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TWO American students entered the École des Mines in 1856, Joseph Lesley of Philadelphia and Thomas Egleston of New York. Lesley remained there only one year, but Egleston completed the whole curriculum and received, in 1860, the certificate given to foreign students in lieu of the official appointment and degree awarded French students. Returning home he received, in 1861, an appointment by Secretary Henry of the Smithsonian Institution to sort, label, and arrange the collections of mineralogical and geological specimens which had been brought to Washington by the various government exploring expeditions in the West. Thomas Egleston, born in New York City on Dec. 9, 1832, was the son of Thomas Jefferson Egleston, who came to New York from Massachusetts some time before 1829. The first American ancestor of the family had settled near Dorchester in 1630. T. J. Egleston and Joseph Battell established an iron-merchandizing business* at 166 South St., New York, which prospered exceedingly; so much so that when Thomas J. Egleston died, July. 12, 1861, his estate had a book value of over $500,000. Since an older brother was expected eventually to take over this business, Thomas, who had a liking for science, went to Yale, where he completed the regular four-year course in 1854, and then remained another year for advanced work in chemistry under Silliman. One biographer says he went to Europe, early in 1856, on account of his health. It was the custom at that time for wealthy young men to make a tour of Europe after completing their academic education. Whatever the precise reason, he began scientific work at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris but soon trans-

Jan 1, 1941

By Thomas T., Read

TWO American students entered the Ecole des Mines in 1856, Joseph Lesley of Philadelphia and Thomas Egleston of New York. Lesley remained there only one year, but Egleston completed the whole 'curriculum and received, in 1860, the certificate given to foreign students .in lieu of the official appointment and degree. awarded French students. Returning home he received, in 1861, an appointment by Secretary Henry of the Smithsonian Institution to sort, label, and arrange the collections of mineralogical and geological specimens which had been brought to Washington by the various government exploring expeditions in the West. Thomas Egleston, born in New York City on Dec. 9, 1832, was the son of Thomas Jefferson Egleston, who came to New York from Massachusetts some time before 1829. The first American ancestor of the family had settled near Dorchester. in 1630. T. J. Egleston and Joseph Battell established an iron-merchandizing business* at 166 South St., New, York, which prospered exceedingly; so much so that when Thomas J. Egleston died, July 12, 1861, his estate had a book value of over $500,000. Since an older brother was expected eventually to take over this business, Thomas, who had a liking for science, went to Yale,, where he completed the regular four-year course in 1854, and then remained another year for advanced work in chemistry under Silliman. I One biographer says he went to Europe, . early in 1-856, on account of his health. It was the custom at that time for wealthy young men to make a tour of Europe after completing their academic education. Whatever the precise reason, he began scientific work at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris but soon trans* It still operating as Egleston Bros. Inc., though no direct descendants of its founder are now living.

Jan 1, 1941

By Joseph A. Holmes

(Pittsburg Meeting, March, 1910.) AT the Mining Experiment Station of the U. S. Geological Survey, in Pittsburg, an investigation of the process of combustion is being carried on in a specially-designed furnace having an unusually long combustion-chamber. This work is conducted by a committee consisting of H. Kreisinger, mechanical engineer; Dr. J. C. W. Frazer, chemist; and Dr. J. K. Clement, physicist. The problem, essentially one of physical chemistry, is extremely interesting to all who are concerned in the burning of coal or the construction of furnaces. The main object of these experiments is to ascertain the relation between the amount of the volatile combustible driven from the coal and the combustion-spaces necessary to burn it completely. Our best steam-coals vary from 15 to 45 per cent. of fixed combustible. The greater part of the latter is burned on the grate; but the volatile combustible leaves the freshly-charged coal and must be burned in the combustion-space. If this space is not large enough, the volatile combustible will leave the furnace only partly burned, and the result will be a considerable heat-loss and a smoky stack. Strictly speaking, the factor which determines the completeness of combustion of the volatile matter, after it has been mixed with a certain amount of air, is the length of time the mixture is allowed to remain in the combustion-space; but this length of time depends on the extent of the space itself. Let us suppose, for instance, that, when a given coal is burned at a certain standard rate, the volume of the volatile combustible driven off per second is 10 cu. ft. Adding, say, 10 cu. ft. of air, the volume of the resulting burning mixture is increased to 20 cu. ft. If the combustion-space is 20 cu. ft., the burning mixture will stay in it,

May 1, 1910

By Clarence P. Linville

(Pittsburg Meeting, March, 1910.) IT is recognized that, in all metallurgical operations, the greatest possible uniformity in all conditions is essential to the best results. It is the constant aim of metallurgists to secure this uniformity, and their success in this respect has been in many cases the cause of great advances in the metallurgical processes themselves. Of all such processes, the production of pig-iron in the modern blast-furnace is perhaps the most complex and the most difficult of control. Notwithstanding the great progress of recent years, there is still great difficulty in obtaining anything like uniform conditions and results in the manufacture of pig-iron. The reason is not far to seek. The ores vary in composition and physical properties, often carrying a varying amount of gangue material, unevenly distributed The coke may vary in composition, cell-structure, moisture, hardness, and other properties. The blast, the weight of which far exceeds that of any other constituent, varies in its moisture-content and consequently in its chemical composition ; and its temperature, by reason of the method of heating, is not uniform, but, besides varying from time to time with atmospheric and other outside conditions, has a maximum and minimum for every changing of stoves. Now, with regard to these variations, the modern demand for uniformity has been greatly aided. Chemical analysis has made it possible to select ores so that the composition of the charge can be kept fairly constant; coal may be obtained from a given field, and coked in the same kind of ovens under conditions which . make the fuel practically uniform ; the Gayley

Mar 1, 1910

By T. PH. D. Egleston

THE importance of making analyses of gases in furnaces which are used for metallurgical purposes is every day growing more and more evident. It is the only method of understanding the reactions that take place in the furnace, and of economically conducting the operations both with regard to the fuel used and the reactions which take place on the bodies to be subjected to the influence of the heat and gases. As a knowledge of the composition of gases is becoming every day more necessary to the proper conduct of furnace operations, it seems desirable that furnace managers should generally know that the analysis of gas for commercial purposes is neither difficult, tedious, or expensive, and that it does not necessarily imply the use of corrections requiring difficult instrumental observations and long and tedious mathematical calculations. Any method, therefore, which will tend to render these analyses simple will also tend to having them made and repeated as frequently as the analyses of the ores and other materials charged in the furnace. They should be made even more frequently, as their composition is affected by any change in the condition of the furnace, and a knowledge of their composition will give a ready clue to the unseen and otherwise not easily detected changes which are taking place. The only practicable method of making industrial analyses of gas is that of measuring volumes in graduated tubes. The methods by

Jan 1, 1877

By Constantine Michalopoulos, Roger C. Van Tassel

Commercial demand for gold in the United States is important. It has a large impact on the total world commercial and overall non-monetary demand. Given the present free market price and our need to import gold, it has a substantial adverse effect upon our international payments position. But, according to most recent estimates, the United States demand is perhaps no more than 20% of the world as a whole. In 1971, United States consumption was estimated at 215.6 tons out of a total of 1,412.1 tons 1. This figure is very close to the 16% figure developed by Consolidated Gold Fields as the average for the years 1968-1970.2 Surveys of both production and use of gold on a world-wide basis are not new. With the bulk of gold production in only a few countries, it has been possible to develop fairly reliable series on gold output. Estimates have been developed on the known reserves of gold and probable output at various prices.3 On the demand side, figures have been somewhat less complete and reliable. The Bank for International Settlements and the Director of the United States Mint have regularly published estimates of commercial use in major industrial countries. The IMF has issued an increasingly comprehensive survey in its Annual Reports. The IMF has attempted to cover all nations-not restricting its efforts to major industrial nations-and has tried to estimate both gold taken for commercial uses (Estimated Industrial and Artistic Use) and for private hoarding. Their method is to begin with data on free world output plus any net sales by the Soviet Union, subtract any additions to world monetary stocks (or add to available supply for any net reductions in world monetary stocks), subtract estimates for commercial demand and have left as a residual an estimate for private hoarding. The method is straightforward and simple but the quality of the data is suspect. Industry sources tend to believe the figures as biased on the low side because of a persistent tendency to underreport gold movements.4

Jan 3, 1974

By Emil Gathmann

(San Francisco Meeting, September, 1915) THROUGH wide experience at numerous mills in the United States I have found that there is a decided difference of opinion among the producers of steel as to what constitutes commercially sound steel. Some metallurgists insist upon having, for certain grades of steel, a so-called "open steel," -i.e., one which contains numerous blowholes of varying sizes, and consequently but little volume of true pipe, although a central intermittent shrinkage cavity often extends well down into the ingot: Such blowholes and pipe are expected to weld up during rolling or forging, because their surfaces are not oxidized. Even if this be admitted, included slag particles and a high degree of segregation are bound to be present in the product of such ingots. Blowholes are the result of an oxidized heat, and all heats, unless made or finished in the electric furnace, are oxidized more or less. Subsequent deoxidation, or rather degasification, either in the ladle or in the mold, or in both, is necessary to reduce or prevent blowholes. As is well known, a greater yield of billets or sheets is secured from the ingot by allowing the formation of blowholes, but this is undoubtedly obtained at the expense of the quality of the product. Decided segregation of carbon, phosphorus, and sulphur, as well as small included slag particles, undoubtedly exists throughout the greater portion of all so-called open steel, and cannot be removed by cropping. The first requisite for sound, homogeneous steel ingots and blooms is therefore, in my opinion, so to treat the steel in the furnace, ladle, and mold that "piping" steel is produced. The line of demarcation between harmful and so-called "harmless" blowholes is practically impossible to define. Is it not, therefore, the better and safer practice to use means for the elimination of blowholes and correspondingly reduce the segregation and allow the formation of a well-defined shrinkage cavity or pipe .at the upper end of the ingot? With the relatively cheap deoxidizers available at the present time, e.g., ferro-silicon, aluminum and titanium,

Jan 8, 1915

By Emil Gathmann

Discussion of the paper of EMIL GATHMANN, presented at the San Francisco meeting September, 1915, and printed in Bulletin No. 104, August, 1915, pp. 1485 to 1492 H. W. LASH, Cleveland, 0.-I have found in practical experience that it is not objectionable to have some blow-holes in ingots. They enlarge during solidification and have a tendency to cause the steel to rise. If they are of fairly small size they weld up quite readily, especially where they are some distance from the surface. In that way a pipe, which is much more detrimental than a few small blow-holes, is prevented. There is a very great difference in the formation of blow-holes in steel. You get one condition in soft steel and entirely another condition in rail carbon, or the still higher grades. The figures that are given in Mr. Gathmann's paper I imagine are taken from the higher carbons, as it is very seldom that piping occurs in soft steel. J. W. RICHARDS, South Bethlehem,, Pa.-This contribution is very welcome, and I understand that the process of Mr. Gathmann is in practical use and has proven successful. I believe the experience of steel makers is that an ingot which has a pipe is of more solid structure, and therefore takes a great deal more work in the rolls and in mechanical treatment, than an ingot which has some blow-holes. The density of the piped steel is undoubtedly increased. My opinion is that it is un-

Jan 12, 1915

By Marius R. Campbell

Does mine-sampling show the commercial value of a coal, and if so, how should it be done? This question is often asked, but seldom answered. During the past summer, while engaged in securing coal for the Government coal-testing plant at St. Louis, I had an excellent opportunity to obtain information on this subject, and the results seem to furnish an answer to the questions propounded above. Sampling for the Geological Survey Coal-Testing Plant. In organizing the work of the testing-plant, it was decided that coal in car-load lots only would be accepted for testing, also that this coal should be loaded under the immediate supervision of a representative of the plant, so as to be certain that the car-load sample would be representative. As an additional check on the work, two mine-samples were to be collected from each mine visited, and these samples, as well as the sam¬ple from the car when it was received at the testing-plant, were to be carefully analyzed at the chemical laboratory, which was established in connection with the plant and operated under the direction of Prof. N. W. Lord, of the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Mine-Sanmhling:-Mine-samples were collected with great care by me and my assistants, Messrs. J. Shober Burrows, John W. Groves and Frank W. De Wolf. The dominant idea in the regulations which were adopted for mine-sampling was that it should be done in such a manner that the sample would have the same composition as the commercial output of the mine. .

Sep 1, 1905

By H. A. Guess

A Discussion of the Paper by Mr. H. A. Guess, read at the Atlantic City meeting, February, 1904. MR. JOSEPH P. GAZZAM, Germiston, Transvaal, So. Africa (communication to the Secretary*) :-About fourteen years ago, in southeastern Missouri, I used a method for the wet determination of lead which closely resembles the modified sulphate-chromate method described by Mr. Guess. The principal difference, however, is, that after dissolving the lead chromate in hydrochloric acid, the chromic acid is determined by means of a standard solution of ferrous sulphate. The method, which I believe is still in use in southeastern Missouri, was found to be convenient and accurate for the determination of lead in the ores and various products of the mills and furnaces in that district, but it was never used for complex ores. A number of determinations of lead in mill-tailings were made in the year 1891; a few of these results are given in Table I.

Mar 1, 1905

By Miroslaw Hajdasinski

Estimation of the economic effectiveness of industrial development projects including mining ones is generally made on the basis of the discrete model of the value changes in time, although the character of these changes is similar to the continuous model. In this paper an attempt has been undertaken to investigate the problem of the value equivalence of both models exemplified by a construction of an underground coal mine. An effort has been made to determine the errors which for different estimation criteria appear in result of the application of the discrete model. Theoretical considerations have been supplemented with practical conclusions.

Jan 1, 1977

By A. D. Schwope, L. R. Jackson, A. M. Hall

IN the course of an extensive investigation of the comparative properties of several types of copper, data were obtained on the cold working and subsequent recovery and recrystallization of the copper. In this paper, relations between the degree of cold work and the course of recrystallization are developed. In particular, it is shown that the course of recrystallization over long periods of time and at low temperatures can be predicted with reasonable accuracy from short-time high-temperature recrystallization data. MATERIALS USED IN THE INVESTIGATION Three types of copper were used in this investigation; these were tough pitch, OFHC, and OFHC copper with 15 oz per ton of silver added identified herein as Lots C, D, and F, respectively. The material was supplied by the American Metal Co. Ltd., and processed by the Rome Cable Co. The analyses of the three types of copper are given in Table 1. Originally, it started as wire bars 4 X 4 X 54 in. These bars were heated to 871°C in air and hot rolled to 3/8 in. rod. This rod was cold drawn to 0.204 in. rod (70 pct reduction) in three passes and annealed at 427°C for 4 hrs. A portion of the 3/8 in. rod was saved for more detailed cold-drawing experiments. Starting with the annealed 0.204 in. rod, hard-drawn wires were produced by cold drawing to 0.081 in. wire in 7 passes (84.4 pct reduction in area). Half-hard wires were made by cold drawing the 0.204 in. rod to 0.102 in. wire, (75 pct reduction) in 6 passes and annealing at 427°C for 4 hrs. This annealed wire was then drawn to 0.081 in. wire, (37.1 pct reduction) in 2 passes. Square rod was made by hot rolling wire bars to 9/16 in, rod in 8 passes. This rod was then cold drawn to 0.445 in.-diam rod and annealed for 3 1/2 hrs at 538°C. It was then cold drawn to 0.325 in. rod and again annealed at 538°C for 3 1/2 hrs. Hard square rods were then made by cold rolling this material to 0.257 X 0.257 in. rod, a reduction in area of 20.5 pct. Half-hard square rods were made by cold rolling to 0.268 X 0.268 in. square, annealing for 332 hrs at 538°C and cold rolling to 0.257 X 0.257 in., a reduction of 8.5 pct. Soft wire or rod was made from all types of copper by annealing the hard-drawn material at 343°C for 3 hrs in steam. The grain size of the annealed 0.081 in. wire varied slightly among the three lots: from 0.015-0.025 mm in the silver-bearing OFHC to 0.035-0.045 mm in the OFHC copper. The annealed 0.257 in. wires were more uniform in grain size, averaging about 0.035-0.045 mm. Representative structures are shown in Fig I. EFFECT OF COLD DRAWING AND TENSILE STRAIN ON STRENGTH OF COPPER Conventional tensile tests were performed on the three types of copper in the various degrees of hardness described above. Results of these tests are tabulated in Table 2. The results in Table 2 are

Jan 1, 1947

By J. Blodget Britton

DURING the last three or four years I have had occasion to examine, chemically, various samples of matter commonly called flue-dust or cinder, found deposited in the flues and hot-blast chambers and under the boilers of blast furnaces, and also in the flues and under the boilers of puddling and boiling furnaces. Recently several of these examinations were made quite in detail, and as the results reveal, I believe, information of no inconsiderable importance, I am induced to communicate them to this Institute. A sample of deposit obtained from the flues of one of the blast furnaces at the works of the Phoenix Iron Company, at Phoenixville, Pa., was found to have the composition given in Column I of the following table

Jan 1, 1877

By George Burrell

INTRODUCTION THE senior author of this paper, while in Colorado on other official business, made a trip to the Cripple Creek gold-mining district to get more data than are at present available regarding the composition of the gas that issues from the rock into the mines of the district. This was done at the suggestion of George S. Rice, Chief Mining Engineer of the Bureau of Mines. There are many questions of interest and importance in connection with the ventilation of the mines in the Cripple Creek district, such as the menace to life and mining of a suffocating gas entering the mines from the rock, the danger due to powder smoke (from blasting operations), and danger of continued inhalation of rock dust by the miners. This report confines itself to the first problem, the gas from the rock, and principally to one phase of this question, the composition of the gas and its effects on men and lights. A more thorough study of this and other ventilation problems is planned. That the, rock gas is a real menace is shown by the fact that miners (variously estimated from 25 to 50 by different persons interviewed) have been killed by it in the 25 years that mining has been vigorously carried on at Cripple Creek. Many men have had narrow escapes from death, some of them having been incapacitated for days. In addition, much loss of time results because at certain periods of the year or on certain days it is impossible to enter some workings. At a few mines fans force air into the workings, thus supplementing the natural ventila-

Jan 5, 1916

By George Burrell

J. S. HALDANE, M. D., F. R. S., Oxford, England (communication to the Secretary?).-The valuable paper of Messrs. Burrell and Gauger is of special interest to me as, through the courtesy of the management, I had an opportunity of visiting the Portland mine, Cripple Creek, in 1911, in connection with the investigations on acclimatization to high altitudes, carried out on Pike's Peak, near Cripple Creek, by Professors Yandell, Henderson and Schneider, Dr. Douglas and myself.1 The analyses of one or two samples of the vitiated air were entirely confirmatory of those of the authors. A fatal accident owing to two men being lowered down a shaft filled with the gas had occurred in a neighboring mine just before our visit.

Jan 12, 1916

By Bruno Nordberg

THE high cost of coal in Butte and the development of large amounts of cheap electric power from the Missouri river caused the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. in 1908 to make an investigation as to the possibility of adapting this cheap electric power for the operation of their many large hoisting plants. At this time electric power had already been adopted for practically all other power purposes around the mines, such as pumping, compressing air, etc. The map (Fig. 1) shows the location of the mines of the Butte mining district. These mines are located within a circle of approximately a 1-mile

Jan 9, 1913

By B. W. Frazier

AT a recent meeting of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers, during a discussion upon the compression of air, attention was called to an apparent anomaly in the phenomena attending the compression. At a subsequent meeting this apparent anomaly was explained by Prof. Herschel, and all the facts observed shown to be strictly in accordance with the laws of thermodynamics. Upon reading the report of the discussion in the published transactions of the society, it occurred to me that an attempt to determine mathematically the amounts of energy (whether in the form of heat or of work) expended and absorbed in compressing air, and causing it to perform work by expansion, might prove of use to some who have not access to any treatise upon the application of the laws of thermodynamics to the compression of air, and who have not the time or the inclination to make such application for themselves. The apparent anomaly noticed was this: If air be compressed, and at the same time, by the sufficient application of a cooling medium, kept at a constant temperature, the indicator diagrams in the

Jan 1, 1874

By E. Lancaster-Jones

THE gravity magnitudes obtained by means of observations with the Eötvös balance in the field are necessarily resultant or total effects due to all abnormalities of mass distribution, including even the effects due to the ellipticity and rotational motion of the whole earth. Since the object of the survey is to isolate the effects which arise solely from some particular subterranean feature, and to deduce therefrom the configuration and extent of this feature, the first step is to eliminate from the observed effects all those due to "disturbing" (i, e., unwanted) features, whether above or below the surface of the ground. The disturbing features have different characteristics, according to their situation relative to the center of the balance and to the horizontal plane through the foot of the balance, or station point; this diversity was recognized by Eötvös, who divided the total effects into so-called Normal, Terrain, Topographical, Cartographical and Subterranean effects. This classification has been adhered to by most subsequent investigators, but the writer prefers to employ the term "three-dimensional," which really indicates the essential character of the class of effect known as "Subterranean," at any, rate from the standpoint of the computer of effects. Before disturbing effects can be eliminated, the features must be measured up or surveyed, whether by topographical, mining, or boring methods, and then the effects of each feature calculated and subtracted from the total observed effects. After this the problem of interpreting the residual effects will itself necessitate the computation of the assumed feature, or even a series of trial features.

Jan 1, 1928

By E. Lancaster-Jones

THE gravity magnitudes obtained by means of observations with the Eötvös balance in the field are necessarily resultant or total effects due to all abnormalities of mass distribution, including even the effects due to the ellipticity and rotational motion of the whole earth. Since the object of the survey is to isolate the effects which arise solely from some particular subterranean feature, and to deduce therefrom the configuration and extent of this feature, the first step is to eliminate from the observed effects all those due to "disturbing" (i. e., unwanted) features, whether above or below the surface of the ground. The disturbing features have different characteristics, according to their situation relative to the center of the balance and to the horizontal plane through the foot of the balance, or station point; this diversity was recognized by Eötvös, who divided the total effects into so-called Normal, Terrain, Topographical, Cartographical and Subterranean effects. This classification has been adhered to by most subsequent investigators, but the writer prefers to employ the term "three-dimensional," which really indicates the essential character of the class of effect known as "Subterranean," at any rate from the standpoint of the computer of effects. Before disturbing effects can be eliminated, the features must be measured up or surveyed, whether by topographical, mining, or boring methods, and then the effects of each feature calculated and subtracted from the total observed effects. After this the problem of interpreting the residual effects will itself necessitate the computation of the assumed feature, or even a series of trial features.

Jan 1, 1928

By E. Lancaster-Jones

THE gravity magnitudes obtained by means of observations with the Eötvös balance in the field are necessarily resultant or total effects due to all abnormalities of mass distribution, including even the effects due to the ellipticity and rotational motion of the whole earth. Since the object of the survey is to isolate the effects which arise solely from some particular subterranean feature, and to deduce therefrom the configuration and extent of this feature, the first step is to eliminate from the observed effects all those due to "disturbing" (i. e., unwanted) features, whether above or below the surface of the ground. The disturbing features have different characteristics, according to their situation relative to the center of the balance and to the horizontal plane through the foot of the balance, or station point; this diversity was recognized by Eötvös, who divided the total effects into so-called Normal, Terrain, Topographical, Cartographical and Subterranean effects. This classification has been adhered to by most subsequent investigators, but the writer prefers to employ the term "three-dimensional," which really indicates the essential character of the class of effect known as "Subterranean," at any rate from the standpoint of the computer of effects. Before disturbing effects can be eliminated, the features must be measured up or surveyed, whether by topographical, mining, or boring methods, and then the effects of each feature calculated and subtracted from-the total observed effects. After this the problem of interpreting the residual effects will itself necessitate the computation of the assumed feature, or even a series of trial features.

Jan 1, 1928