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PAGE Problems of American Railroads Early in 1936, by J. J. Pelley 3 The Heavier Nonferrous Metals in Transportation, by C. H. Mathewson... 9 Light-weight Metals in the Transportation Industry, by Zay Jeffries 21 Trends in the Metallurgy of Low-alloy, High-yield-strength Structural Steels, by H. W. Gillett 40 Structural Steels and Light-weight Metals in the Transportation Industry, by Horace C. Knerr 62 Proposed Use of Alloys in Merchant Shipbuilding, by Edgar P. Trask 66 Mutual Effects of Metallurgy and Speed in the Automotive Industry, by Merrill C. Horine 84 The Railroads and Light-weight Equipment, by W. W. Colpitts 93

Jan 1, 1936

By M. D. Cooper

UNDERGRADUATES in mining engineering may be prepared for work by giving them sound instruction in the courses generally considered essential to the profession. The industry is not deeply concerned about the details of those courses. The average man in the coal industry does not wish to insist upon a rigid program. Therefore, he differs little from those in the teaching profession who evidently are not unanimous in their opinions, or all college catalogs would be alike. For the good of the profession, it is just as well that there should be differences in regard to details. It appears that students graduating in mining engineering from the accredited institutions receive similar instruction.

Jan 6, 1950

By F. M. F. Cazin

In my first paper, relating in general to the movement of solids in a medium, I stated a newly-discovered natural law, and explained its application to mechanical ore-concentration. This law, as applied primarily to the motion of ships in water, had been announced, demonstrated and defended by me in the Journal of the Franklin Institute for March, April and May, 1893, and has not been controverted since then. I therefore contented myself in my first paper with the simple statement of it; and in order to avoid unnecessary repetition, I refer the readers of this paper to that statement (ante, p. 81) and to the earlier publication already mentioned.*

Jan 1, 1895

By D. E. Sherwood

Recent developments in high torque hydraulic rotary rigs has lead to the construction of secant bored pile walls by rotary drilling methods in circumstances where earlier methods were difficult and in some cases impossible. The evolution of secant bored pile wall construction is described including classical, rotary drilled and continuous flight auger construction methods. The paper then details the restraints which have been created in recent inner city redevelopment, many of which were not relevant in the early days of the technique. Typical examples of walls are presented to show the adapatability and advantages of the secant bored pile wall method. A number of in-situ retaining wall construction techniques are then compared in detail with regard to relative cost, technical quality and practicality.

Jan 1, 1989

By John R. Burger

Industrial mineral mines that have recently been opened, or soon will be opened in the northern circumpacific will produce potash in Canada, Mexico, and Thailand; phosphate in the US, Mexico, and Colombia; soda ash in the US; and chromite in the US and the Philippines.

Jan 1, 1982

By H. H. Murray

The largest reserves of palygorskite in the world are located in Anhui and Jiangsu Provinces in East Central China. The deposits are Middle Miocene in age and range from 3 to 6 m in thickness. The deposits are the alteration product of basaltic volcanic ash. The Chinese Geological Survey estimates the palygorskite reserves are in excess of 200 million tons. The elongate particle shape results in unique colloidal properties. Large quantities are exported to Japan, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, New Zealand, Australia, and West and Gulf Coasts of the United States. The markets include agricultural carriers, paint, joint tape compounds, animal feed binders, catalyst support, drilling muds, and suspending agents for chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and medicines. The viscosity is high and the quartz content is generally 5% or less.

Jan 1, 2009

By Calvin J. Konya

Many controversies and differences of opinion exist in blasting technology. The primer location in small diameter dynamite columns is an example of one of these controversial areas. It is generally agreed that in rotation firing of small diameter blastholes, primer placement near the bottom of the borehole is beneficial since it reduces the likelihood of cutoffs. The controversy results in the actual location of the primer in the bottom of the blasthole. Some references indicate that the primer cartridge should be the first cartridge in the bottom of the hole, with the cap pointed toward the collar of the hole. Others indicate that performance is improved with no sacrifice in safety by placing a tamped cartridge first in the hole, and the second cartridge being the primer. The following investigation provides some factual data for consideration.

Jan 1, 1980

By Brent Chamberlain

MARY KORPI: As has been typical today, our next speaker is filling in for one of his co-workers. Scott Lawson will be discussing "The Role of the Supervisor in Mining Operations" written by Brent Chamberlain of Independence Mining Corporation. Scott has more than 25 years in human resources management in the mining industry. He has worked in surface and underground mining environments in both precious and base metal mines. A graduate of Ohio University, Scott is currently manager of human resources at the Independence Mining Company's Cripple Creek and Victor Gold Mining operation located in Victor, Colorado. The only direction that I received from Scott was that he has to leave by 11:45 a.m. as he has a tee-off time with his boss at 1:00 p.m. Thank you to Scott for filling in today.

Jan 1, 1998

By Ryokichi Shimpo, Akio Fuwa

"The process-measurements of copper smelters in Japan were investigated for the summary of the latest technique and for the fundamental study of process control. The smelters investigated are those employing flash smelting furnace and P.S. converter, one reverberatory furnace and P.S. converter, and one continuous smelting converting furnace (M.I. process). Respective process is then considered, consisted of several reactors of different functions. The measurement methods were summarized in each reactor, including the measurement points. The methods of chemical analyses of the samples in each reactor were also investigated.IntroductionAn investigation on the process measurements, chemical analyses, and system control in copper smelters in Japan were carried out for understanding and summarizing the technique of the pyrometallurgical copper smelting operations. The typical seven processes in six copper smelters were investigated in the period from 1985 to 1987. The smelters investigated were Touyo Smelter of Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd., Kosaka Smelter of Dowa Mining Co., Ltd., Saganoseki Smelter of Nippon Mining Co., Ltd., Tamano Smelter of Hibi Kyodo Smelting Co., Ltd., Ashio Smelter of Furukawa Co., Ltd. and Naoshima Smelter of Mitsubishi Metal Co., Ltd. They include five flash smelting furnace and P.S. converter systems, one Mitsubishi continuous smelting and converting process (M.I. process), and one reverberatory furnace and P.S. converter system.The investigation was performed by making inquiries about the measurements, chemical analyses, system control, and their future prospects to the engineers in each smelter and by summarizing up in each item. The system control and future prospects were summarized in another paper titled ""Process Control Scheme of Copper Smelting Processes in Japan and Future View."

Jan 1, 1989

Earnings of engineers in the period 1956 to 1958 continued the upward trend observed in the previous survey interval, 1953 to 1956. The overall median (all graduates) was $6500 in 1953, $7750 in 1956 (a 19 pct upstep or about 6.5 pct annually), and $8750 in 1958 (up 13 pct from 1956 or 6.5 pct average yearly). The latter represents an increase from mid-1956 to mid-1958. For this same two-year span the Consumer Price Index rose 1.5 pct and the Average Gross Weekly Earnings for Production (Manufacturing) climbed close to 10 pct. Median earnings for the major classifications studied are presented in Table I. The increase in engineering earnings are not distributed equally among the various activity classifications or among the experience levels of the survey. Summary results of the changes of the median lines for the major divisions are presented in Table 11. Data in this table are approximations- dollars are rounded to the nearest $50 unit and percentages to the nearest full percentage.

Jan 1, 1959

HENRY M. Howe, Bedford Hills, N. Y (written discussion*).¬Mr. Foley's explanation of this interesting occurrence is perfectly reasonable. Possibly a word explaining the phenomenon more in detail may not be amiss. In the act of solidification each drop as it starts to solidify splits up into a half drop poorer in carbon and another half drop richer in carbon than the drop itself. The half drop poorer in carbon solidifies and attaches itself to-the already solid walls, whereas the half drop richer in carbon remains molten for the excellent reason that it is richer and hence is more fusible than the original drop, and hence in turn is wholly fusible at the existing temperature. Under usual conditions, as when the steel solidifies in a mold of any form, the successive molten half drops thus enriched in carbon remain present and by their enrichment progressively raise the carbon con-tent of the remaining molten mass, out of which successive half drops are continuously solidifying and attaching themselves to the already solid walls. Because the molten mass thus. becomes progressively richer

Jan 10, 1919

By Albert E. Long

Diamond-bit performance and cost data accumulated in core-drilling sandstones reveal significant trends of economic interest. Large-size, AA-Grade drill bort suffered less diamond loss per foot drilled than any other size or grade of diamonds assessed. Detailed analyses of the factors that affect diamond-bit performances -diamond size, diamond quality, bit size, bit type, percentage of core recovered, and physical characteristics of bit matrices -are assessed in the tables, graphs, and discussion. INTRODUCTION Since 1945 the Bureau of Mines has been compiling detailed performance records on diamond bits used in core drilling throughout the United States and Alaska. Analytical reports covering bit performance in various rocks are issued as in-formation on a significant number of bits used in anyone type of rock is accumulated. The first three such reports analyzed bit performance in gneiss,2/ schist,3/ and lime-stone and dolomite.4/ This report evaluates diamond-bit performance in sandstone. Data obtained from 627 bits, which drilled 42,665 feet on 45 different projects, are presented. The geographical distribution of the projects is shown in figure 1.

Jan 1, 1958

By I. Wigden

This paper discusses system integration and installation of High-Tec systems in underground mines. ABB has the capability to be a System Integrator and co-operates with partners in different areas of technology. Today it is difficult to find one Company that is responsible for the complete Automation System. The design of the system is also dependent on the caving procedure that is currently being used in mines. Most of the engineering must be done during the feasibility study and the design phase. Any mistakes made during these phases will be costly to rectify in the commissioning phase. The paper will also include a presentation of the benefit of using Automation in an Underground Mine, and the importance of integration with the people component. Most of the experience and discussions in this paper are from different technologies that have been developed in Scandinavia and adopted from LKAB in Kiruna. The author of this paper was responsible for the Automation projects in Kiruna Mine during1994 - 1999. These projects include: • Broadband communication of data, audio and compressed video in one data stream. • Control System for Haulage -1045m • Automation of Load Haulage and Dumping machines (LHD) • Control of Production Drilling Rigs from a Central Control Room.

Sep 1, 2001

By R. W. Baldwin

As used in geophysical exploration, the term overvoltage applies to secondary voltages set up by a current into the earth which decay when the current is interrupted. These secondary effects may be measured by pick-up electrodes. The term induced polarization has often been employed to describe this same phenomenon. In its own operations Newmont Exploration Ltd. commonly uses the word pulse. The basis of this method in prospecting is that metallic particles, sulfides in particular, give a high response, whereas barren rock, with certain exceptions, gives a low response. Overvoltage has been tried in searching for many types of mineral occurrence but has been most successful in outlining the widespread disseminated mineralization associated with porphyry coppers. History:' Newmont Mining Corp. has been interested in overvoltage since 1946, when Radio Frequency Laboratories of Boonton, N. J.. drew the company's attention to phenomena observed in the laboratory. At the instigation of A. A. Brant further model studies were undertaken, and the first tests were performed in 1947. Tests at San Manuel, Ariz., in 1948 were very encouraging, clearly demonstrating that the method could be used to distinguish scattered sulfides at depth. H. 0. Seigel followed up the San Manuel work with a study to determine the phenomena involved.'

Jan 1, 1960

By L. Dudley Stamp

The years 1935 and 1936 have been momentous ones in the history of oil exploitation in Burma. While the possibilities of the discovery of an important new field in the country have become increasingly remote, there have been surprising and to some extent unexpected developments in and near the old established fields. Further, these developments have not only an important bearing on the future of the industry in Burma, but they point to conclusions of, world-wide significance in connection with the disposition of oil pools. BC'rma Independent of India According to the Government of India Act, passed by the British Parliament in 1935, Burma becomes independent of India, of which it was formerly a province. In future, therefore, statistics for Burma will be quoted separately from those of India. In 1934, 1935 and 1936 the oil production in India (including Burma) reached new high levels— though only a few per cent above the totals for 1919, 1920 or 1930. Part of the increase came from Assam, so that Burma's total is apparently below that of 1921. It must always be remembered, however, that Burma's largest potential producer—Singu—is used essentially by the Burmah Oil Co. as a reserve and its production is varied from year to year, and indeed from week to week, according to local market demand or the requirements of the Rangoon refinery. The figures of Table 1 must therefore be viewed in the light of these remarks.

Jan 1, 1937

This paper comprises a discussion of standards for comparing conditions in mines, of methods for measuring the flow of air, of a comparison of fan performances, and the application of these matters to mines in Western Australia.UNDERGROUND CONDITIONSIn approaching the question of mine ventilation one naturally searches for some standard by which to measure the conditions in a mine.There are several clauses in the Mines Regulation Act defining the conditions which are permitted. The quantity of CO2 is limited to 0·25 by volume, but the estimation of CO2 involves a chemical determination and is not suited for general use in a mine.The maximum temperature is fixed at 87 0 F. (dry bulb), and at 80° (wet bulb). The reading of temperature is easily done in the working places, and this is a very valuable and practical test of the conditions in a mine.The wet bulb temperature is probably the most important factor in determining working conditions. It is obvious that human life cannot be sustained for any appreciable period if the wet bulb temperature is above blood heat (about 97°F.). In places where the wet bulb temperature is 90°F. there is danger of heat stroke.In places where the air in a mine is still, the wet bulb temperature rises to a value close to the rock temperature.Adequate ventilation cools the workings by transference of heat from the rock to the air stream, and the temperature...

Jan 1, 1939

By R. V. Ramani, R. Bhaskar

An airborne dust cloud is an ensemble of particles of varied size, density, shape and states of aggregation. An understanding and quantifying of the dispersion and deposition of the dust generated in mines is essential to the development of measures for reducing worker exposure to dust. In coal mining, the major portion of the dust is generated during the cutting of coal using a shearer or a continuous miner. The major phenomenon affecting ambient concentration is the deposition of dust. Particle deposition may take place due to the effect of gravitational, inertial, electrostatic, and thermal forces, and mechanisms such as Brownian and eddy diffusion and inertial impaction. The three major mechanisms of deposition in turbulent flow in mines are diffusion (Brownian and eddy), sedimentation and inertial impaction. The mechanisms determining particle deposition are size dependent. From a review of the literature, there appears to be a knowledge gap in the understanding of the deposition phenomena in mine airways. In order to obtain a better understanding of the deposition of dust for various particle sizes, and to develop a set of data for evaluating predictive mathematical models for dust-flow in mines, a series of dust flow experiments was performed under controlled conditions in mine airways. It appears that the deposition data generally follow the theoretical behavior of dust based on the combined effect of diffusional and gravitational deposition. In this paper, the findings of the study on the deposition of dust in mine airways and its dependence on size, velocity and concentration are discussed. A set of deposition equations that could be used to determine the approximate deposition at various points in a mine airway are presented.

Jan 1, 1992

By Thomas Leonard Watson

Sulphide ore-bodies of more or less lenticular shape occurring in metamorphic crystalline schists, gneisses, and slates, and conforming closely in strike and usually in dip to the inclosing rock, have been recognized and described along the Atlantic seaboard from Quebec to Alabama. The ore-bodies do not entirely conform, in all cases, to the structure of the inclosing schists, but they sometimes cut across the foliation in dip, though conforming more closely with the direction of strike. In composition the principal sulphide mineral is usually py-rite or pyrrhotite, or both, accompanied by copper, frequently gold, and almost always some sphalerite and galenite. Other metallic ores are, so far as these sulphide bodies have been investigated, less common; silver is not uncommon, and in some of the pyrrhotite masses nickel is present in quantity sufficient to be commercially valuable. Cobalt frequently accompanies the nickel, usually in smaller amount, and the two vary much in relative proportion. Quartz and calcite are probably the most common of the non-metallic minerals. A number of silicate minerals are frequent representatives in one place or another ; garnet, am phi-bole, biotite, pyroxene, zoisite and others. The sulphide bodies of Virginia, comprising both pyrite and pyrrhotite, are among the most extensive along the Atlantic seaboard. Among the pyrite bodies may be mentioned the well-known and extensively worked mines of Louisa and Prince William counties, located on the main pyrite belt (A, Fig. 1) of the middle and northern, eastern Piedmont region in Virginia, and among the pyrrhotite bodics is the famous " Great Gossan Lead" (13, Fig. 1) of the Floyd-Carroll-Grayson coun-

Jan 1, 1908

By Edward W. Parker

Note.—The material from which this paper has been prepared was collected tor the U. S. Geological Suvey Bulletin, No. 316, Contributions to Economic Geology, 1906, and appears also, though in somewhat more extended form without illustrations, in that publication. Although the briquetting of coals and lignites has been carried on for many years in Europe, and has reached a particularly high state of development in France, Belgium, and Germany, it has made comparatively little progress in the United States. The causes for the backwardness of the United States in this regard are several, and first among them has been the abundant supply of cheap raw fuel with which the manufactured article has to compete. With our millions of acres of coal-productive territory, from which the product can in moat cases be cheaply extracted, it has appeared in many districts more economical to waste the slack or culm, which constitutes a considerable percentage of the product, than to attempt to save it at the additional expense required for briquetting. It is for this reason that the view in all sections -of the anthracite-region of Pennsylvania is marred by the unsightly culm-banks which encumber the ground, and that in some of the bituminous-districts one sees huge piles of unmarketable slack allowed to burn up in order to get rid of them. When the coal is of a coking quality, or when the slack can be used for steaming-purposes, these losses are not sustained, but many thousands of tons of what might be converted into usable fuel have been wasted every year simply because of the increased expense involved in its preparation.

Jan 1, 1908

By W. W. Adams

Reports received by the Bureau of Mines, Department of Commerce, from State mine inspectors, for November, 1930, showed that 219 men were killed in the coal mines of the United States during the month, an increase of 25 over the previous month and 33 over November, 1929. On the other hand the production of coal decreased, the output of 43,329,000 tons in November being 8,397,000 tons less than in October and 9,005,000 tone less than in November a year ago. The larger number of fatalities accompanied by a smaller output of coal resulted in a higher death rate4 per million tons in November than in the same month last year or in October, 1930. The November rate was 5.05, as compared with 3.55 for November, 1929 and 3.75 for October, 1930. The increase in the rate for the industry as a whole was chargeable entirely to bituminous mines, as the anthracite mines had fewer fatalities in November than in either of the previous months to which reference has been made. Reports for bituminous mines alone showed that accidents at this class of mines resulted in a death rate of 5.12, based on 195 fatalities and a production of 38,122,000 tons. This rate indicated an increase of 55 per cent over the rate for October, of the same year, and 72 per cent over the rate for November, 1929. The October record was 146 fatalities and 44,150,000 tons, and that for November a year ago was 138 deaths and a production of 46,514,000 tons.

Jan 1, 1930