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By E. S. Shaw

Utah continues as a very unimportant factor in oil and gas production. During the year 1933 there were no developments of noteworthy significance. There were no completions of either producers or dry holes during the year. The only commercial production in Utah has been from the five fields listed in Table 1 and mentioned briefly in the following paragraphs. Virgin Field.—Oil was first discovered in 1907 in a well drilled in sec. 13, T.41S., R.12W. Of the first 15 wells drilled, all but three were failures. In 1920 production from four wells from 550 to 600 ft. deep was about 20 bbl. per day. San Juan Field.—The majority of drilling in this area was done during the years 1908 to 1911. Probably the first commercial well in the field was that drilled in NW.$i sec. 6, T.42S1 R.l9E., in 1909. Farnham Dome.—The discovery well was drilled by the Utah Oil Refining Co. in April, 1923. A number of years later a second well was drilled by The Carbon Dioxice a mica1 Co., the present operator, which markets the gas in the manufacture of "dry ice" and allied products. The eslimated production, as indicated in Table 1, includes 500 million cubic feet estimated to have been lost while drilling the discovery well. Cisco Dome.—The discovery well was drilled by The Utah Oil Refining Co. in November, 1924. The Crystal Carbon Co. markets the gas in the manufacture of carbon black. Ashley Valley Dome.—The discovery well was drilled by the Utah Oil Refining Co. in April, 1925. The Uintah Gas Co. markets the gas in Vernal, Utah, for fuel. Woodside Structure.—In February, 1924, gas was discovered in a well drilled by Utah Oil Refining Co. in sec. 12, T.l9S., R.l3N., on the Woodside structure. This gas is reported to contain an appreciable amount of helium. It is being held as a helium reserve by the United States Government. Salt Valley Structure.—The test of the Utah Southern Oil Co. in sec. 31, T.23S., R.21E., on the Salt Valley structure has been shut down for some time at 6120 ft. This test has passed through more than 5000 ft.

Jan 1, 1934

In considering the preparation of any paper concerning bearing metals, one feels a certain amount of diffidence in venturing into a field which has been capably explored at great length and in great detail during recent years. Many excellent articles have appeared in technical literature, dealing with the general theory of bearings and of bearing metals, the properties of white metals of the tin-base and lead-base types, and of the recently developed lead-bronzes.The justification for this further excursion into the field lies in the fact that it treats a branch of the bearing metal family which has so far received very little attention, and that of a somewhat sketchy nature, in published papers.The author's object is to give some outline of the history, development, present status and possibilities of the cadmium-base bearing metal alloys, particularly those in which copper is the main alloying element.GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.It is desirable that attention should first of all be given to the general theory, constitution, and necessary attributes of bearing metals, in order that some of the problems met with during the development work may be better appreciated.Despite some evidence to the contrary, it is fairly generally maintained that an alloy for bearing metal use should be of a heterogeneous nature. It should consist of particles of a hard constituent uniformly distributed through a softer matrix.The basic idea is that the hard constituent should actually bear the load and resist wear, while the matrix imparts the necessary ductility and allows the bearing to align itself on the shaft in service.

Jan 1, 1934

Jan 1, 1934

By Scott, Turner

IN 1933, the monetary metals were produced in a ratio of 6.7 oz. of silver to 1 oz. of gold, the lowest relatively for silver since the period from 1851 to 1865. At the beginning of that period, the virgin placers of California -and Australia began producing almost simultaneously; in consequence, there was an abrupt fall in the high silver side of the ratio that had prevailed through the centuries after America was discovered. The output from the Comstock and other silver-bearing lodes, located a decade after this influx of new gold began, soon restored the production ratio to its former proportion, that is, a relatively large weight of silver compared to gold.

Jan 1, 1934

By V. C. Smith

Reliable and detailed statistical data available for Kentucky, Ohio and West Virginia are the most meager and unsatisfactory of any of the producing states. Detailed histories and statistics are available for only a few pools. The antiquity of these pools, loose nomenclature, particularly where several names are applied to the same pool or various parts of the pool or a new namsed when the pool was rediscovered, made the collection of accurat historical and statistical data almost impossible. So many of the data reported are unreliable that a breakdown by pools or even by counties, until more accurate information is available, would lead to gross errors. Rather than perpetuate inaccuracies, we have endeavored to go to original sources wherever possible, sift these and provide data that may serve as an incentive and basis for future work. The necessity for accurate information is thoroughly recognized by the operators, particularly because of the effect of recent government regulations and request? for data in connection with the preparation of the various codes a pending legislation. Producers, both major operating companies and individuals, . freely given their time and assistance in the compilation of these data. Valuable information was obtained from tax records, rate cases, statistics published by the oil and gas publications and the Bureau of Mines. So many individuals cooperated in the preparation of these data that individual credit cannot be given. Undoubtedly many errors will be found. Some of the data are open to controversy, and many have been omitted in the hope that new information of a more reliable character may become available. Other omissions are due to an inability to contact the proper individuals, many of whom are no longer connected with this industry. Pennsylvania grade crude sold in 1933 for the lowest price since 1895. Gas production could not find sufficient new markets to fill the void left by industrial stagnation. In the gas industry, where the market price is fixed by contract, uncertainty persisted because of impending legislative action affecting both taxes and utility rates. As a result of these factors and a lack of new money, drilling was restricted to a new low. The lifting of proration toward the end of the year in the Pennsylvania

Jan 1, 1934

By Richard W. Herzer

Introduction Thermal methods have been predominant in the metallurgy of the base-metals ever since the foundation of the industry thousands of years ago. Development in hydrometallurgy has been confined largely to the past six or seven decades. It was at first necessarily slow, then for a number of years rapid progress was made. At present, the uncertain state of the metal industry has curtailed research on the subject; however, in the next few years one may assuredly look forward to an ever increasing use of wet processes. Leaching methods have attained the dominant position in the case of certain metals, notably zinc. For others, they have made no headway at all. Copper presents a situation all its own. Due to the varied nature of its ores and to the large number of localities in which it is mined, a great number of processes have been developed, each suitable in its own particular field. In the case of this metal, therefore, it is more difficult to arrive at definite conclusions. It is the purpose of this paper, first, to review the outstanding developments of base-metal hydrometallurgy, and, secondly, to consider possible Canadian applications of some of the processes in use. The discussion will be confined to the three metals, zinc, lead, and copper, with particular reference to the last mentioned. Zinc General Note At present, zinc is produced by two principal processes, the older retort process and the electrolytic process. The latter is a development of the last twenty years and, judging by its present progress, bids fair eventually to supplant older methods in a large proportion of cases. It is certain, at least, that in the erection of a new plant, a hydrometallurgical process would be given the most serious consideration

Jan 1, 1934

By D. Harrington

Coal mines and mining-, as well as metal and nonmetallic mines and min¬ing, are not inherently unsafe, although mining people think they are and would like to have everyone else think so. It is now being demonstrated that mines can be operated with essentially as much safety as any other major industrial enterprise; but most mining people, including workers as well as officials, have been slow to realize or admit this. In the past, and with most people even at present, the idea has prevailed that it is utterly impossible to operate a mine without accidents. Although, as in all other kinds of industrial activity, it is true that some injury is likely on occasion to occur to some workers and an extraordinary accident may occur to one or more persons under exceptional conditions, mines can be operated with few if any accidents if a reasonable amount of the right kind of precautionary effort is exerted and kept in effect.

Jan 1, 1934

By A. H. Beebe

This paper describing the operations of the Cresson mine of the Cresson Consolidated Gold Mining & Milling Co. at Cripple Creek, Colorado, is one of a series of papers on mining methods and costs being prepared by the United States Bureau of Mines. The Cresson has recently been the most, important mine in the Cripple Creed district. During 1932 and 1933 an average of 230 tons of new ore (excluding dump material) that averaged about $10 in gold was shipped daily; 150 to 175 men were employed. Stoping was by the shrinkage method exclusively. The ore was screened washed, and hand-sorted at the surface and shipped to the Golden Cycle mill at Colorado Springs for treatment. A considerable proportion of the production was made by lessees working under the so-called "split-check" system. The authors are indebted to the management of the Cresson Consolidated Gold Mining & Milling Co. for permission to publish this paper.

Jan 1, 1934

of our good friends and fellow -members: J. R. Gemmill J. J. Walsh J. F. Gieble M. O. Danford John E. Havens J. E. Edgeworth R. S. Rubincam Phil Lloyd E. J. Raddatz who left the world better for their having lived in it.

Jan 1, 1934

By Alexander Gow

THE object of this paper is to discuss the fundamental principles of ball milling and to present some observations which have been made in laboratory and plant investigations. The discussion will be limited to wet grinding of ores in cylindrical mills, but doubtless many of the principles involved will be equally applicable in the other fields of fine grinding in which mills of the same type are used. In the concentrators of the United States there are about 650 ball, rod, or pebble mills, operating or ready to operate, and these have about 100,000 connected horsepower. For grinding in cement plants there is about three times this connected horsepower, and other industries have an unestimated amount, all used for the general type of grinding that is to be discussed here. It is true that these figures do not represent stupendous amounts of power, but when one considers that ball milling is often the "bottle neck" in a concentrator and that it often accounts for the largest single item in the cost sheet, the importance of a compre-hensive understanding of the principles of ball milling can be appreciated. Much of the past literature devoted to the subject has been concerned with the Kick-Rittinger dispute over evaluating grinding, or with dissertations on ball paths and the closely allied impact versus attrition hypotheses, or with the exclusive consideration of certain specific varia-bles, such as mill speed or circulating load, irrespective of the other factors in operation. Such subjects may be dismissed with but little discussion in what may be called, by comparison, a new philosophy in the study of ball milling. Briefly, this "new philosophy" consists of using power as an index of the mill operation, and investigating grind-ing from the standpoint of set and induced variables, with emphasis on the latter.

Jan 1, 1934

By Paul Hopkins

The following methods have been selected from a large number tried while assaying several hundred samples of placer concentrates. It is thought that some of these methods may be useful to those who are required to assay similar products containing large quantities of metallic articles, such as jeweler's sweepings. No great difficulties will be encountered in assaying black sand from beaches or river bars. Such samples require care in grinding and sifting so that no oversize particles of gold or platinum are lost. It is also necessary to have sufficient silica in the flux to form a fluid slag with the excess of iron, magnesium, or chromium which such samples contain. It is much more difficult to assay black sands, or concentrates, produced in large-scale placer-mining operations. These products are usually much harder and more abrasive than the beach black sands. They also contain numerous metallic particles resulting mainly from wear on the mining machinery. These particles consist chiefly of iron or steel but also contain lead, copper, and alloys such as babbitt, solder, brass, ferrosilicon, etc. Fairly large particles of gold are often found. Some samples will contain as much as 10 percent of such metallic particles. It is not feasible to remove the particles of iron with a magnet and discard them, as they invariably contain gold, sometimes a considerable amount. This gold is attached to the iron particles by rust or wedged into cavities. Scraps of sheet iron are often found which have become tightly folded or rolled and contain gold or amalgam within the folds.

Jan 1, 1934

By John B. Dilworth

In September, 1930, H. N. Eavenson, then Chairman of the Coal Division, appointed a Committee on Methods of valuing Coal Propelvties, with John B. Dilworth as chairman. The latter prepared a schedule' of features for consideration under the general headings of Undeveloped and Developed Coal Properties. These subjects were divided among the members of the committee and during the next year written discussions of his allotted subjects were received from each member. Mr. Grimes and Mr. Eavenson discussed the entire list,. These discussions were mimeographed and a set sent to each member before the meeting of the Institute in February, 1932. There was a general discussion at that meeting. At the meeting in February, 1934, Mr. Dilworth submitted a report12 which summarized the accumulated opinions and data and presented the conclusions of the committee as a whole on the subjects embraced in it's schedule. Members of the committee expressed the desire that some of the individual opinions be published for reference. Mr. R. Damon Hall's abstracts of these papers arc therefore presentrd herewith.3 Personnel of Committee John B. Dilworth (Chairman), Consulting Mining Engineer, Edward V. D'Invilliers Engineering Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Eli T. Conner, Consulting Mining Engineer, Seranton, Pa. W. G. Duncan, Jr., Superintendent, W. G. Duncan CoaI Co., Greenville, Ky. Howard N. EAveNson, Consulting Mining Engineer; Eavenson, Alford & Hicks. Pittshurgh, Pa. George Watkin Evans, Consulting Mining Engineer, Seattle, Wash. J. A. Garcia, Consulting And Constructing Engineer, Allen & Garcia Co., Chicatgo. III. John Alden Grimes, Valuation Engineer, Bureau of Internal Revenue, Washington, D. C. Otto Herres, Assistant Manager, United States Fue1 Co., Salt Lake City, Utah. J. R. Hicks, Consulting Mining Engineer, Eavensorl, Alford & Hicks, Pittsburgh, Pa. Robert D. Reeder, Mining Engineer, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. Samuel, A. Taylor, Consulting Engineer, Pittsburgh, Pa. Bleeckee L.. WHeeler, Mining Engineer, Ford, Bacon & Davis, New York, N. Y.

Jan 1, 1934

By D. D. Homer, R. H. Cromwell

The Minas de Matahambre No. 2 shaft, vertical, four-compartment lined with steel sets and hardwood lagging, has been sunk 2057 ft. On account of rock structure, over-all cross-section dimensions are 23 by 6 ft. Certain sections have been concreted. Two compartments are for handling ore and men, one for supplies and men, and one for manway, cables and counterweight. Two 250-ton capacity skip pockets with air-operated gates and steel cartridge pockets have been installed underground. A steel "A" headframe, a 250-ton steel receiving bin, and skip-to-man-cage changing equipment have been provided. Skip capacity is 102½ cu. ft. The hoist is a Nordberg double-drum 10 ft. by 6 ft. 6 in. geared, electrically driven, with parallel grooving for 1-?in. cables. Maximum hoisting speed is 1600 ft. per minute. The motor-generator set, control panel, slip regulator and hoist accumulator are housed in the basement of the hoist house. The electrical equipment is General Electric. The direct-current hoist motor is 800 hp. Control is of the Ward-Leonard-Ilgner type. The motor-generator flywheel set, normal speed 720 r.p.m., consists of an 800-hp. induction motor, a 22-ton flywheel (dia. 117 in.) and a 650-kw. generator.

Jan 1, 1934

By Frank N. Speller

Jan 1, 1934

By R. H. Hawkins

An investigation of the applicability of geophyiical methods to northern Ontario lignite deposits was undertaken early in 1930 by the Ontario Research Foundation at the request of the Ontario Department of Mines Pre-Cambrian ... Syenite, granite gnciss, etc. Igneous intrusivcs . Lamprophyre dikes cut the Abitibi River and lover formntions. (Permission of Ontario Dept. of Mines) and was financed in part from a research grant made by the latter organization. The work to date has included gravitational, magnetic and electrical resistivity studies. The gravitational and magnetic measure-

Jan 1, 1934

Jan 1, 1934

By George Rice

A PROBLEM of possible subsidence of the surface from mining opera-tions, which might have had disastrous results, arose in 1913 at the Brier Hill mine, of the Penn Iron Mining Co., near Norway, Mich., now managed by Pickands, Mather & Co. for the Bethlehem Steel Co. A double track and sidings of the Chicago & North Western Railroad passed over part of the mine, and if subsidence had reached the surface it might have affected the stability of the tracks. The chief purpose of this paper is to record the facts disclosed by investigations of underground movement from 1913 to 1919, when the tracks were moved, and subsequently at intervals, as engineering data of value from mining carried on below the tracks in the steeply pitch-ing lenses. A secondary purpose of this paper is to describe a novel method for determining the rate of speed of upward breaking above the mine excava-tions. This method was found effective and might be used elsewhere under similar conditions. The mine workings under consideration were developed from the Brier Hill shaft, which was circular, concrete-lined, 14 ft. in diameter, and about 900 ft. deep. They extended about 800 ft. westward from the shaft, and nearly parallel to a corresponding length of the railroad tracks. The highest part of these workings was at a depth of 400 ft. below the tracks (Figs. 1-12). The mining company had the right to remove the ore, the railroad assuming that the surface would be sup-ported. Finally, without legal controversy, an amicable adjustment was reached as to what should be done to lessen or obviate the hazard of subsidence.

Jan 1, 1934

By E. L. Larison

DURING the early years of the present century a notable interest appeared in American industry in the matter of recovering and render-ing profitable byproducts of manufacturing operations. Among the byproducts of reduction of sulfide ores in many plants large amounts of sulfur dioxide gas were available. In certain instances the concentration of SO2 in the gases evolved was, or could be made, sufficient to make them suitable for manufacturing sulfuric acid. At the Anaconda Reduction works such a condition existed. Large tonnages of copper concentrate were being roasted and the roaster gases were available and suitable as a source of sulfuric acid. Earlier work on a large scale at Martinez, Calif., and in the Ducktown region, Tennessee, had shown the feasibility of manufacturing sulfuric acid from the SO2 contained in gases arising from the reduction of copper sulfide ores. In California and Tennessee the acid found a ready market in manufacture of fertilizers, while the situation regarding disposal of the sulfuric acid was quite different at Anaconda. No local use for acid existed, and a commodity of such low value could not stand freight charges to consuming centers. There was a very large accumulation of sand tailings from the gravity concentration mill below the plant at Anaconda. This material, made by the comparatively crude methods in use up to about 1915, contained about 13 lb. of copper per ton, largely as sulfide minerals. In 1912 serious research work toward recovery of this copper was instituted and after about two years of laboratory and pilot-plant development, a process for accomplishing it was perfected. This process involved roast-ing the sand tailings, leaching the roasted tailings with sulfuric acid, and throwing out the copper by passing the solutions over scrap iron. Under this plan each ton of sand required the introduction of about 70 lb. of 60° Be. sulfuric acid.

Jan 1, 1934

1. ACKERMAN, C. L. The Binary System Manganese-Zinc. Ztschr. Metall., vol. 19, 1927, p. 200. 2. ADKENASY, P., AND KLONOWSKY, S. Über die Manganatschmelze. Ztschr. Elektrochem., vol. 16, 1910, p. 107. 3. AKTIEBOLAGET FERROLEGERINGAR (assignees). Method for the Manufacture of Manganese Alloys Poor in Carbon or Silicon or Else Manganese. British Patent 163262, Apr. 28, 1921; U. S. Patent 1480267, Jan. 8, 1924. 4. Method of Producing Manganese or Manganese Alloys Poor in Carbon or Silicon. British Patent 174923, Jan. 25, 1922.

Jan 1, 1934

By Robert Mehl

IT has been shown that quenched iron of high purity exhibits a Widmanstätten figure much resembling martensite in appearance.1 This figure exhibits a maximum of four directions of the surface traces that characterize it, suggesting that a Fe forms from y Fe in plates parallel to the {111}, octahedral, planes in the y lattice. Because of this, and also because of the general similarity to the structural appearance of martensite and to the Widmanstätten figure obtaining in slowly cooled hypoeutectoid steels it has been suggested2 that the orientation relation-ships obtaining between the y and a phases in pure iron are identical with those demonstrated in martensite3 and in slowly cooled hypoeutectoid steels,4 and indeed that the crystallographic mechanism of formation of a Fe from y Fe is the basic mechanism determining the orientation relation-ships found in both martensite and in slowly cooled hypoeutectoid steels. This paper will present experimental evidence in support of this view.

Jan 1, 1934