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MRS. SIDNEY J. JENNINGS, President, MRS. ARTHUR S.. DWIGHT, First Vice-President, MRS. KARL EILERS, Second Vice-President, MRS. H. W. HARDINGE, Third Vice-President, MRS. BRADLEY STOUGHTON, Recording Secretary, MRS. AXEL 0. IHLSENG, Corresponding Secretary, MRS. ARTHUR S. DWIGHT, Acting Treasurer. Welfare Committee MRS. C. C. BURGER, Chairman, Sub-Committees Americanization Belgian Relief MRS. LEVI HOLBROOK, Chairman, MRS. HENRY H: KNOX, Chairman, Emergency MRS. HERMAN A. PROSSER, Chairman. Since the annual meeting held in February, 1917, when the Woman's Auxiliary to the A. I. M. E., was formed, the work of organization, which of necessity must be slow, has steadily gone forward. Under the Chairmanship of Mrs. C. C. Burger of the Welfare Committee, three active sub-committees have been formed: that of Americanization; under Mrs. Levi Holbrook, who is eminently fitted for such a position, by her active and valuable work in a number of the fine patriotic societies of our country; the Belgian Relief Committee, under Mrs. Henry H. Knox, which has clone phenomenal work in the three months of its existence, and whose report is later given in detail; and the Emergency Committee under Mrs. Herman A. Prosser, which has a fund already established, and is. in close touch with Major Arthur S. Dwight, ready to act when necessity arises. The officers of the Auxiliary feel more than gratified at the response so far received, and in a later issue will print extracts from letters, if permission can be gotten from the writers, showing the interest and enthusiasm that have beer aroused by the formation of a Woman's Auxiliary. Answers have even come from far Korea "the hermit nation," from Australia, from South America, showing what a bond of sympathy and, helpfulness is in process of growth. It is our sad duty to announce the death of our Treasurer, Mrs. George D. Baryon, who, from the very inception of our plan to organize, was an inspiring and valuable co-worker. Her place will be difficult to fill. Mrs. Arthur S. Dwight is Acting Treasurer at present. The Auxiliary wishes to express its heartiest thanks to Mr. Stoughton, the genial and efficient Secretary of the A. I. M. E., for his cooperation and valuable suggestions in the difficult work of organizing. He has indeed been "a guide, philosopher and friend." SUSANNE M. IHLSENG (MRS. AXEL 0.), Corresponding Secretary.

Jan 7, 1917

By George P. Jr Schivley

Looking at the process of drilling rock from the standpoint of the power required, yields an equation that relates Force-on-the-Bit; Torque, to rotate the bit; and bit Angular Speed to the Penetration Rate of the bit; the Area of the hole being drilled and the Specific Fracture Energy of the rock. Specific Fracture Energy and the Compressive Strength of the rock are related.

Jan 1, 1994

By Louis A. Panek

Using an approach based on the theory of similitude, the author develops a general equation and related concepts that provide new insights to an old problem. The load-bearing capacity (strength) of a square, rectangular, or cylindrical prism of a brittle material such as rock, coal, or concrete is expressed as the mathematical product of a size effect, a shape effect, and a function of the mechanical properties (deformability, cleat/joint spacing, and friction) of the pillar, roof and floor materials. Through an application of multivariate statistical analysis, the results of assorted tests and observations of failed pillars can be combined into a fundamental scaling equation, which provides a unified, consistent approach to the estimation of mine pillar strength. The form of the equation is sufficiently general to be able to incorporate refinements in the characterization of the basis factors, as they become available through future experimentation and analysis.

Jan 1, 1979

By R. A. Hatch

This report summarizes the results of nearly 8 years research on and production of synthetic mica at the Electrotechnical Experiment Station of the Federal Bureau of Mines, Norris, Tenn. This program was undertaken at the request of the United States Department of the Navy and was financed mostly by the Army Signal Corps and the Navy Bureau of Ships through a contract with the Office of Naval Research, The original objectives included fundamental studies of fluor-phlogupite and other fluorine-micas and production of synthetic mica sheets on a pilot-plant scale. The first 3 years of this project were devoted mainly to a search for practical solutions of the many problems involved in designing and constructing a pilot plant for crystallizing fluor-phlogopite mica. The first and most urgent need was a suitable container for the corrosive mica melt. After extensive study, it was concluded that platinum, graphite, high-silica fire clay, and silicon carbide were the most promising refractories for crucibles; but none was perfect. Silicon car¬bide seemed to have the better combination of qualities, combining good corrosion resistance with oxidation resistance.

Jan 1, 1957

By K. L. Paciorek

The aim of the present study was to determine the thermal oxidative behavior of materials used in coal mines, with emphasis on the type and relative concentration of the products, in particular the toxic species formed. To supplement this work and to gain understanding as to the type of products possibly formed and also to assess the limitations and advantages of the various analytical methods used a literature survey of the past investigations performed on the compositions of direct interest to the subject program was conducted. The compositions thus covered were cellulose, polyvinyl chloride, neoprene, urethanes, polyamides, polyesters, polyethylene, epoxy, phenoxy, urea-formaldehyde and melamine formaldehyde resins. The results of this review are compiled in the Appendix. The experimental work consisted of thermal oxidative degradation of 36 materials and 4 composites using a stagnation burner apparatus developed in these laboratories which affords a dynamic system approximating somewhat the conditions encountered in underground coal mines. This technique as employed during this program gave only the relative product concentration at specific periods of the decomposition process, The advantage of this approach is that in this manner screening of materials can be accomplished in conjunction with some assessment of the decomposition rate as influenced by temperature and material composition. Limited static tests were performed using a sealed tube method. The materials studied were grouped according to their compositions. The following were the main groups: (a) polyvinyl chloride-containing materials, (b) neoprene compositions, (c) rigid foams (urethanes, isocyanates), (d) miscellaneous materials (including jute, fiberglass, polyethylene and some articles of unknown composition), (e) coal and fluids (phosphate esters, organic esters, oil-water emulsions), and finally (J) composites. The latter comprised a mixture of a phosphate ester fluid with (a) coal, (b) a representative polyvinyl chloride sample, and (c) a neoprene type composition.

Jan 1, 1972

This report, 27th in a continuing series1, describes Bureau of Mines research and technologic work on coal and related investigations during 1962. While the brief discussion in each section of the report presents only the highlights of Bureau work during the year, details of many investigations can be found in publications cited in this text. Other work, reported here for the first time, will be covered in greater detail in later publications. Recent trends in coal research and technology both at home and abroad were reviewed in several publications2. Bureau research, as in the past3, continued to stress improved methods of mining, preparing, processing, and using coal. The program included a wide variety of applied and basic studies for developing information useful to the coal mining industry and the coal consumer while promoting wise conservation and utilization of our coal resources.

Jan 1, 1963

During the period 1979 thru 1982, Multi Mineral Corporation conducted a mining research program at the United States Department of the Interior's Bureau of Mines Oil Shale Mining Environmental Research Facility in the Central Piceance Creek Basin, Rio Blanco County, Colorado. The program consisted of mining, environmental and geotechnical research data and, the results are described in this report.

Jan 1, 1983

By C. G. Maier

Relatively infrequent use by metallurgists of the term "sponge chromium" as contrasted to more than occasional reference to "sponge iron" may be ascribed to the fact that the former material is not a commercial product, while the latter has been known and used, at least in one form (Swedish sponge iron), for several decades. It is doubtful whether a true sponge chromium ever has been prepared heretofore in the laboratory by more than one or two investigators. Nature presents a much. more difficult problem to the investigator endeavoring to make sponge chromium than pertains to the production of more easily reducible elements such as iron or nickel. Recent widespread interest among metallurgists in the possibilities of powder metallurgy is ample incentive to explore the feasibility of producing pure chromium metal in finely divided form. The shift in terminology of this statement from "sponge" to the "finely divided form" is deliberate in emphasis of distinction between terms that occasionally have been used loosely. It would seem desirable that a uniform usage descriptive of finely divided metals be adopted. While to some it might seem preferable that the terra "powdered" metal be reserved for a finely divided form produced by mechanical means, as, for example, chromium produced by the mechanical comminution of electrolytic sheets or flakes, current usage of the term "powder metallurgy' involves no distinction as to source type of material. It is usually accepted, however, that a sponge metal is one reduced from oxide or other combined form at temperatures below the melting point of metal or oxide so that the particles of metal are pseudomorphic, at least macroscopically, with the source material, and, in consequence of the loss of material without change of external shape of the particles necessarily have an open, porous, or "spongy" structure.

Jan 1, 1942

By John H. Johnson

White Pine Mine section designated for exhaust emissions studies. The MTU Mine Air Monitoring Laboratory was used to gather temperature and C02 concentration data at 10 locations. The data substantiate the presence of strong buoyant forces of the hot exhaust gases which result in stratification in dead end headings. Diesel mine-vehicle tailpipe emissions were monitored in the laboratory by a portable tailpipe emissions measurement apparatus (EMA) assembled for in-mine use. The results were compared with simultaneous measurements by standard laboratory exhaust monitoring instruments. These results indicate that accurate field source quality control measurements can be obtained for CO2, CO and NO but NO2 results were low for all engine conditions. Diesel pollutant concentration data from the Orchard Valley Mine were analyzed and compared with data collected earlier in the White Pine and Brushy Creek mines. Lognormal frequency distributions and CO2-based concentration ratios and correlations were calculated. In the three mines compared, pollutant concentrations were distributed similarly, and concentrations appear to be controlled to present standards.

Jan 1, 1979

This report, 27th in a continuing series1, describes Bureau of Mines research and technologic work on coal and related investigations during 1962. While the brief discussion in each section of the report presents only the highlights of Bureau work during the year, details of many investigations can be found in publications cited in this text. Other work, reported here for the first time, will be covered in greater detail in later publications. Recent trends in coal research and technology both at home and abroad were reviewed in several publications2. Bureau research, as in the past3, continued to stress improved methods of mining, preparing, processing, and using coal. The program included a wide variety of applied and basic studies for developing information useful to the coal mining industry and the coal consumer while promoting wise conservation and utilization of our coal resources.

Jan 1, 1963

By CLARENCE G. SMITH

Prior to the actual development of an oil property it is difficult to determine the quantity of oil under the property and the rate at which this oil can be brought to the surface-factors that determine the ultimate value of the property. Consequently, there has been much confusion in devising accounting systems that, during the entire life of a property, will show costs and profits from which the producer can determine whether his property is being worked at a profit or otherwise. The Bureau of Mines publishes this report in recognition of a distinct need for a simple treatise on accounting methods adapted to the peculiarities of the petroleum industry. Probably many companies operating oil wells are not fully acquainted with details important to the welfare of their business, because their account books fail to furnish them with exact and adequate data. With the accountant rests the responsibility of providing the management with reports setting forth the details of the business expressed in fitting terms as well as in dollars and cents. These reports are a means whereby efficiency may be maintained, waste prevented, oil obtained and sold, and money suitably reinvested. They also enable a concern to study the progress of its business in order to conserve to the utmost the possible benefits from an exhaustible deposit of mineral wealth. When managements realize the extent of the waste at their properties more attention will be given to the character of the accountancy records. Herein are presented descriptions and discussions of balance sheets, profit-and-loss statements, and bookkeeping methods peculiarly adapted to the oil business. As far as possible, technical phrases have been omitted in order that those not familiar with accounting terms may be able to follow the subject matter. The systems of keeping books outlined in Chapter X have all been found practical. For brevity as well as clearness the major part of the work refers to the company operating only one property.

Jan 1, 1917

By Will H. Coghill, Fred D. DeVaney, R. S. Dean

Part I CONTENTS

May 1, 1934

By Thomas Varley

"Concentration, ore-dressing, or the dressing of minerals are common terms used in metallurgy and indicate processes of separating valuable minerals from worthless gangue. It is understood, of course, that the products from such processes, being separated from the various minerals and gangue, are ready for commercial sale or for further treatment by smelters and refineries.Gravity concentration takes advantage of the difference in specific gravity of the various constituent minerals and gangue of waste material in the ore. The two most common forms of concentration by this means are jigging and table concentration. Jigs usually are used in the separation of relatively coarse material and the tables for the finer material, the line of division in general being about 20 mesh.There are mar factors to be considered .before a decision can be made as to what method would be best adapted to the successful treatment of an ore and only by careful experiments can this be determined. Among the important factors to be considered are. The nature of the minerals present, their physical and chemical relations to the gangue material, and the gangue material itself. Perhaps the most important is the number of minerals present and their relation to each other.Metals exist in ores in three principal forms -- sulphides, oxides or carbonates, and native. Concentration by gravity methods is in general best suited to sulphide ores, although in some places considerable success has, been obtained in the concentration of oxide ores by gravity methods."

Apr 1, 1920

By J. E. Rourke, O&apos

This report incorporates a review of available dewatering technology and an evaluation of its relevance to surface coal mines in the Interior Province of the United States. Guidelines for the selection, design and construction of dewatering systems are included. On the basis of documented experience, candidate dewatering systems were selected and evaluated with respect to their anticipated impact on the environment and mine operations. Included in the discussion is a summary of laws and regulations which can impact on dewatering operations. Following this discussion, geologic and hydrogeologic conditions within the Interior Province are described and potential dewatering problems at surface coal mines are identified. Model mines are developed which exhibit the most difficult dewatering problems identified, and it is demonstrated how available technology can be utilized to deal with these problems. Dewatering of coarse-grained, high permeability terrace deposits might be economically feasible today. Low permeability, saturated glacial tills or lake deposits appear to be significantly outside present economic feasibility for dewatering.

Jan 1, 1979

The design, specification, and performance evaluation of the Communications and Location portions of a Coal Mine Rescue and Survival System are described. The work was performed as part of a nine month effort to develop a mine rescue and survival system using existing technology and state -of-the -art hardware as recommended by the National Academy of Engineering. Three basic subsystems were developed, one for survival, one for communications/location and one for rescue. This report and related equipment manuals describe only the Communications/ Location Subsystem which was designed, fabricated, and tested by the Westinghouse Georesearch Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado. Two basic technologies were used. Electromagnetic signals propagating through-the-earth provide voice downlink and coded beacon up-link communications. Seismic methods were developed to provide means for locating trapped miners. Seismic signalling also provides a backup means for communications. Parallel development programs for the electromagnetic and seismic portions of the system were conducted. The resulting hardware and software have been partially tested in coal mines and under simulated emergency conditions in order to evaluate system performance. The results of these tests are discussed. Further testing is recommended in order to establish quantitative performance limitations tinder a variety of environmental conditions and to develop methods for improving system performance.

Jan 1, 1971

A maximum acceptable level of 2 mg/m3 of respirable coal mine dust in active mine workings was established, effective January 1, 1973, under the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969. It is generally agreed that, as a result, coal mines in the United States are significantly less dusty than they were a decade ago. For example, operators of underground mining machines were exposed to between 3.9 and 6.5 mg/m3 of respirable coal mine dust during 1968-69; now they are exposed to between 1.3 and 1.8 mg/m3. Also, the incidence of underground sections cited for exceeding acceptable levels of respirable coal mine dust decreased during 1976-78, and the vast majority of all working sections are now in compliance. This improvement is very substantial by world standards. It must be regarded as a creditable accomplishment by the coal mine operators, federal agencies, and mine workers involved. Most of the improvement has been brought about by the use of existing technology to control, suppress, and collect respirable coal mine dust. Research and development by the Bureau of Mines has contributed significantly to the accomplishment by improving the methods for sampling, control, suppression, and collection.

Jan 1, 1980

By Robert S. Schechter

This report describes the development and application of PHASEQ/FLOW, a geochemical flow simulator capable of describing the dynamic changes in chemical composition of an aqueous solution during flow in a permeable medium. The solution components can react through intraaqueous reactions, redox, precipitation, or dissolution. The assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium ensures maximum generality with respect to the number of species and components possible; however, the fluid flow itself is limited to one-dimension. The report describes several applications: generic batch equilibria, flowing equilibria, uranium roll-front deposition, and roll-front leaching.

Jan 1, 1985

By R. H. Lesernann

Copper has held up extremely well as we have moved through the trough of the economic cycle. In the aluminum, lead and zinc industries at least half of the Western World production was unable to cover its operating costs at the prices prevailing throughout most of 1991. In copper, less than 10 percent of production ran in the red last year. Most of that was in Peru where the government has not allowed its currency to devalue at the same pace as inflation. Thus, mining company revenues in local currency terms have risen very modestly while costs have escalated tremendously. Excluding such governmentally imposed distortions, virtually every mine in the Western World ran at a profit last year. While copper producers have to be extremely happy about staying in the black through the trough of the consumption cycle, consumers have to be worried. They must be asking themselves, "If copper held at over $1.00 in a year when consumption declined, how high will prices go when demand picks up?" Consumers are accustomed to paying high prices at the peak of the cycle, but they are also accustomed to paying low prices at the trough of the cycle. What went wrong this time?

Jan 1, 1992

By RUSSELL C. FLEMING

GILSONITE is a brilliant black, tarry-like bitumen, classed technically with glance pitch and graharnite as an asphaltite. As found it is brittle, breaking much like ice, and has a conchoidal fracture. Purest forms are used in the manufacture of paints, varnishes, electrical irisulatiorl, and inks for rotogravure; molded articles such as switch handles, telephone mouthpieces, and but- tons are made from the intermediate grades, and the poorer grades are used for the saturation of felt. According to the U. S. Bureau of Mines figures, production grew from about 4000 tons mined in 1904 to 55,000 tons in 1929. This asphaltic substance is found only in the Uintah basin in northeastern Utah, in veins over a wide area. Veins in the vicinity of Fort nuchesne were first discovered about 18G2, on what was then the Uintah Indian reservation, and the vein matter was originally called Uintaite because of that fact, In the early days, S. H. Gilson. of Salt Lake City, was so persistent and zealous in his efforts to develop the deposits and find a market that the name gilsonite was given to the material. Later, the wider and more renowned wins near Wayson and Dragon, in extreme eastern Utah, became the main supply.

Jan 1, 1932

By R. S. McClellan

DURING the last year or so, with higher prices for gold and silver, many old properties in the West have come back to life. Almost every profitable producer in the old days has been considered, and the reasons for its shut-down investigated. If it seems likely that modern ore-finding, mining, and metallurgical methods, and S35 gold can again put the property on a profitable basis, someone can usually be found to back the venture. Methods of rejuvenation vary with the property, of course, but the following outline of what has been done with one group of mines in Idaho is fairly typical and may be suggestive to others. The Golden Chariot gold-silver properties, near Silver City, consist of seven old mines, working a vein system striking north and south, which had a productive length of some 3500 ft. The vein is a quartz-filled fissure with granite walls. Gold occurs in native, and with silver in the form of electrum which is the natural alloy of the two metals. Silver also occurs in a variety of sulfides. From 1064 to 1876, these old properties were worked intensively to an average depth of about 700 ft., through seven shafts which range in

Jan 1, 1934