Search Documents

By V. B. Dale

This report is one of a series covering the mineral resources of the Nation. It briefly describes most of the known tungsten deposits in Gila, Yavapai, and Mohave Counties, Ariz. Many of the descriptions are taken from the reports of previous examinations by Bureau of Mines engineers, and from Defense Minerals Exploration Administration files. Where a previous examination had been made, and an inquiry disclosed that little or no work had been done since that time, pertinent information from the report was used in this paper with acknowledgment of the source. However, the majority of the descriptions is from field examinations by the author. In the past 3 years (July 1956-May 1959) only necessary annual assessment work was conducted on nearly all the properties described in this paper. There was no active mining on any of the properties examined.

Jan 1, 1961

At the end of June, 1938, a new oil field was opened in Egypt, the Ras Gharib. Five wells were completed during the year and gave a total production of 512,988 barrels.' In the Hurghada field production was as follows: Hurghada Field Age of field to end of 1938, years..................... 25 Producing area for gas and oil, acres................ 1,050 Barrels1 Total oil production to end of 1938............... 31,207,754 Total oil production during 1937................ 1,141,356 Total oil production during 1938.................. 1,019,520 Average oil production per acre to end of 1938... 29,719 Average oil production per acre-foot to end of 1938. . . 243.6 Daily average: production in December 1938.......... 2,603.54 Daily average production per well in December 1938. . 34.90 Millions Cu. Ft. Total gas production (Aug. 1925 to end of 1938)... 4,356.7 Total gas production during 1937.................. 222.5 Total gas production during 1938....... . 167.6 Maximum gas daily average of 1938 (ill May 1..... 0.6 Wells Number of producing wells completed to end of 1938 . . 100 Number of producing wells completed during 1938..... 3 Number of wells abandoned during 1938.............. 2 Producing wells at end of 1938 (all pumping)......... 78 Abandoned wells at end of 1938...................... 22 Dry wells at end of 1938......................... 21 Feet Average depth of bottom of producing horizon........ 1,720 Average depth of top of producing horizonlt 1,598 Character of oil, approximate average ill 1938: specific gravity at 60" F'., 0.900; base, mixed. Character of gas, approximate average for 1938: gallons gasoline per 1000 cu. ft. of gas, 6.4. Main producing formation: Nubian sandstone, Cretaceous (PI; sand rock and sandstone.

Jan 1, 1939

At the end of June, 1938, a new oil field was opened in Egypt, the Ras Gharib. Five wells were completed during the year and gave a total production of 512,988 barrels.' In the Hurghada field production was as follows: Hurghada Field Age of field to end of 1938, years..................... 25 Producing area for gas and oil, acres................ 1,050 Barrels1 Total oil production to end of 1938............... 31,207,754 Total oil production during 1937................ 1,141,356 Total oil production during 1938.................. 1,019,520 Average oil production per acre to end of 1938... 29,719 Average oil production per acre-foot to end of 1938. . . 243.6 Daily average: production in December 1938.......... 2,603.54 Daily average production per well in December 1938. . 34.90 Millions Cu. Ft. Total gas production (Aug. 1925 to end of 1938)... 4,356.7 Total gas production during 1937.................. 222.5 Total gas production during 1938....... . 167.6 Maximum gas daily average of 1938 (ill May 1..... 0.6 Wells Number of producing wells completed to end of 1938 . . 100 Number of producing wells completed during 1938..... 3 Number of wells abandoned during 1938.............. 2 Producing wells at end of 1938 (all pumping)......... 78 Abandoned wells at end of 1938...................... 22 Dry wells at end of 1938......................... 21 Feet Average depth of bottom of producing horizon........ 1,720 Average depth of top of producing horizonlt 1,598 Character of oil, approximate average ill 1938: specific gravity at 60" F'., 0.900; base, mixed. Character of gas, approximate average for 1938: gallons gasoline per 1000 cu. ft. of gas, 6.4. Main producing formation: Nubian sandstone, Cretaceous (PI; sand rock and sandstone.

Jan 1, 1939

By Francis Kendorski

One of the most dangerous events in underground coal mining is unexpectedly encountering water inrushes from undetected abandoned mines in the same seam. The surest and most confident method is probe drilling either from the mine or from the surface. However, drilling is expensive and may even miss the suspected mine voids entirely by drilling through pillars. Many operators rely upon one or more of several remote sensing techniques for detecting mine voids. However, mine "voids" often are not air- or water-filled open cavities, but are collapsed, rubble-filled chimneyed columns in the strata. Geophysical techniques, such as seismic reflection and refraction, electrical resistivity, magnetics, ground-penetrating radar, and others, often assume a continuous or fractured rock mass that has varying properties which provide the signatures that allow discrimination of one strata from another, or of strata from voids. However, a rubble-filled cavity has rock block-to-rock block contact throughout its volume and can still respond as a continuous rock mass with the rock blocks allowing signal transmission or mass detection, rather than a void space. Hydraulically, a rubble-filled cavity is essentially as transmissive to water as an open mine void. Thus, the problem of detecting a mine void with confidence is significantly compounded.

Jan 1, 2004

By A. T. Yu

From the very beginning when an ore body is blocked out, till the last ton of mineable ore is shipped to the smelter, consciously or not, a mining engineer is incessantly wrestling with the materials- handling problem. In the mine and the plants, over the haulage routes, and at the shipping terminals, his fundamental responsibility is to see that each ton of ore and/or waste is extracted, processed and moved easily and economically. Success or failure of many a mining enterprise often rests principally with the judicious and effective application of existant materials-handling technique or its innovation. Time and again, key innovations in practicing techniques have turned a losing venture into a successful and profitable one.

Jan 6, 1967

By James Terry Duee

No important producing developments took place in Colombia during the year 1928. This was at least partly due to the paralysis of operations by the passage, during the latter part of 1927, of a law which was regarded by the oil companies as confiscatory and unjust, and the promulgation of exceedingly stringent regulations of this law under decree No. 150, published Jan. 28, 1928. This decree, which contained 24 articles, practically prevented not only producing operations by the oil companies but even such activities as geological explorations and surveying, as severe fines were imposed for the possession of maps not registered with the Ministry of Industries. Both this regulatory decree and the law were subject to attack in the courts by several of the oil companies. The regulatory decree was suspended May 22 by Presidential proclamation, until the suits against it are decided by the Supreme Court and Council of State. Though another law was introduced into the Colombian Congress at a later date, no action was taken on it, and at the time of the writing of this paper, it would appear that no oil bill will pass the Colombian Congress during the present session. The Barco concession, which was revoked in February, 1926, still continues an unsettled matter, although there have been rumors that the government was attempting to come to some decision on this rather difficult question. A hopeful sign toward the close of the year was the settlement of negotiations with the Tropical Oil Co. over the acceptance of the payment for royalties due the government from that company. This settlement, which covered a royalty on crude oil produced from June 30, 1926 to June 30, 1928, represented a cash payment for approximately 3,000,000 barrels. It is to be hoped that during the coming year the Colombian government will see its way clear to clarify its position on petroleum legislation. A good augury for the future was the statement made by President Abadia Mendez on New Year's Day, in which he courageously admitted the errors of previous legislation and said, regarding oil, "Very soon

Jan 1, 1929

By Matthias Pulsfort, Hanna Nissen, Markus Herten

An insufficient integrity of cast in-situ bored piles can lead to a reduction of the load bearing capacity and may require cost intensive repairs. Reasons for an insufficient pile integrity are linked to the construction process, mainly to poor concrete quality leading to bleeding and segregation of the fresh concrete. Moreover, the entrapment of soil and an insufficient concrete cover can pose a problem. Knowledge about the time-dependent development of the fresh concrete pressure during the construction process of bored piles is needed for a better understanding of the underlying processes causing these defects. Therefore, pressure measurements were carried out on different construction sites with pressure cells being installed at different depths along the reinforcement cage. The measurements revealed the maximum pressure acting on the surrounding soil. The achievement is a better understanding of the effects of the concrete placement specifically and the construction process in general on the surrounding soil to reduce the risk of pile imperfections.

Sep 8, 2021

The oil production in Bahrein for the year 1937 was 7,762,264 bbl., a monthly average of 646,855 barrels. Sufficient potential production had been developed in the Second Pay (Main Pay) at Bahrein by the end of 1936 to supply the anticipated crude demand, and the drilling program was changed from straight development to partial exploration during 1937. Two nonproductive wells were drilled to test the Third Pay at a depth of about 2900 ft., or some 900 ft. below the top of Second Pay. As a result of this exploratory work, the normal drilling program was slowed down and only eight new wells were completed in the Second Pay during 1937, making a total of 45 producers from the Second Pay. The deep test was drilling at 5081 ft. at the end of the year. A 550-ft. section (termed Fourth Pay) of porous limestone interbedded with anhydrite was topped at about 4150 ft. Numerous drill-stem tests indicated that the limestone was very permeable and that it carried large volumes of natural gas under high pressure together with a small amount of high-gravity oil or condensate. Drill-stem tests also indicated that the bottom 50 ft. of the 550-ft. section carried an encouraging amount of heavier oil, gravity about 37" A.P.I., with characteristics similar to the oil produced from the Second Pay. A well was started somewhat down-structure from the deep test to better determine the oil-producing possibilities of the Fourth Pay. Some refinements in drilling technique were adopted during the year. All wells started to the Second Pay were drilled with rotary from the surface. The top 1500 ft. of porous limestone section, formerly drilled with cable tools, is now drilled with rotary without circulation, using water to wash the cuttings into cavities. The shale section from this point to the top of the oil horizons is drilled with natural mud circulation. The productive horizons are drilled with oil circulation under pressure control. A second satisfactory method of completing wells was developed when the two Third Pay test wells were plugged back and gun-perforated through cemented casing opposite the Second Pay, with good results.

Jan 1, 1938

By Roy E. Dickerson

No important new developments took place during the year 1937 in Cuba. Estimated figures are as follows: Bacuranao field, 100 bbl. per day petroleum; Motembo and Vesubio areas, 120 bbl. per day natural gasoline.

Jan 1, 1938

Both drilling and production of oil decreased in Rumania during 1935. The drilling totaled 1,042,041 ft. and production 61,973,938 bhl., being a decrease of 8.5 and 1.6 per cent, respectively. Wells completed during the year totaled 198, of which 168 were oil wells, compared with 238 and 215, respectively, of 1934. No important discovery was made during the year. The only new field found was Valea Calugareasca, where the Credit Minier completed a small well on the westward plunge of the anticline. Drilling higher on the structure will probably prove the field to be of greater importance than the results of the discovery well indicate. The only other developments of importance were the extension of the Bucsani field, the opening up of a new area on the northeast of the salt at Moreni by Credit Minier and a minor extension of the West Gura Ocnitei field. At Calinesti, on the cast extension of the Moreni field, exploration work continued and a gas well was completed, but oil in commercial quantities is yet to be found.

Jan 1, 1936

Both drilling and production of oil decreased in Rumania during 1935. The drilling totaled 1,042,041 ft. and production 61,973,938 bhl., being a decrease of 8.5 and 1.6 per cent, respectively. Wells completed during the year totaled 198, of which 168 were oil wells, compared with 238 and 215, respectively, of 1934. No important discovery was made during the year. The only new field found was Valea Calugareasca, where the Credit Minier completed a small well on the westward plunge of the anticline. Drilling higher on the structure will probably prove the field to be of greater importance than the results of the discovery well indicate. The only other developments of importance were the extension of the Bucsani field, the opening up of a new area on the northeast of the salt at Moreni by Credit Minier and a minor extension of the West Gura Ocnitei field. At Calinesti, on the cast extension of the Moreni field, exploration work continued and a gas well was completed, but oil in commercial quantities is yet to be found.

Jan 1, 1936

By Dwayne Tannant, Jeffrey Loeb

Blasting techniques and protective measures exist that can mitigate risks associated with flyrock and the nuisance of vibration, and overpressure. However, these are often misused or not used because there are no prescriptive regulatory requirements and typically urban blasting guidelines do not exist. The relationship between the increasingly negative publicity that the urban blasting industry receives and the existing state of regulatory control on blasting in urban environments is presented.

Jan 1, 2012

By B. W. J. van Rensburg, M. J. Schmidt

Bulk materials handling systems are extensively used in the mining and minerals industry, where a fairly high incidence of structural failure is experienced, notwithstanding design compliance with appropriate standards. A number of case studies are explored to demonstrate how insufficient controls or protection systems have contributed to structural failures on mobile bulk handling equipment. The importance of design integration across engineering disciplines is highlighted. The revision of ISO 5049-1 (1994) is proposed to provide specific rules and guidelines pertaining to machine protection systems. It is further recommended that the structural design engineer of the original equipment manufacturer(OEM) fulfils a more prominent role during the final acceptance and handover of mobile bulk handling equipment, with specific reference to protection systems.

Jan 1, 2015

By Khamis Y. Haramy

This Bureau of Mines paper describes the use of the borehole shear tester (BST) In mines. Assembly and procedure sections explain how the equipment is assembled and used properly. Schematics of the BST, limitations, test hole specifications, data recording and calculations are all explained briefly, and an example of the data collecting and calculations is given to assist understanding.

Jan 1, 1981

Education and training research is a major component of the Bureau of Mines human factors research program. The goal of human factors research is to enhance human performance for the purpose of improving both safety and the profitability of the minerals industries. This is achieved through the design of mining equipment, work tasks, management procedures, and development of human resources. This proceedings volume presents several new developments that are helping to improve the quality and efficiency of health, safety, and occupational skills training in the mining community. Several papers address the issue of how to teach and assess miner abilities to deal with underground mine emergencies. Other papers examine practical procedures for defining and cost justifying the integration of structured training and other performance improvement strategies to enhance the proficiency of the work system.

Jan 1, 1988

By Tim Edwards, Richard Triglavcanin, Ian Arbuthnot, Darren Colwell, Brad Garraway, Ken Roberts

"In the mineral processing industries, there is an increasing need to design thickeners which are able to produce high density underflows usually referred to as “paste”.The behaviour of a flocculated suspension in compression needs to be well understood in order to arrive at a reliable thickener tank configuration (i.e. diameter, cone angle and depth) for a required paste result.As a suspension approaches paste consistency, it’s fluid characteristics change markedly. It develops a high yield stress, and may have an increased tendency to form agglomerates, which lead to a phenomenon known as “rotating beds”, “donuts”, or “islands”. These characteristics present challenges to the designer of the rake mechanism.The subject paper addresses the requirements for designing a paste thickener, covering the following topics:o Testwork for thickener sizingo Design of rake mechanismso Suspension rheology and effect on designo Case studiesTESTWORK AND SIZING FOR PASTE THICKENERSThickening slurries to the maximum possible density (paste) is becoming increasingly common. Applications such as Autoclave feed thickeners, paste backfill and some counter current washing (CCD) circuits are all examples of potential paste thickening applications. The principle of paste thickeners is that the compression zone is much deeper than on either high rate (HRT) or high compression (HCT) units; generally 3 metres or more. As the compression zone gets deeper, theunderflow density for a given flux rate (tph/m2) increases, as a result of two factors:1. Longer bed settling time. Settling flocs move relative to one another and release interstitial fluid when they are in compression. Increasing bed residence time achieves higher density underflow as more fluid is removed.2. The nett weight of the bed creates a compressive force on the settling flocs. This force increases with depth, so that the flocs at the bottom of the bed experience the highest compressive force. This represents the driving force to expel interstitial fluid and hence increase bed density."

Jan 1, 2005

By Scholl EW, Ricken W

The simultaneous presence of fuel, oxygen, and of an ignition source is necessary for an explosion to arise. If one of these conditions is missing an explosion cannot take place. A continuous reduction of oxygen, often applied as a protective measure in surface plants, is not to be considered for underground mining because of possible danger to persons. Therefore, measures for avoiding explosions can only be concerned with lowering methane and coal-dust concentrations to an undangerous level and avoiding ignition sources. As these measures alone are not sufficient, additional ones have to be taken to keep the effect of an explosion as low as possible. Measures for controlling and monitoring methane are essential. Although the formation of dangerous coal dust concentration cannot be avoided it can be reduced. Dust-binding by means of hygroscopic pastes and dusting with limestone dust are effective measures to pre vent explosions.

Jan 1, 1981

By Graham Sim

Agenda ?The Water Challenge ?Examples from Three Case Studies ?Mine Drainage, 99% recovery ?Mine Drainage, 80% recovery ?Road Dust Control ?Technology Development ? Conclusion Global water challenges Assuring sustainable quantity Improving water quality Reducing energy consumption

May 1, 2011

By Adeyemi Adesina, Subhabrata Mishra, Syed Mohammed Mustakim, Malaya Kumar Jena, Shaswat Kumar Das

Utilization of low-grade manganese ore adopting the carbothermic reduction roasting process is a proven method to produce high-grade manganese ore. To minimize industrial waste and protect the environment, gas cleaning plant sludge (GCPS), which is a solid waste from steel industries, was employed as a reductant to perform the reduction roasting process. The optimum conditions to carry out reduction roasting of the low-grade manganese ore were found to be: a roasting temperature of 950 °C, a residence time of 2 h, 40% GCPS as reductant, and magnetic separation at 5000 G for a manganese ore size of –10 mm. A lowgrade manganese ore comprising Mn grade 31.27% and Fe grade 19.78% having a Mn/Fe ratio of 1.58 containing a high silica content of 26.48% was used for the carbothermic reduction roasting having mineral phases of pyrolusite (MnO2) and hematite (Fe2O3) as found from XRD. The gangue minerals were separated during the magnetic separation, and the upgraded product was obtained, which reached a maximum value of TMn 49.5% with RMn 76.55% and TFe 62.19% with RFe 42.51%. In the study, activated charcoal (AC) was also taken as a reductant for comparative analysis; the experimental results revealed that GPCS performed better than that of the AC, showing potential to be used as a reductant in metallurgical industries. However, the resultedMn/Fe ratio was very low for the reduced sample; therefore, it can be used for smelting along with high-grade manganese ores as a feed.

Mar 5, 2021

By Robert M. Doerr

The research objective was to determine the effect of vanadium alloy additions on the oxidation behavior of cobalt-nickel Alloys. Eighteen alloys were reacted with 0 2 at 0.5 arm and 1,351°, 1,389°, and 1,429° K. The alloy compositions consisted of Co-Ni master alloys (0, 22, 50, 70, 91, and 100 wt pct Ni) with V additions of 0, 0.9, and 2.7 wt pct. Large early deviations from, or changes in, the parabolic rate constant were encountered, but the reaction rate in most cases declined approximately in accordance with the parabolic rate law. Relatively, the vanadium degraded the oxidation resistance most at the highest nickel contents. In some cases, melting of the oxide was inferred from microscopic evidence and X-ray diffraction measurements disclosed the presence of low-melting vanadates.

Jan 1, 1970