Search Documents

By I. N. Zavarine

The observations presented in this paper were recorded during a study of the spheroidizing process. Spheroidization of cementite in steel is either brought about to develop a set of desirable mechanical properties or is an incidental result of mechanical and heat-treating manipulations. Physical properties of steel are materially influenced by the state of the cementite. Conversion of cementite from the lamellar to the spheroidal state is usually accompanied by a decrease of hardness and of strength and by an increase in ductility. The spheroidized structure is usually considered as an ultimate step in the process of the softening of steel. The unorthodox hardening of a 3.5 per cent Ni steel (SAE No. 2330) after a heat-treatment that previously proved entirely suitable for a complete spheroidization of cementite in carbon steels led to the observations that constitute the subject of the present paper. Experimental Procedure The steels used for the experiments described were bought on the market. All were in the form of 3/4-in. round bars. Their chemical compositions are given in Table 1. The spheroidization of cementite in steels can be obtained in several ways. The method used in the present work is, perhaps, the least known. It consists of cyclic heating and cooling of steel, the temperature being

Jan 1, 1939

By E. H. Wells, A. Andreas

New Mexico retained its position as the sixth largest oil-producing state for the year 1937 with a total production of 38,484,630 bbl. This was an increase of 11,680,184 bbl. over the 1936 production of 26,804,446 bbl., or a gain of 43 per cent. The production for Lea County during 1937 was 35,961,056 bbl.; for Eddy County, 2,136,251 bbl.; and for northwestern New Mexico (San Juan and McKinley Counties), 387,323 bbl. The average daily non-marginal well allowable for Lea County on Jan. 1, 1937, was 92 bbl.; at the close of the year it was 67 bbl. The average daily pipe-line runs were less than the allocations of the New Mexico Oil Conservation Commission, but slightly in excess of the state allowables recommended by the United States Bureau of Mines. The average daily production for the year was 105,437 barrels. The total number of completions in the state was 742, of which 638 were oil wells; 19 hydrocarbon gas wells; 5 carbon dioxide gas wells and 80 dry holes. Of the dry holes, 46 were in proven fields. Of these 46 dry holes, 13 were in the Artesia-Grayburg-Jackson-Maljamar area, Eddy County, two in the Getty Extension field, Eddy County, 11 in the Red Mountain field, McKinley County, three in the Rattlesnake field, San Juan County, and nine in the Aztec-Bloomfield area, San Juan County. There were only eight dry holes in the proven fields in Lea County. Southeastern New Mexico Lea County.—The Monument field was the largest producing field in Lea County, with 10,945,788 bbl., closely followed by the Eunice field with 10,927,929 bbl. The Hobbs field, formerly the largest producing field in Lea County, was relegated to third .place, with 7,292,522 barrels. Drjlling during the year closed the gap between the northern part of the Eunice field and the southern part of the Monument field. The wells in this area were relatively small, because of decreased porosity in the lime. The greatest activity in Lea County was in the Monument pool, with 199 completions, 197 being oil wells, one a gas well and one a dry hole.

Jan 1, 1938

By E. V. Potter, H. C. Lukens

THE volume of hydrogen released from electrolytic manganese at various temperatures and pressures was determined in a previous investigation1 as part of a study to determine the most practical procedure for removing the hydrogen from electrolytic manganese metal. No attempt was made to determine the absolute volume of gas in the metal at any temperature and pressure; the volume of gas released showed only the variation in solubility with temperature and pressure. The results were very similar to those obtained by Sieverts and Moritz.2 Both sets of data show a minimum solubility between 500° and 700°C., but they differ in certain respects; on cooling from 500°C., our results showed an increase in solubility of about 7 C.C. as compared with an increase of 34 C.C. per 100 grams shown by Sieverts. Furthermore, the transition temperatures, as indicated by sharp breaks in the solubility curves, did not agree well with Sieverts' data. This information was of secondary importance in the earlier investigations, and the solubility at low temperatures and the transition temperatures were subject to considerable error. There- fore, a subsequent investigation, reported in this paper, was made to measure the absolute solubility at temperatures from room temperature through the melting point and make more accurate observations of the transition temperatures. APPARATUS AND METHOD The apparatus and method were essentially the same as those described in the previous work,1 as shown in Fig, I. At high temperatures, the small tube containing the thermocouple in the sample container A frequently broke off, so for some of this work the thermocouple was placed outside the sample container and protected by a quartz tube of about the same wall thickness as the sample container. No significant difference was found in the transition temperatures obtained in the two ways. The automatic temperature controller was used in these tests in the regions where there was little change in solubility with temperature. In the neighborhood of the transition points a continuously variable autotransformer was used instead of the automatic controller, and the power input to the furnace was adjusted so that the temperature increased or decreased at a very slow, uniform rate through the transition range. This procedure was followed because the temperature oscillations produced by the controller were too great compared with the transition range, and the transition points determined under such conditions were less accurate. ABSOLUTE SOLUBILITY Procedure and Results The absolute solubility of hydrogen in manganese could be determined most

Jan 1, 1946

By N. Greninger

The Bureau of Mines examined the possibility of a seasonal variation of respirable dust concentration in U.S. coal mines. The first step was to review company and MSHA-inspector dust samples that had been collected during the past several years in 14 selected mines for compliance purposes. Results indicated severe scatter in data; most standard deviations of the dust concentrations measured in winter and summer months were comparable in magnitude with the mean values of dust concentrations for the seasons. Therefore, a detailed statistical analysis was conducted. At the 90% confidence level, the company samples of three mines had winter means 0.15 to 0.54 mg/m3 higher than the summer means; six mines had negligible seasonal variations; and five mines had winter means that ranged from higher to lower than the summer means. Inspector data, however, were too sparse for analysis. In view of both the low frequency of occurrence of a seasonal effect and its wide scatter in several of the mines, the study was ended with the conclusion that seasonal varia-tion in respirable dust levels, in general, is an insignificant factor.

Jan 1, 1986

By H. K. Shearer

Oil production in north Louisiana in 1937 was 28,668,070 bbl., an increase of 1,896,925 bbl., or 7.1 per cent over 1936, as against an increase of 178 per cent from 1935 to 1936. Gas production of 301,148 million cu. ft. from gas wells and 17,330 million cu. ft. of casinghead gas, a total of 318,483 million, was an increase of 33,483 million cu. ft., or 11.7 per cent over 1936. Well completions numbered 716, with 411 oil wells, 175 gas wells and 130 dry holes; compared with 346, 109 and 78, respectively, in 1936. There were 58 wildcat dry holes. In addition to the wildcat producers described and tabulated with the fields, there were two small, shallow gas wells in Sabine and Tensas Parishes, which did not open fields of any present importance. At the close of 1937 there were only five wildcat tests actually drilling, with nine others shut down or temporarily abandoned. Chief interest during 1937 was in development rather than discoveries. The only real discoveries were two deep gas and distillate fields, Bear Creek and Ruston. There were also three completions of gas-distillate producers from deeper formations in old fields, of which the most important was at Cotton Valley, one discovery of oil in a previously known gas sand and five or six extensions of some importance. Geological Section The columnar section in south Arkansas (Fig. 1, p. 317) also applies in north Louisiana, with a few changes noted below. The oldest known formation in north Louisiana is a bed of rock salt. Except on salt domes, only one well at Rodessa has been drilled into this salt, but it has been penetrated by a number of wells in south Arkansas. Salt domes have been discovered near Vicksburg and Hattiesburg, Miss., and a deep well in Limestone County, Texas, has drilled into rock salt. In Louisiana the distance between the "interior salt-dome basin" and a salt dome of the "Gulf Coast salt basin" is hardly 60 miles. In short, evidence is accumulating to indicate that all of Louisiana, with the possible

Jan 1, 1938

By H. K. Shearer

There were no important developments in the oil and gas industry in South Arkansas during 1935. Oil production, totaling 11,138,340 bbl., continued the decline that has been normal since 1925, but the decline from 1934 was only 278,600 bbl., or 2.5 per cent. The principal decline was in the Smackover field, while only the Champagnolle and Garland City fields showed notable increases. More wells were drilled than in any recent year, with a total of 123 completions. There were 44 oil wells, with a total reported initial daily production of 10,013 bbl., or an average of 227 bbl. per well. Two small gas wells were completed in Union County, where the gas is used locally for pumping and field operations. There were 77 dry holes, of which 28 were in or near oil fields and 49 were wildcats. Active drilling oper-at'ions declined from 65 at the beginning of 1935 to 41 at the end. Most of the drilling was done during the first part of the year, espr-chially (luring the flurry caused by the discovery late in 1934 of the "Taylor" sand production in the Champagnolle field, but the producing area was soon outlined. In November, 1935, the J. E. Crosbie, Inc., NO. 1 Sullivant in sec. 12, 17s. 14W., producing 560 bbl. per day at 3175 ft., opened a new sand lens in the eastern part of the field. The Camden "oil field," discovered in the last week of 1934, remained a one-well field, although four offset tests were drilled, besides a number of others in the immediate vicinity. Several interesting deep tests were drilled during the year, which added a great deal to the general knowledge of the subsurface formations and the structure of south Arkansas, but were not particularly encouraging as to prospects for the very deep production. First, the H. L. Hunt, No. 15 E. F. Gregory well in sec. 10, 17S., 14\W., in the Champagnolle field, was drilled to a depth of 6911 ft. It pene-trated red beds for 2982 ft., from 2943 to 5925 ft., mostly if riot entirely of Lower Cretaceous age. There was some anhydrite in the last 135 ft. of red beds. This was followed by 890 ft. of limestone, probahly Permian, and the rock salt was struck at 6815 ft. The salt is now generally conceded to be of Permian age. Finding salt in this well strongly indicates

Jan 1, 1936

By H. K. Shearer

There were no important developments in the oil and gas industry in South Arkansas during 1935. Oil production, totaling 11,138,340 bbl., continued the decline that has been normal since 1925, but the decline from 1934 was only 278,600 bbl., or 2.5 per cent. The principal decline was in the Smackover field, while only the Champagnolle and Garland City fields showed notable increases. More wells were drilled than in any recent year, with a total of 123 completions. There were 44 oil wells, with a total reported initial daily production of 10,013 bbl., or an average of 227 bbl. per well. Two small gas wells were completed in Union County, where the gas is used locally for pumping and field operations. There were 77 dry holes, of which 28 were in or near oil fields and 49 were wildcats. Active drilling oper-at'ions declined from 65 at the beginning of 1935 to 41 at the end. Most of the drilling was done during the first part of the year, espr-chially (luring the flurry caused by the discovery late in 1934 of the "Taylor" sand production in the Champagnolle field, but the producing area was soon outlined. In November, 1935, the J. E. Crosbie, Inc., NO. 1 Sullivant in sec. 12, 17s. 14W., producing 560 bbl. per day at 3175 ft., opened a new sand lens in the eastern part of the field. The Camden "oil field," discovered in the last week of 1934, remained a one-well field, although four offset tests were drilled, besides a number of others in the immediate vicinity. Several interesting deep tests were drilled during the year, which added a great deal to the general knowledge of the subsurface formations and the structure of south Arkansas, but were not particularly encouraging as to prospects for the very deep production. First, the H. L. Hunt, No. 15 E. F. Gregory well in sec. 10, 17S., 14\W., in the Champagnolle field, was drilled to a depth of 6911 ft. It pene-trated red beds for 2982 ft., from 2943 to 5925 ft., mostly if riot entirely of Lower Cretaceous age. There was some anhydrite in the last 135 ft. of red beds. This was followed by 890 ft. of limestone, probahly Permian, and the rock salt was struck at 6815 ft. The salt is now generally conceded to be of Permian age. Finding salt in this well strongly indicates

Jan 1, 1936

By T. Crivits

"Phase equilibria in the ‘Cu2O’-‘Fe2O3’-SiO2 system, the base slag system in copper production, were recently determined. However, the addition of MgO, commonly present in the slag, drastically changes the phase equilibria in this system. The present study focuses on the phase equilibria in the ‘Cu2O’-‘Fe2O3’-MgO-SiO2 system in equilibrium with metallic copper.Recently, an experimental procedure has been developed that resolved a number of experimental difficulties. This procedure has been successfully applied to characterise several complex industrial copper slags. It includes a high-temperature equilibration followed by rapid quenching and electron probe X-ray micro-analysis (EPMA). The methodology was adapted to the present system and used to determine the liquidus at SiO2 saturation and in contact with high-MgO phases in between 1100 and 1250 °C in Cu2Orich slags.The results indicate a maximum solubility of MgO in the system at 1200 °C of 5 wt%. The boundary line between tridymite and spinel lies 3-4 wt% closer to the SiO2 apex for every 2 wt% MgO added. These new data on the high-copper slags are important for optimisation of the direct-to blister"

Jan 1, 2014

By Christie AB, Bull VH

The geological environments of gold deposits are reviewed in relation to the strong resurgence in exploration for gold since 1979. The resurgence is due mainly to New Zealand's geological endowment with gold and its history as a gold producer. Major past production was from Cenozoic placers of Otago and Westland, late Cenozoic epithermal deposits of the Hauraki Goldfield, and the respective Paleozoic and Mesozoic lode deposits of the Reefton and Otago Goldfields. These same geological environments are the targets of current exploration, mainly in extensions of previously mined deposits. On the Westland and Otago Goldfields alluvial and fluvioglacial gravel placers, mainly representing lateral and depth extensions of previously worked ground, are being mined and prospected. Gold production in 1984 was exclusively from these deposits, and the development of mobile concentration plants has resulted in a great increase in mining activity. Mineralised zones adjacent to previously mined lodes in the Hauraki Goldfield, Reefton Goldfield, and at Macraes Flat (Otago Goldfield) are being intensively explored. At Waihi (Hauraki), an open-pittable resource of about 10 million tonnes of ore has recently been delineated. Some new deposit types and little explored environments are also receiving attention. They include: gold-sulphide quartz veins hosted in an alkaline granite dike in west Nelson; hot spring type gold deposits in fossil geothermal (epithermal) systems of Northland, the Hauraki Goldfield and the Taupo Volcanic Zone; and marine placers off the West Coast where an area of auriferous gravels has been outlined near Hokitika. There is potential in known deposits and prospects currently being evaluated for a large increase in gold production by the early 1990s.

Jan 1, 1986

By Ralph H. Sweetser

Carbon in pig iron is not only essential but, ordinarily, it is the most abundant metalloid present; iron without carbon could not be pig iron. Carbon in pig iron has been accepted, but seldom specified. How it gets into the pig iron as it is being smelted in the blast furnace, and why just about so much of it enters into the pig iron in certain blast furnaces, and more of it,; or less of it, enters the pig iron in other blast furnaces, or in the same blast furnace under varying conditions, are problems that have not yet been satisfactorily solved. During my own practical blast-furnace experience, I collected analyses of pig iron, including the graphitic and combined carbon, and recorded them in reference to the percentage of silicon present, having in mind the generally accepted explanation that "silicon drove out the carbon." To this actual experience, I have added some analyses given to me by J. B. Rogers, who was superintendent of the blast furnaces of the Ashland Iron & Mining Co., Ashland, Ky., and was making "silvery iron" at the time. These analyses are shown in Table 1. The analyses do not tell the whole story, but they show that with Pocahontas beehive coke, the total carbon was generally high. The data relating to the composition of the slag are lacking but my own customary practice was to have a rather basic slag. During my experience in making pig iron for the Bessemer and open-hearth departments, there were times when the steel men would complain about some mysterious quality in the pig iron that caused bad steel, in spite of the fact that the percentages of silicon, sulfur, phosphorus and manganese were within the specifications. Many reasons were advanced for this undetermined "poison" in the pig iron, but the favorite one offered by the steel men was that the blast-furnace man had "oxidized" the pig iron at the tuyeres in his eagerness to get big production and low cost. To these complaints of the users of steel-making pig irons were added those of the gray iron-foundry men and the malleable iron men. These groups are unaninlous in their conclusions that the trouble lies with the blast-furnace men; but there is not yet any harmonious conclusion as to the exact cause and remedy.

Jan 1, 1927

In the Texas Panhandle 277 oil wells and 60 gas wells were completed during 1942, as compared with 647 oil and 52 gas wells completed in 1941. Fourteen dry holes were drilled in the Texas Panhandle in 1942, of which five were wildcats, resulting in four failures and one gas-field discovery in Sherman County; the latter being Hazy-Herrington-Marsh No. I Bivins completed for 5,600,000 cu. it. ol gas from 2989 to 3226 feet. During the year 1942 the Texas Panhandle produced, by counties, the following quantities of oil:

Jan 1, 1943

In the Texas Panhandle 277 oil wells and 60 gas wells were completed during 1942, as compared with 647 oil and 52 gas wells completed in 1941. Fourteen dry holes were drilled in the Texas Panhandle in 1942, of which five were wildcats, resulting in four failures and one gas-field discovery in Sherman County; the latter being Hazy-Herrington-Marsh No. I Bivins completed for 5,600,000 cu. it. ol gas from 2989 to 3226 feet. During the year 1942 the Texas Panhandle produced, by counties, the following quantities of oil:

Jan 1, 1943

By I. Papadopoulos

Nowadays, geophysical prospecting is implemented in order to resolve a diversity of geological, hydrogeological and geotechnical problems. Though plenty of applications and a lot of research have been conducted in the country-side, only a few have been reported in the literature concerning urban areas, mainly due to high levels of noise present that aggravate most of the geophysical methods (e.g. electromagnetic, seismic, gravity etc.) or due to spatial limitations that hinder normal method implementation (e.g. electrical). Among all geophysical methods, electrical tomography proves to be the most rapid and urban noise insusceptible technique. This work presents a case study in the urban area of Hania (Crete I., Greece), where Electrical Resistivity Tomographies (ERTs) have been carried out for the detection and identification of possible buried ancient ruins or other manmade structures, prior the foundation of a building. Nineteen profiles were surveyed in a 20x40m grid using dipole-dipole configuration. The results indicate two areas of interest, that are interpreted as probable old wells, in the context of the existence, in former times and in the same area, of an olive oil plant. In the vicinity, near surface ancient ruins have been disclosed, but no such evidence provided this survey, for the particular area under study and the prospected depth. The collected ERT-data were processed by applying advanced algorithms in order to obtain a 3D-model of the study area that depicts more clearly and accurately the interesting subsurface structures.

Jan 1, 2005

By King D

Recent field experiments in the United Kingdom (Buchanan, 1979) have shown that the in-seam technique is capable of detecting a 1m fault in a 3m seam, at a range of 280m and with a resolution of ¦40m. Comparable tests in Australian collieries are proceeding. Although the practicality of an implementation of the technique on a routine basis remains to be demonstrated, the potential of the technique for the prediction of outbursts clearly warrants detailed examination. This potential will,depend, inter alia, on the level and scale of variations in elastic (and anelastic) properties of bodies of coal undergoing stresses associated with mining. Available data, mainly from studies of the seismic properties of gas saturated reservoir rocks, confirm the intuitive view that stress increases give rise to increases in seismic wave velocity and decreases in wave attenuation, markedly at low stresses (as pore spaces close with little resistance) but less so as stress increases. Such increases are of the same order as aniso- tropic effects, but should provide impedance contrast sufficient for detection by in-seam seismic methods. At higher stresses, cracks form within the rock mass. Results from research on earthquake prediction provide some clues to the behaviour of sedimentary rocks sub- jected to large stresses. In particular, the

Jan 1, 1980

By D. H. Newland

New York has a small but not insignificant place in the oil and natural gas industries of the United States. It has had a continuous record as an oil producer since 1872, with an aggregate yield of about 104,000,000 bbl. The reported output for 1935 was 4,237,000 bbl., a gain of more than 10 per cent for the year and a total that has been exceeded only in the early period of flush production half a century ago. The industry has been steadily building up since 1920 with the successful practice of the water drive, which has given a new lease of life to pools that had been practically drained of oil recoverable by pumping. An additional output of 2000 bbl. or more per acre is being procured by this method. Altogether the fields in New York State cover about 55,000 acres. Their limits are well defined and it is unlikely that they will be extended in the future, although there is some prospect of finding additional supplies by deeper drilling. The oil from New York is all classed as Pennsylvania grade, for which the recent price has been about $2.50 a barrel. It is refined at Olean, Wellsville and Bolivar, in the oil district, and partly in Pennsylvania refineries. Exploration for natural gas, outside of the established districts, was considerable during the year. Altogether 59 wells were drilled, distributed over 13 counties, of which 33 were listed as producers and 26 were dry. At the close of the year, 13 wells were in process of drilling. The 33 producing wells had a combined estimated flow of 278 million cubic feet per day. The best results were obtained from exploration in Allegany County, where out of eight wells drilled to the Oriskany sandstone five were successful and showed a combined open-flow capacity of 107 million cubic feet. The Oriskany sandstone was encountered at a depth of 4500 to 4900 ft. In Steuben County, next east of Allegany County, two out of seven wells to the Oriskany proved productive, and one of these, in the town of Greenwood, on the Watkins structure, was probably the largest that has so far been opened in the state, with a reported yield of 35 million a day. In the central part of New York interest was awakened by the activity shown in exploring for gas in the Trenton limestone, in Camden, Florence and Rome townships, Oneida

Jan 1, 1936

By D. H. Newland

New York has a small but not insignificant place in the oil and natural gas industries of the United States. It has had a continuous record as an oil producer since 1872, with an aggregate yield of about 104,000,000 bbl. The reported output for 1935 was 4,237,000 bbl., a gain of more than 10 per cent for the year and a total that has been exceeded only in the early period of flush production half a century ago. The industry has been steadily building up since 1920 with the successful practice of the water drive, which has given a new lease of life to pools that had been practically drained of oil recoverable by pumping. An additional output of 2000 bbl. or more per acre is being procured by this method. Altogether the fields in New York State cover about 55,000 acres. Their limits are well defined and it is unlikely that they will be extended in the future, although there is some prospect of finding additional supplies by deeper drilling. The oil from New York is all classed as Pennsylvania grade, for which the recent price has been about $2.50 a barrel. It is refined at Olean, Wellsville and Bolivar, in the oil district, and partly in Pennsylvania refineries. Exploration for natural gas, outside of the established districts, was considerable during the year. Altogether 59 wells were drilled, distributed over 13 counties, of which 33 were listed as producers and 26 were dry. At the close of the year, 13 wells were in process of drilling. The 33 producing wells had a combined estimated flow of 278 million cubic feet per day. The best results were obtained from exploration in Allegany County, where out of eight wells drilled to the Oriskany sandstone five were successful and showed a combined open-flow capacity of 107 million cubic feet. The Oriskany sandstone was encountered at a depth of 4500 to 4900 ft. In Steuben County, next east of Allegany County, two out of seven wells to the Oriskany proved productive, and one of these, in the town of Greenwood, on the Watkins structure, was probably the largest that has so far been opened in the state, with a reported yield of 35 million a day. In the central part of New York interest was awakened by the activity shown in exploring for gas in the Trenton limestone, in Camden, Florence and Rome townships, Oneida

Jan 1, 1936

By Norman Maxwell

There was more activity in crude production in northwestern Pennsylvania in 1935 than for several years before, resulting in an increased oil production and also in the number of wells completed. Crude -production approximated 16 million barrels for the state, an increase of about one million barrels over 1934. Demand, indicated by refiners' runs to stills, increased proportionally, leaving stocks of available crude at the end of the year at the lowest point since the middle of 1934, when they reached an all-time low. The price of crude varied during the year from a low of $2.02 to a high of $2.27 at the end of the year for Middle district oil. The price of Bradford and southwest Pcnnsylvania oil changed accordingly. The average for the year would be a lower price than in 1934. A summary of the production data for the year 1935 is given in Table 1. In making up this table, 1935 figures were simply added to the table published by S. H. Cathcart last year1. A list of important wildcats is given in Table 2. Bradford Field Approximately 10,000 acres of the proven producing area of the Bradford field is in Cattaraugus County, New York, and it is possible, by differences, to distinguish the Pennsylvania production from the New York portion. The listed production for the Bradford field includes only that portion of the field situated in Pennsylvania, but also includes production from a small pool, locally known as the Mt. Jewett-Kanesholm pool, where the Bradford sand is being developed and flooded in precisply the same manner as that of the Bradford field itself. The Mt. Jewett-Kanesholm pool is not, strictly speaking, an extension of the Bradford field, but inasmuch as it is so closely allied with the Bradford field-—that is, the sand is the same and the production methods are the same—the production and drilling figures include this area.

Jan 1, 1936

By Norman Maxwell

There was more activity in crude production in northwestern Pennsylvania in 1935 than for several years before, resulting in an increased oil production and also in the number of wells completed. Crude -production approximated 16 million barrels for the state, an increase of about one million barrels over 1934. Demand, indicated by refiners' runs to stills, increased proportionally, leaving stocks of available crude at the end of the year at the lowest point since the middle of 1934, when they reached an all-time low. The price of crude varied during the year from a low of $2.02 to a high of $2.27 at the end of the year for Middle district oil. The price of Bradford and southwest Pcnnsylvania oil changed accordingly. The average for the year would be a lower price than in 1934. A summary of the production data for the year 1935 is given in Table 1. In making up this table, 1935 figures were simply added to the table published by S. H. Cathcart last year1. A list of important wildcats is given in Table 2. Bradford Field Approximately 10,000 acres of the proven producing area of the Bradford field is in Cattaraugus County, New York, and it is possible, by differences, to distinguish the Pennsylvania production from the New York portion. The listed production for the Bradford field includes only that portion of the field situated in Pennsylvania, but also includes production from a small pool, locally known as the Mt. Jewett-Kanesholm pool, where the Bradford sand is being developed and flooded in precisply the same manner as that of the Bradford field itself. The Mt. Jewett-Kanesholm pool is not, strictly speaking, an extension of the Bradford field, but inasmuch as it is so closely allied with the Bradford field-—that is, the sand is the same and the production methods are the same—the production and drilling figures include this area.

Jan 1, 1936

By William H. Spice

Exploratory drilling in South Central Texas for the year 1944 showed a marked increase over that of 1943 and resulted in a similar increase in new fields discovered. In this area, which comprises the 30 counties included in district No. I, Oil and Gas Division, Railroad Commission of Texas,? 61 exploratory wells were drilled during 1944 as compared with 29 exploratory wells drilled during 1943, or an increase of over 100 per cent. Three new oil fields, two new gas fields and one gas-distillate field were discovered during the year, as compared with one new oil field and one new gas field discovered during 1943. These new fields were the result of exploratory drilling throughout the district along the Wilcox trend and the deeper Edwards lime trend, which was started during the previous year. The Wilcox trend yielded the new Loma iilta-Wilcox oil field and the San Caja gas-* tlistillate field, both in McMullen County. The Charlotte field, in Atascosa County, was discovered along the deeper Edwards lime trend. These three discoveries were of considerable importance and subsequent development should indicate the desirability of continued exploration along these trends. The other three discoveries, United oil field in Guadalupe County, Pederson gas field in Milam County and Van Cleve gas field in Zavalla County, were of minor importance. Charlotte Field, Atascosa County, was discovered by the Humble Oil and Refining Company's No. 3 Pruitt, completcd on Aug. 9, 1944, flowing 176 bbl. per day, 3/16-in. choke, 710 lb. tubing, 475 lb. casing pressures, 37.7º A.P.I. gravity, from the top of the Edwards lime from 6917 to 6923 ft. Two oil wells were completed during the year in this field. This discovery is 14 miles southwest of the same company's Imogene field, also producing from the Edwards lime but with considerable difference in reservoir characteristics. The discovery of this field is the result of surface geology and subsequent seismograph survey of the area. Loma Alta-Wilcox Field, McMullen County, was discovered by the Atlantic Refining Company's No. I Atkinson, completed on June I, 1944, flowing 102 bbl. per day, 9/64-in. choke, 1900 lb. tubing pressure, 37º A.P.I. gravity, from Wilcox sand from 6866 to 6869 ft. after being drilled to a total depth of 7185 ft. This discovery is the result of subsurface geology and an extensive seismograph survey of the entire area. Sun Caja Field, McMullen County, was discovered by Edwin M. Jones No. 2-C Ezzell, completed on June 2, 1944 as a dual completion in the Wilcox sands, flowing 1,740,000 cu. ft. gas with 53 bbl. distillate, 1/4-in. choke, 2035 lb. tubing pressure, 53.2º A.P.I. gravity, from sand 6416 to 6453 ft. and flowing 2,000,000 cu. ft. of gas with 127 bbl. distillate, 1/4-in. choke, 2500 lb. tubing pressure, 50º A.P.I. gravity, from sand 6889 to 6916 ft., after being drilled to a total depth of 7264 ft. Three gas-distillate wells were completed during

Jan 1, 1945

By F. M. Goodwin, John Campbell, G. W. Jones

"INTRODUCTION In cooperation with the Boston Edison Co. and the Boston Consolidated Gas Co. of Boston, Mass., a survey has been conducted continuously since 1929 by the Bureau of Mines to determine the general hazards of combustible gases and vapors in manholes of the Boston Edison Co. The New England Telephone & Telegraph Co. also has cooperated in the investigation, and tests have been made in its manholes from May 1, 1933, to October 15, 1937. Yearly reports. 6/ on the results obtained since the beginning of the survey have been published.The methods and procedure of conducting the survey in 1937 were the same as heretofore."

Jan 1, 1939