyses based investigations, applied to eclogitic ore samples deriving form "in situ" sampling campaigns, were applied. These procedures enabled to point out some textural and structural aspects characteristics of ore litotypes belonging to eclogitic-amphibolitic dikes. Such dikes are characterized by a paragenesis constituted mainly by siliceous gangue and accessory "useful titanium minerals" as rutile [TiO2], "pseudolilmenite", ilmenite [FeTiO3] and sphene [CaTiSiO5]. In the beneficiation process applied to ore s is of preliminary importance to establish a strategy in order to obtain a recovery of high quality "mono-minerals concentrates" as rutile, "pseudolimenite", ilmenite and phene. To reach this goal is thus necessary to develop a preliminary study of the textural, structural, petrochemical and minerochemical characteristics of the samples. Different ore samples (eclogitic rocks), resulting from sampling campaigns carried out in the Piampaludo area (Sassello district: Savona, Northern Italy), are examined.

Jan 1, 1994

By M. Paymardi, A. Foroutan, T. P. Oladele, M. Abbaszadeh

"Reducing the amount of zinc and iron in lead concentrate is one of the important aspects of processing in lead and zinc flotation plants which results in improvement of lead concentrate quality and prevents zinc loss. In mineral flotation industries, lignin sulfonates are known for their depressant properties for both non-metallic and sulfide minerals such as pyrite and pyrrhotite.This paper investigates the effect of lignin sulfonate on flotation of galena, sphalerite and pyrite in sulfidic lead and zinc bearing ores. Batch flotation tests were carried out on a high pre-activated zinc samples. The feed contains 0.9% lead, 2.3% zinc and 7.5% iron. The dosage of all reagents such as sodium cyanide, zinc sulfate, ethyl xanthate and methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC) were kept constant for lead flotation step except calcium lignin sulfonate (CLS) that was varied between 0 and 80 gr/ton.Results for lead rougher concentrate showed that the grade of lead increased by 2.7% while the recovery decreased around 4 % at the highest dosage of CLS. Furthermore, zinc recovery decreased by 6.3% with no significant change in grade. Iron recovery in lead rougher concentrate decreased by 2.3 % while the grade changed around 1%. In sphalerite flotation step, CLS dosage was changed in the range of 0 to 80 gr/ton while the dosage of other reagents such as copper sulfate, lime, amil xanthate and MIBC were kept constant. In this step, no decreasing in grade and recovery of zinc was observed, while iron recovery decreased. It was suggested that CLS has a depression effect on sphalerite in conjunction with other zinc depressants such as zinc sulfate and sodium cyanide. CLS was further used in plant with non-pre-activated zinc minerals. Similar trends were observed in plant.INTRODUCTIONlead-zinc sulfide minerals play an important role in the production of lead and zinc metals in the mineral processing industry (Luo, Feng et al. 2016). Due to complexity of the lead-zinc ores mineralogy, in some situations, their flotation properties vary significantly from one deposit to another one even in itself (Bulatovic 2007)."

Jan 1, 2018

By W. L. Cornell, F. W. Benn

The U.S. Bureau of Mines investigated froth flotation techniques to remove heavy metals (Pb, Cu, and Zn) from southeast Missouri lead mill tailings. It has been estimated that southeast Missouri contains between 200 and 300 million st of Pb tailings stored above ground. The tailings were classified as two distinct types: (1) pre- 1968 tailings from the Old Lead Belt (some more than 100 years old) and (2) post-1968 tailings from the New Lead Belt. The objectives of the investigation were to reduce the Pb remaining in the tailings to (500 ppm (<0.05% Pb) and to attempt to recover a marketable concentrate to offset a portion of the remediation costs. The remaining dolomite-limestone would then be used as mining backfill or agricultural limestone. Bench- scale froth flotation removed, in percent, 95 Pb, 84 Cu, and 54 Zn, leaving 94% of the original weight containing, in parts per million, 400 Pb, 40 Cu, and 300 Zn from the Old Lead Belt tailings. Separate flotation tests also removed, in percent, 85 Pb, 84 Cu, and 80 Zn, leaving 75% of the original weight containing, in parts per million, 400 Pb, 200 Cu, and 500 Zn from the New Lead Belt tailings . Concentrates recovered from the Old Lead Belt were retreated to produce a final Pb concentrate containing 72% Pb with a cleaner flotation recovery of 79%. Froth flotation proved to be a viable method to remove the heavy metals.

Jan 1, 1992

By Clarence Balke

SMALL buttons of fused tantalum have been produced by are fusion in a vacuum, by drawing an arc between sticks of pressed tantalum and a tantalum-faced water-cooled copper block. However, ingots of appreci-able size can be produced only by the heat-treatment of bars pressed from powder. The following outline covering the production of finished bars of tantalum by the methods of powder metallurgy is also used for the production of columbium, taking into account the difference in the melting points of these two metals. PRESSING THE POWDER With possibly a few exceptions, a pressing operation is one of the essential steps in the practice of powder metallurgy. In fact, the author&apos;s experience with a number of high-melting-point metals and with numer-ous types of hard carbide compositions has led him to believe that this operation is often one of the most important in the- entire process, and frequently one of the most difficult to carry out in a satisfactory manner. Defects clue to improper pressing can readily lead to a defective finished product. It is the author&apos;s opinion that rarely is a bar or other article pressed from metal powder in such a way that all parts of the piece are uniformly pressed. The nearest approach to uniformity of pressing is possibly attained when the powder is contained in a flexible receptacle, such as rubber, and is pressed under a liquid by hydrostatic pressure. However, this method is not generally applicable. Hydraulic pressing in steel dies where one or two punches are forced into the die must usually be resorted to. As the pressure in such a die is built up, the powder begins to cling to the walls of the die with a tenacity dependent upon the nature of the powder, and this results in a bridging action, so that the layers of powder adjacent to the moving punch are pressed more heavily than those further removed in the mass. Frequently, as the pressure is carried higher, there may be a mass slippage of the powder upon itself, with the result that slip cracks are formed within the pressed

Jan 1, 1938

By J F. Davies

A review is presented of the fundamental differences between the Superior and Churchill geologic provinces. Structure, lithology, grade of metamorphism and a single recent age determination suggest that the Flin Flon -Snow Lake and Lynn Lake belts are remnant blocks of originally Superior rocks lying within the Churchill province. Major mineral belts occur along the main boundary between the Superior and Churchill provinces (the Thompson -Moak Lake nickel belt) and within the remnant Superior blocks inside the Churchill province (Fiin Flon -Snow Lake and Lynn Lake). During the Hudsonian orogeny, metamorphic gradients must have existed across the Churchill-Superior boundary and between the remnants of Superior rocks and the enclosing gneisses of the Churchill province. It is possible that not only the unusual nickel deposits of the Thompson belt but also the base metal deposits of the Flin Flon -Snow Lake and Lynn Lake districts are due to redistribution, or diffusion and migration of metals to areas of lower-grade metamorphism during the Hudsonian orogeny.

Jan 1, 1964

By Daniel Lovera, Freddy Sojo, Edwin Manrique

El agua de mina es un problema constante en las empresas minero metalúrgicas debido a su alta acidez y contenido de iones disueltos. Esto ocasiona constantes desembolsos para su tratamiento antes de ser desechado. Mientras los concentrados de cobre por su alto contenido de calcopirita requieren del proceso de tostación para recuperar el cobre valioso generando emisión de gases contaminantes. En esta investigación se emplea 4 soluciones de lixiviación con el agua de mina como componente principal y diferentes concentraciones de cloruro de sodio (NaCl), nitrato de sodio (NaNO3) e hipoclorito de calcio (Ca(ClO)2). El concentrado empleado contiene principalmente calcopirita.

Sep 29, 2023

By D Davies

El presente texto describe la situación del medio ambiente donde se eliminaron residuos de explotación minera, así como se revisa la legislación, el caso del desastre de Aberfan, precaución a raíz del desastre de Aberfan, seguridad, requerimiento de la junta nacional del carbón, las consecuencias financieras, la minería a cielo abierto, los problemas de las aguas, técnicas de control, las sustancias contaminadoras dentro de los afluentes de las minas de carbóny los efectos de la conservación de los ríos en el Reino Unido de la Gran Bretaña.

Jul 1, 1981

By David B. Reger

Wildcat drilling for new supplies of gas and the expansion of previously discovered oil and gas pools were the principal petroleum activities in West Virginia .during 1942. Much of the new gas exploration is still uncompleted and still indecisive but various wildcats made substantial extensions to existing pools. Out of 53 wildcats drilled 27 resulted in commercial gas and 6 in commercial oil. Four of the oil discoveries also had commercial gas. No strictly new pools of oil or gas can safely be described as discovered but several scattered oil and gas wells previously drilled have been confirmed as the openers of definite pools; also, various completions closed wide gaps between apparent gas pools already discovered. The proved oil territory of the state was increased about 4850 acres and the proved gas territory about 51,000 acres. The new proved oil reserves should about balance withdrawals and the new gas may represent a substantial increase. Aside from the drilling in four rather lively pools, oil activity was slight because of unfavorable operating conditions and prices. Gas drilling also declined for reasons beyond the control of the operators. The account of operations, as gathered from trade journals and other reporting services, shows that 797 new wells were drilled, providing 119 new oil wells with 2762 bbl. of daily new production; 536 new gas wells with 1,228,501,000 CU. ft. of daily open flow: and 142 dry holes. Also... 76 old wells were drilled to deeper sands, with 71 bbl. and 26,034,000 cu, ft. of added production. On the new wells the oil average was 23.21 bbl. per well per day; and the gas average was 2,270,406 CU. ft. per well per day. On new wells the ratio of dry holes to completions was 17.82 per cent. On deeper drilling the ratio of failures was 21.05 per cent. Production of oil for the year was estimated by the Oil ad Gas Journal as 3,492,000 bbl., as compared with 3,378,000 bbl. in 1941. Production of natural gas for the year is estimated by the author as 220,000,000,000 cu. ft., as compared with the U. S. Bureau of Mines final figures of 207,000,000,000 cu. ft.* in 1941. General State op Industry Leasing of wildcat acreage increased considerably. The total land of all classes under lease may now exceed 5,000,000 acres. Taking into consideration completions, abandonments and corrected figures or estimates, Table I shows cumulative and late annual statistics. New Pools and Extensions Table 2 shows the principal areas of drilling activity during 1942. Various consolidations of territory, hitherto treated as separate pools, have been made. in addition to these active pools, extensive drilling was done in numerous other areas where pool boundaries can hardly be defined. Summary or Exploration Table 3 gives a summary of important wildcat or exploratory wells drilled during

Jan 1, 1943

By David B. Reger

Wildcat drilling for new supplies of gas and the expansion of previously discovered oil and gas pools were the principal petroleum activities in West Virginia .during 1942. Much of the new gas exploration is still uncompleted and still indecisive but various wildcats made substantial extensions to existing pools. Out of 53 wildcats drilled 27 resulted in commercial gas and 6 in commercial oil. Four of the oil discoveries also had commercial gas. No strictly new pools of oil or gas can safely be described as discovered but several scattered oil and gas wells previously drilled have been confirmed as the openers of definite pools; also, various completions closed wide gaps between apparent gas pools already discovered. The proved oil territory of the state was increased about 4850 acres and the proved gas territory about 51,000 acres. The new proved oil reserves should about balance withdrawals and the new gas may represent a substantial increase. Aside from the drilling in four rather lively pools, oil activity was slight because of unfavorable operating conditions and prices. Gas drilling also declined for reasons beyond the control of the operators. The account of operations, as gathered from trade journals and other reporting services, shows that 797 new wells were drilled, providing 119 new oil wells with 2762 bbl. of daily new production; 536 new gas wells with 1,228,501,000 CU. ft. of daily open flow: and 142 dry holes. Also... 76 old wells were drilled to deeper sands, with 71 bbl. and 26,034,000 cu, ft. of added production. On the new wells the oil average was 23.21 bbl. per well per day; and the gas average was 2,270,406 CU. ft. per well per day. On new wells the ratio of dry holes to completions was 17.82 per cent. On deeper drilling the ratio of failures was 21.05 per cent. Production of oil for the year was estimated by the Oil ad Gas Journal as 3,492,000 bbl., as compared with 3,378,000 bbl. in 1941. Production of natural gas for the year is estimated by the author as 220,000,000,000 cu. ft., as compared with the U. S. Bureau of Mines final figures of 207,000,000,000 cu. ft.* in 1941. General State op Industry Leasing of wildcat acreage increased considerably. The total land of all classes under lease may now exceed 5,000,000 acres. Taking into consideration completions, abandonments and corrected figures or estimates, Table I shows cumulative and late annual statistics. New Pools and Extensions Table 2 shows the principal areas of drilling activity during 1942. Various consolidations of territory, hitherto treated as separate pools, have been made. in addition to these active pools, extensive drilling was done in numerous other areas where pool boundaries can hardly be defined. Summary or Exploration Table 3 gives a summary of important wildcat or exploratory wells drilled during

Jan 1, 1943

By L. K. Welch, C.W. Macgregor

The past 20 years has seen a revolutionary change in the testing of materials at elevated temperatures. This has largely been brought about by the practical importance of the creep problem in the design of equipment for operation at high temperatures. The short-time tension test carried out at elevated temperatures has consequently assumed in many cases only a secondary role compared with the longtime creep test. In many problems, however, a knowledge of the short-time high-temperature properties of a metal is essential. To mention a few cases in which this is so, we might include all hot-forming operations such as rolling, forging, etc., the welding problem if residual stresses are to be computed, the development of new alloys for high-temperature service where, in the initial stages, time does not permit of long duration creep tests, and others. Usually a knowledge of the short-time properties is desired, if only to serve as a background against which to compare creep behavior. In conducting short-time high-temperature tests, it has been almost the universal practice to determine stresses based on the original area and strains referred to the original gauge length which is usually chosen as 2 in. It has been pointed out1,2 that one of the reasons that the true significance of certain tensile properties is not understood, which perhaps curtails their usefulness, especially when the material is applied under conditions differing considerably from the test conditions, is that true physical stresses and strains are not determined. It is essential to have a knowledge of true stresses and strains in order to correlate the values present in the tension test with those existing, for example, in hot metal-forming operations and in the general problem of the yielding and failure of metals under combined stress conditions. Stress and strain values based on the original dimensions of the test piece do not exist physically except in the early stages of the test. Since at the present time there is very little information in the literature on true stress-strain relations in the short-time high-temperature tension test it is proposed in the following pages to describe a

Jan 1, 1943

By L. K. Welch, C. W. MacGregor

The past 20 years has seen a revolutionary change in the testing of materials at elevated temperatures. This has largely been brought about by the practical importance of the creep problem in the design of equipment for operation at high temperatures. The short-time tension test carried out at elevated temperatures has consequently assumed in many cases only a secondary role compared with the longtime creep test. In many problems, however, a knowledge of the short-time high-temperature properties of a metal is essential. To mention a few cases in which this is so, we might include all hot-forming operations such as rolling, forging, etc., the welding problem if residual stresses are to be computed, the development of new alloys for high-temperature service where, in the initial stages, time does not permit of long duration creep tests, and others. Usually a knowledge of the short-time properties is desired, if only to serve as a background against which to compare creep behavior. In conducting short-time high-temperature tests, it has been almost the universal practice to determine stresses based on the original area and strains referred to the original gauge length which is usually chosen as 2 in. It has been pointed out1,2 that one of the reasons that the true significance of certain tensile properties is not understood, which perhaps curtails their usefulness, especially when the material is applied under conditions differing considerably from the test conditions, is that true physical stresses and strains are not determined. It is essential to have a knowledge of true stresses and strains in order to correlate the values present in the tension test with those existing, for example, in hot metal-forming operations and in the general problem of the yielding and failure of metals under combined stress conditions. Stress and strain values based on the original dimensions of the test piece do not exist physically except in the early stages of the test. Since at the present time there is very little information in the literature on true stress-strain relations in the short-time high-temperature tension test it is proposed in the following pages to describe a

Jan 1, 1943

By E. Dervaric

The main purpose of this paper is to introduce the main strategic restructuring aspects of companies that are directly (coalmines) or indirectly (companies that depend on coalmines) linked to coalmining. An attempt is also made to determine the principal factors required for the successful execution of a restructuring process in companies focused on the basic activities of coalmining, such as companies that provide supporting activities. The restructuring process exerts an influence on the whole area that relies on coalmining. So coordination of activities among the government, the local community, and the coalmine is very important. This is the major premise of this paper. The first section of the paper focuses on identifying and analysing the key factors in restructuring and a selection of key methods, drawing on past and present practice. The key factors to be considered in a model of enterprise restructuring in the coalmining sector are considered. The second section is dedicated to the actual design of the model of enterprise restructuring in the coal industry. The proposed model is based on positive experiences in the restructuring of coalmining companies in Europe, with an emphasis on Slovenia, successful approaches to crisis management in corporations, and identifying key areas in bringing about a strategic turnarounds in company operation. To support the argument for the key business areas, a brief summary of empiric findings has been included to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed model and the restructuring process. The summary is based on the survey done in both Slovenian coalmining companies (especially in Velenje Coal Mine) and their subsidiaries. The conclusion integrates key findings and outlines issues for further consideration and discussion. Keywords: restructuring, coalmining, Velenje Coal Mine, strategic factors, restructuring model.

Jan 1, 2008

By C. H. Bucknam, S. A. Wilson, G. E. McClelland

The Meteoric Water Mobility Procedure (MWMP) was developed in the State of Nevada during the 1980’s as part of their mine waste characterization programs. During the 1990’s the Waste Subcommittee of the Nevada Mining Association (NvMA) contacted ASTM Subcommittee E01.02 on Ores, Concentrates and Related Metallurgical Materials to undertake a standardization program for the method. A cooperative program was developed in conjunction with the Acid Drainage Technology Metal Mining Sector (ADTI-MMS)Prediction Committee, which involved eight of the NvMA labs performing duplicate leaching tests on two test materials: a coarse fraction of the USGS Hard Rock Mine Waste standard and a typical spoils sample from a heap leach operation undergoing closure in Nevada. Solutions for metals analysis were preserved and sent to the USGS Laboratories in Denver to determine the reproducibility and repeatability of the leaching. The history of the method and reference material and the results of the interlaboratory testing and statistical analyses will be presented.

Jan 1, 2003

By Reuben B. Ellestad, Fremont F. Clarke

Lithium chemical plant extraction methods are discussed with reference to 1) base exchange with alkali sulphates; 2) processing based on roasting with lime; 3) miscellaneous methods; and 4) application of the Lithium Corp. process to extraction of lithium from run-of-mine, low grade spodumene ore, or concentrates. IN the early days of the lithium industry most of the production was from lepidolite, zinnwaldite, and amblygonite. Nearly all the early extraction processes described in the literature involve heating the finely ground mineral with sulphuric or hydrochloric acid. On subsequent water leaching most of the bases present in the mineral (especially aluminum) are dissolved as sulphates. As a result, the leach solution required extensive chemical purification before the lithium could be precipitated as carbonate. Following the remarkable growth of the lithium industry to its present size, zinnwaldite and amblygonite ores must be considered of minor importance only. Attention is now focused on spodumene, abundant enough in North America to be a major source of supply, and there are important supplies of lepidolite and petalite in Africa. The extraction processes described below all apply to spodumene, although several will also operate on other lithium minerals, such as petalite. Base Exchange with Alkali Sulphates: A distinct advance was made with the disclosures of Wadman and von Girsewalt. In these methods the finely ground silicate ore (spodumene or lepidolite) is intimately mixed with an excess of alkali sulphate (usually K2SO4) in at least a 1 to 1 proportion, and the mixture was heated to a relatively high temperature. Base exchange results, with the formation of lithium sulphate. A water leach dissolves the lithium sulphate, together with the excess potassium sulphate. Successful operation of this type of process requires very thorough grinding and mixing, as well as careful temperature control. The use of K2SO4 is objectionable from cost considerations since purification of lithium carbonate requires the use of potassium carbonate, if the K2SO4 is to be recovered and recycled. The lower solubility of K2SO4 as compared with Na2S04 is also objectionable, since it limits the concentration of the Li2SO4 solution to be precipitated by K2SO4. Early laboratory-scale investigation of this process by Lithium Corp. was not encouraging. Other related base exchange processes are those of Lindblad, Wallden, and Sivander3 and Sivander, Gard, Villestad, and Wallen4. The former covers the reaction of lithium silicate minerals with a sodium sulphate solution, at 100" to 300°C (under pressure), while the latter involves the extraction of silicate minerals with molten sodium sulphate. Both these processes would seem to be difficult and expensive to operate.

Jan 1, 1956

By Howard S. Bryant

Kansas maintained its fourth position on the list of all oil-producing states, for the ninth consecutive year. Total crude-oil production during 1935, as reported by the Oil & Gas Journal, was 53,364,446 bbl. on 97 per rent tank table calculations. This represented an increase of 17 per cent over the production in 1934, which had been the all-time peak of production in Kansas up to that time. Many of the 51 new discoveries of the year, listed in Table 2, did not have a pipe line outlet until about January, 1936; therefore did not contribute to the 1935 production of the state. The potential of all wells in Kansas at the end of the year was 998,-000 bbl. per day, and the daily allowable was 143,000 bbl. per day, showing proration to the extent of 14 per cent of capacity, under the rules of the State Corporation Commission. Several important new pipe lines were built into western Kansas by extending older lines from east to northwest, providing additional outlets for new crude-oil production, and increasing the service facilities from the older oil fields. The crude-oil price level remained unchanged throughout 1935 as it did in 1934, the price of Kansas 36" gravity crude being quoted at $1 per barrel. However, on Jan. 9, 1936, the price of this gravity oil was raised to $1.10 per barrel. Following the trend of the past several years, drilling activity was largely in western Kansas, and showed a still farther westward push from last year. A relatively high percentage of successful wildcat wells at a relatively shallow drilling depth, combined with the expiration of leased acreage assembled before the depression, caused the rapid exploration and development campaign, begun in 1934, to continue. This has caused the opening of more new fields in 1935 than during any previous year in the history of oil production in Kansas. A summary of the results of drilling in western Kansas is given in Table 2. Eastern Kansas had considerable drilling, showed six new fields or extensions of oil fields, but in the limited space of this paper such developments cannot be described.

Jan 1, 1936

By Howard S. Bryant

Kansas maintained its fourth position on the list of all oil-producing states, for the ninth consecutive year. Total crude-oil production during 1935, as reported by the Oil & Gas Journal, was 53,364,446 bbl. on 97 per rent tank table calculations. This represented an increase of 17 per cent over the production in 1934, which had been the all-time peak of production in Kansas up to that time. Many of the 51 new discoveries of the year, listed in Table 2, did not have a pipe line outlet until about January, 1936; therefore did not contribute to the 1935 production of the state. The potential of all wells in Kansas at the end of the year was 998,-000 bbl. per day, and the daily allowable was 143,000 bbl. per day, showing proration to the extent of 14 per cent of capacity, under the rules of the State Corporation Commission. Several important new pipe lines were built into western Kansas by extending older lines from east to northwest, providing additional outlets for new crude-oil production, and increasing the service facilities from the older oil fields. The crude-oil price level remained unchanged throughout 1935 as it did in 1934, the price of Kansas 36" gravity crude being quoted at $1 per barrel. However, on Jan. 9, 1936, the price of this gravity oil was raised to $1.10 per barrel. Following the trend of the past several years, drilling activity was largely in western Kansas, and showed a still farther westward push from last year. A relatively high percentage of successful wildcat wells at a relatively shallow drilling depth, combined with the expiration of leased acreage assembled before the depression, caused the rapid exploration and development campaign, begun in 1934, to continue. This has caused the opening of more new fields in 1935 than during any previous year in the history of oil production in Kansas. A summary of the results of drilling in western Kansas is given in Table 2. Eastern Kansas had considerable drilling, showed six new fields or extensions of oil fields, but in the limited space of this paper such developments cannot be described.

Jan 1, 1936

By Dirk van Zyl, Lysa Morishita

Mining companies are increasingly approaching the social aspect of sustainable development within the rural communities that neighbour their projects and operations. Rural community engagement requires significant effort and resources, and it can be extremely challenging for mining companies to earn and sustain social capital. The focus on rural, proximal community engagement is not to be understated and has led to significant benefits in many communities. However, opposition to mining projects is often exhibited in urban environments, where there may be potential for mining companies to gain social capital with relative ease. Cities tend to have existing frameworks for community engagement and public activation, such as annual parades and festivals, that make it easy for a mining company to provide financial support or value-in-kind. Local organizations and community groups can achieve the same amount of engagement in an urban environment with significantly less effort required from the mining company. By applying simple marketing principles to community engagement strategies, corporations can increase awareness for their business and encourage city residents to think critically about the origin of resources. Unlike many corporations, mining companies are not marketing or selling products to individual consumers. From this arises the opportunity for a company to use marketing to promote other positive initiatives and, as such, connect their brand with positive messaging thus earning social capital. This may lead to a wide variety of secondary impacts including benefits to recruitment efforts, increased political support, and positive media coverage. This paper explores these matters with special reference to Vancouver, BC, Canada and the mining companies Teck and Goldcorp.

Jan 1, 2017

Provide mine safety personnel, MSHA inspectors, and original-equipment manufacturers with guidelines and a check list for inspecting rollover protection structures (ROPS) being used in mining operations. The Problem ROPS are provided on mobile surface mining equipment to protect operators from such safety hazards as machine rollovers, falling objects, and collisions. However, the protective capability of a ROPS can be greatly reduced if it is damaged. Certain kinds of damage, such as hair- line cracks, corrosion, and loosened bolts, may occur as a result of normal machine use but may not be recognized as unsafe by untrained personnel. Therefore, the Bureau of Mmes designed a manual which can be used by mine personnel when inspecting ROPS equipment. The Manual The manual was prepared to help acquaint mine safety personnel and MSHA inspectors with typical ROPS deficiencies and their causes. It provides a systematic means for inspecting ROPS so that the identified deficiencies and their causes can be corrected. It is suggested that an inspection of the ROPS be conducted after every 1,000 h of equipment operation, or sooner if the structure has been subjected to any unusual loads which could cause damage, such as a rollover, highwall caving, or collision. The manual also details common deficiencies in the structure and attachment hardware which may affect the service life. The checklist, when used as instructed in the manual, provides a means for systematically inspecting the structure to ensure maximum protective capability and conformance with applicable Federal regulations.

Jan 1, 1986