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By A. V. Henry, W. Harry Vaughan

THE kaolins of the southeastern United States were known to civilization as early as the latter part of the eighteenth century-and yet the [ ] commercial history of Georgia kaolins may be said to begin in the year 1900. The U. S. Bureau of Mines reported for that year a production of 6885 tons of "miscellaneous" clays in Georgia. A comparison of these figures with those of 1934, when the production rose to 284,556 tons (65 per cent of the domestic production), indicates the growing economic and technologic importance of this raw material. Fig. 1 clearly shows that a part of the increase is due to a normal growth in the use of kaolinitic clays and a part is due to replacement of clays formerly imported. Occurrence Georgia kaolin occurs in an irregular belt extending diagonally across the middle of the state, a distance of approximately 225 miles. This belt

Jan 1, 1937

By Thomas V. Durkin

About 1.41 kt (45.2 million oz) of gold have been ! produced in South Dakota since 1875. South Dakota's mining laws attempt to strike a balance between economic development and environmental protection. Mining is promoted as an industry while prevention of pollution is required along with reclamation of affected lands to a beneficial use. The South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources' (DENR) system of "one-stop shop- ping" for environmental permits streamlines the permit process. It fosters quick resolutions to compliance problems and helps keep enforcement actions out of the courts. Paha Sapa means "Hills that are Black" in Dakota Sioux. Appearing dark from a distance due to a thick forest of Ponderosa pine, the Black Hills were gold to many people. The exact date that gold was discovered in the Black Hills remains debatable. An inscribed stone tablet found in 1887 near Spearfish recorded these words:

Jan 1, 1998

By Adrian Moore, Alan Richards

A real-time system for prediction of the effect of meteorological conditions on airblast overpressure levels has been established in the Hunter Valley Coalfield in Australia. Real-time meteorological data from continuously operating sounding equipment and a predictive meteorological model is input to an atmospheric refraction model that enables the effect of meteorology on airblast overpressure levels in the area surrounding the blast site to be evaluated. Graphical outputs from the model, which are superimposed over a scaled airphoto of the mine and surrounding area, show the extent that airblast levels will be increased. When combined with inputs that quantify the effect of blasting specifications, the airblast levels that will result in the surrounding area from the combined effect of blasting specifications is determined. The model permits those responsible for blasting to make more accurate decisions on suitable times that blasting may take place to conform with applicable airblast limits.

Jan 1, 2009

By Jorge Costa Silva Filho

Neste trabalho é apresentado o estudo sobre a obtenção de nanofibras de poli(acrilonitrila-co-acetato de vinila) (PANVA). Com o desenvolvimento da nanociência e da nanotecnologia; novos métodos de processamento de PANVA podem ser utilizados para a obtenção de nanofibras e microfibras de PANVA. Neste trabalho, as nanofibras de PANVA foram obtidas por meio do uso da técnica de eletrofiação. Os resultados de microscopia eletrônica de varredura mostraram a obtenção de nanofibras de PANVA com diâmetro médio de ~100 nm. Estas amostras foram submetidas a um tratamento termooxidativo a diferentes temperaturas, 220, 240 e 260°C, sob atmosfera de oxigênio. Os resultados mostraram alterações nas características da manta obtida, indicando a possível ocorrência do processo de formação de estruturas cíclicas a partir da unidade de acrilonitrila presente na estrutura da PANVA.

Aug 16, 2017

By Giulliane Meireles Casali Gonçalves Torres

Os arrebentamentos que ocorrem durante o processo de trefilação geram impacto na produtividade e rendimento operacional em função do retrabalho gerado na realização de solda cada vez que o material se rompe e consequentemente no tempo perdido para execução desta etapa. A metalografia é a ferramenta mais eficiente para caracterização das causas dos arrebentamentos durante a trefilação. Faz-se necessário a utilização de microscopia e aplicação dos reativos específicos destinados a revelar a origem da anomalia. O presente trabalho objetiva mostrar os principais tipos de fraturas na trefilação e suas respectivas origens, através do estudo de quatro casos distintos, são eles: fratura resultante de quebras internas (rupturas centrais), fratura dútil por tração, fraturas resultantes de quebras na solda e fraturas lascadas causadas por formação de “pé de corvo”. Os resultados das análises mostram de forma objetiva se a anomalia foi gerada a partir da matéria prima (defeitos superficiais no fio máquina) ou problemas de processo/operacionais durante a trefilação.

Aug 17, 2017

By Kelly Cristina Ferreira

A determinação do consumo energético e o dimensionamento da etapa de moagem tem sido objeto de estudo de diversos pesquisadores desde o século XIX, iniciandose com Rittinger e Kick. Mais recentemente, outras técnicas, envolvendo modelagem matemática do processo têm sido aplicadas com sucesso. O material em estudo é um minério de ferro itabirítico da região de Morro do Pilar. Foram estudadas as etapas de moagem primária e remoagem. Diferentes metodologias foram utilizadas para determinação do consumo específico de energia na moagem primária, além da determinação dos parâmetros de quebra e seleção para diferentes colares de corpos moedores e otimização do circuito pré-dimensionado. Os resultados indicaram um consumo específico de energia pequeno para o minério em questão. Além disso, o teste de WI de Bond, com escalpe inicial na malha de controle, apresentou valores mais próximos do valor simulado.

Aug 17, 2017

By Herman Pessoa Lima Júnior, José Brant de Campos, Rodrigo Felix de Araujo Cardoso, Paulo Renato Barbosa Marinho, Rauni Coelho da Costa

A técnica de SAXS é um método analítico que possibilita a determinação de diversas propriedades em nanomateriais, onde o colimador é a parte mais importante da óptica deste tipo de equipamento, sendo sua fabricação um desafio. Software de CAD 3D e 2D foram utilizados no desenvolvimento e fabricação de um bloco de colimação e testes comparativos foram realizados com fontes de raios X. Os testes mostraram que a geometria do feixe colimado é condizente com os modelos geométricos previamente resolvidos.

Oct 1, 2019

By A. Cadieux, J. -B. Pineault, C. Allaire

The temperature measurement of the molten metal in the aluminum transformation process is of prime importance. This is particularly the case for aluminum treatment furnaces, such as holding and melting furnaces. Such reverberatory type of furnaces involve a thermal gradient across the metal line which limits the life of conventional thermocouple protective ceramic shields, due to the action of locally induced thermal stresses. This paper presents a novel thermocouple assembly using a composite refractory protective shield allowing long term resistance to such above conditions. Example of results obtained from various tests in aluminum holding furnaces are presented. The results confirm the superiority of the novel thermocouple assembly, as compared to conventional thermocouple units.

Jan 1, 2004

By G. J. Koons, J. L. Uhrie

Field density studies carried out at the Phelps Dodge Chino Mine have found that truck-induced compaction is limited to the upper 2.4 m (8 ft) of an individual lift. Hydraulic properties of material compacted to field densities were determined in a laboratory setting. Saturated flow models were then run, simulating the effect of compacted zones within a stockpile. Modeling shows that compaction can prevent solution flow through large portions of the stockpile. This implies that care must be taken to ensure that ripping is carried out to a depth of at least 2.4 m (8 ft) across the entire stockpile to achieve uniform solution flow. Uniform solution flow will result in maximum leach recovery.

Jan 1, 2002

By M Eichorn

Running a successful reagent plant trial is not an easy task, especially when trying to achieve an incremental improvement in a highly variable process, such as flotation. Cytec aims to achieve one per cent recovery improvement with 90 per cent statistical confidence. Most concentrators experience large fluctuations in recovery and so the æmagicalÆ one per cent is difficult to detect. With the aid of statistical software, including REFDISTR (proprietary) and ECHIPR, Cytec have developed a unique approach to differentiate between daily operational variation and actual process improvement. This paper describes how Cytec runs a plant trial based on extensive laboratory investigation and detailed analysis of historical plant data using statistical techniques.

Jan 1, 2000

By F. Seymour

A modified three-dimensional Lerches-Grossmann (LG) graph tree algorithm that generates the complete set of nested maximum valued pits in a single run is presented. This modified LG algorithm looks at the relative strength (average value) of the branches (groups of blocks). Pointers are allocated and pruned until there are no members of weaker (lower average value) branches overlying members of stronger (higher average value) branches. The final set of strong branches arc listed in order of decreasing strength. The pits they represent form the maximum valued convex hull for a single-variable pit-limit parameterization. A description of the algorithm is given along with examples of lion it has been applied at Newmont.

Jan 1, 1996

By Robert L. Opila

Negative electrodes for alkaline nickel-metal hydride batteries composed of MmNi3.5Al0.8Co0.7, where Mm is misch metal, have been characterized electrochermically and using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The stability and rapid hydriding and dehydriding kinetics of the alloy in KOH are attibuted to a surface film. The protective surface film is shown to consist of an porous, outer hydrated layer and a dense, inner oxide layer. In addition, metallic nickel and cobalt are found throughout the film, and are presumed to form a conductive, percolative network that permits rapid electron transfer from the bulk to the solution, allowing rapid electrochemical formation of atomic hydrogen.

Jan 1, 1997

By Ulf Marklund, Stig Markstrom

Pioneering work with pilot scale autogenous grinding started in Boliden 1956. From 1961 to 1991 eleven fully autogenous grinding (AG) circuits have been installed at various concentrators within the Boliden company. A compact two-stage grinding system was de- signed in the beginning of 1970s. The system included a pebble extractor which feed the secondary grinding stage with grinding media. The APC grinding system (Autogenous/Pebble/Crusher) is a further development of the AG concept. A new design of the Boliden pebble extractor together with improved control strategy make the performance of the APC system suitable to almost any ore quality. The Boliden AG concept is probably the most cost efficient grinding system of today.

Jan 1, 1998

By Bayard Morrow

THE copper-bearing ores concentrated at the Anaconda plant of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. are principally a mixture of copper and iron sulfides associated in a gangue consisting of quartz, lightly altered granite and feldspars, with sphalerite and galena and more rarely barite and hubnerite as accessory minerals. The predominant sulfide is pyrite. The copper minerals present are: chalcocite, bornite (Erubescite), enargite, chalcopyrite, covellite, tetrahedrite and some tennantite. Normal concentrator practice removes a slime prior to ball-mill grinding. The deslimed ore is ground to approximately 10 per cent plus 65 mesh for flotation. Two selective flotation circuits are used, one for deslimed ore and one for slime. The metallurgical results obtained are shown in Table 1.

Jan 1, 1933

Over the last two decades, the mining industry has spent considerable time and effort in installing sophisticated control systems (including expert systems) to regulate and improve the performance of AG/SAG mills. Yet the need for these systems is often overlooked – unmeasured and uncontrolled variation in the feed material. With AG/SAG mill technology replacing rod and ball mills as primary grinding equipment, the need for careful and thoughtful feed preparation has gone. To maximise mill throughput, operations need to better understand the ore characteristics affecting AG/SAG mill performance. Industrial operating data will be used to illustrate these ideas and concepts. It is often quite surprising which ore characteristics that are the most influential on mill throughput.

Jan 1, 2004

By M. L. Jeremic

The massive Pb-Zn-Ag sulfide ore body is originated at the contact between the porphyry (footwall) and volcanic (hanging wall). The ore zone is folded and refolded, which results in two different structural geometries of the individual ore bodies. This requires both shrinkage and cut-and-fill mining methods. Strong bedrock resists caving after shrinkage stope completion, so high stress zones are developed below and above the mined area. The cut-and fill system has a limited destressing mechanism, where the stope walls with a backfill exhibiting stress close to a primitive one. This results in closure deformation of the open stope walls, yielding deformations of crown pillars and roof falls of the wide stope backs.

Jan 1, 1985

By Coulter K. W

The commercial evaluation of coking coal from bore core data will begin with a technical evaluation of the coal properties affecting coke quality. Methods currently used for prediction of coke.properties from coal analysis are illustrated but in each case accuracy of measurement and prediction should be clearly understood. It is suggested that coal be initially valued from coking properties (base value) and adjusted for chemical properties (merit value). Final evaluation of coal can only take place as coke in the blast furnace where the coke is assessed under high temperature operating conditions. The commercial value of a particular coking coal will depend on many additional factors other than the technical properties.

Jan 1, 1977

By Q. Chen

The magnetic properties and phase evolution of Nd-lean and/or boron-rich melt- extracted ribbons of Nd98Fe90.2xBx, where x = 6 through 11, have been studied using XRD, DTA, TMA, and VSM. The off-stoichiometric Nd2Fe14B compositions cause additional phases to be present after crystallization and affect the magnetic properties obtained. The crystallization temperature of this alloy series rises with the increasing) boron content. In addition to Nd2Fe14B and a-Fe, Fe3B is detected. It is found that increasing the boron content reduces B, within this composition range. The magnetic properties are directly associated with the relative magnetic phase content in the samples.

Jan 1, 1997

By Vânia L. L. Andrade

Igarapé Bahia Mine is located in Carajás area, northern Brazil. Currently Companhia Vale do Rio Doce operates there a CIP / heap leaching plant treating an oxide gold ore containing about 4 g Au /t and 0,2% Cu, which produces 11 t of gold per year. Recent geological survey has identified a signifcant copper-gold reserve underneath the oxide gold ore. The processing aspects of this copper-gold sulphide ore are described in this paper. It includes ore characterization studies, grinding and flotation tests, orebody variability assessment, flowsheet selection and preliminary economical evaluation Emphasis is given to studies aimed at depressing fluorine bearing minerals to achieve a clean and marketable flotation concentrate.

Jan 1, 1999

By Wiltshire PG

The process uses sodium hydroxide and sodium nitrate reagents as in conventional Harris refining plants, selectively removing the arsenic to the caustic phase at an operating temperature of 420-450¦C. A novel feature of the process concept is continuous treatment of loaded caustic slag for recovery of arsenic as a sandy crystal product suitable for further processing to arsenic trioxide. A large pilot plant was constructed and operated over a period of 3 years to develop materials handling techniques and equipment components and to prove the concept. Stable operations were achieved at equivalent capacities of 200 tonne/yr arsenic removal. The process is being considered in plans for expansion of bullion softening capacity at Port Pirie.

Jan 1, 1984