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By H. K. Livingston

A TECHNIQUE has been developed which makes it possible to determine the spreading pressure of liquids and solids, for simple systems. Data for surface tensions, interfacial tensions, spreading pressures, and contact angles for water, heptane, and silica are tabulated. These results can be applied to the evaluation of capillary rise and displacement pressure in a petroleum reservoir. Appropriate equations are presented and the application of these equations is discussed. The presence of surface-active components affects both capillary rise and displacement pressure and also seems to influence the rate of fluid flow.

Jan 1, 1942

By Richard E. Ellwanger

Methods of utilizing flocculents as settling and filter aids for mineral processing slurries are reviewed. Broad chemical classifications and techniques for proper dilution, multiple addition, and combination treatments are discussed. A variety of custom built and commercially available systems for makeup and delivery of flocculents to the application points are in use throughout the mining industry. Those concepts which, in the author's opinion, are particularly important to the successful makeup and we of flocculants are presented in relationship to the available makeup and feed systems. Actual industrial applications are included in the presentation.

Jan 1, 1982

By Charles E. Mauk, H. William Prengle, Robert W. Legan

A process breakthrough was needed for the complete destruction of total cyanide influent as high as 100,000 mg per 1, or below 1 mg per 1, to produce an influent with total cyanide below the limit of detection. The process uses ozone for the total destruction of cyanide and metal cyanide complexes. It was found that while ozone alone reacted with the iron cyanide complexes too slowly for practical application, ozone at slightly elevated temperature became more effective, and ozone with ultraviolet light became effective enough to permit the design of a successful system.

Jan 1, 1977

AS you have been able to observe, I have up to the present demonstrated as, well as I knew how in writing the art of casting- and the methods of making moulds and of baking them; then the arrangements of the furnaces for melting the materials, including those made for melting by reverberation of flames or with bellows and charcoal, and the hearth, basket, ladle, and other similar instruments customary in such operations. Now I wish to show you how to bring to their conclusion the works for which these instruments are made, and show

Jan 1, 1942

By Richard Klimpel

In this paper various formulae are developed which can be used to estimate stream flow rates or weight ratios given information on the stream components. The type and level of experimental error present in the stream component analyses does have an important bearing on the numerical values (and reliability) of the weight ratios calculated by the various formulae. A simple but theoretically sound method is shown for selecting appropriate estimation formulae for any given engineering operation. The derived formulae are applied to sets of experimental classification data for illustration purposes.

Jan 1, 1980

By Angelus S. C. Owili-Eger

This paper discusses a model for groundwater quantity prediction at operating sections of underground mines. The approach involves the development of a mathematical model for the movement of water through an integrated (unsaturated-saturated) flow domain within a definable watershed. The model is programmed for the IBM 370/168 computer using the method of finite difference approximation coupled with a finite element analysis. The conceptual and computational aspects of the model have been validated with both experimental and field data and applied to an active coal mining operation located in central Pennsylvania.

Jan 1, 1977

By Carl R. Christiansen, James J. Scott

Advance mine planning, coupled with good mining practice, can be employed to develop underground space in stone mines for future industrial usage. To assure the developer the maximum return on his investment, initial planning should consider all aspects of the commercial operation, including surface layout, mining, and underground industrialization. The modular concept of mining to compartmentalize the space offers several advantages over conventional methods. Some expenditures can be considered as mining costs with a reduction of profit from stone production while lowering the capital requirements for conversion for usable space.

Jan 1, 1977

By P. K. Currie, J. V. Walters

Solution mining of magnesium salts (Carnallite and Bischofite) is taking place near Veendam, in the northeast Netherlands. The magnesium salts are used for the production of magnesia sinter, used as a base material for the manufacture of refractory bricks for furnaces. This paper gives, first, an introduction to the operational procedure followed in Veendam, with the emphasis on some of the unique aspects, and then discusses rock-mechanical aspects of the cavity behaviour. The creep behaviour of magnesium salts is described, and Finite Element calculations on cavity stability and potential surface subsidence are discussed.

Jan 1, 1985

By J. A. Herbst, D. W. Fuerstenau

An analysis of the kinetics of dolomite grinding in a dry ball mill reveals that the following approximations apply for the parameters of the batch grinding model: (1) the size discretized selection functions are proportional to the specific power input to the mill, and (2) the breakage functions can be taken as invariant. These approximations are shown to provide the basis for accurate predictions of product size distributions obtained for several mill speed, ball load, and particle load combinations within the normal ball mill operating range. The engineering implications of these findings are discussed.

Jan 1, 1974

By Erik G:Son Odelstjerna

ALTHOUGH the Swedes have not taken as prominent a position in the open-hearth as in the Ressemer industry, the successful development of which in Sweden has been described by Prof. Åkerman, in a paper read before the Institute,? nevertheless our work with the Siemens-Martin method may possess some interest, even for countries outside our own, and especially for the United States, where the charcoaliron industry competes with that of Sweden for the first rank in extent and importance. I take the liberty therefore of giving in

Jan 1, 1895

By Alphonse C. Van Besien, Arcy A., L. T. Larson, D&apos Shock, J. W. Peters, Ted H. Eyde, Dermot Ross-Brown, David L. Campbell, W. W. Dudley, John P. Bunch

Over the last several years, unfavorable economic and political pressures on open-pit mining have placed the industry in a generally defensive position. As a consequence, there have been changes in the traditional organizational and production methods to increase operating efficiency. For example, staff groups that were once used almost exclusively for production support are now being organized as mining/environmental specialists. These specialized groups are responsible for obtaining mining permits and insuring compliance with existing permit requirements. Permit issurance and renewal continues to grow as a major budget item in open-pit operations.

Jan 2, 1977

[FUQUA, H. B. and Thompson, B. E.: Oil and Gas Development and Production in North Texas for 1933, 107, 320; for 1934, 114, 417 Oil and Gas Development in West Texas 114, 438 FURMAN, W. F.: Heat and Corrosion-resisting Alloys. Printed in Oil & Gas Jnl., June 13, 1935 Furnace-bottom sand, uniformity, 73, 390 Furnace control, Isley apparatus, M27, 502 Furnaces (See also Holt-Dern; Blast Furnaces; Roasters; Wirebar, etc.): annealing: electric, 89, 424 gas-fired, 89, 425 gas vs. wood for nonferrous metals, 89, 422]

Jan 1, 1936

By AIME AIME

WHEN H. I. Smith joined the Institute back in 1908, he was an instructor in mining and metallurgy at Penn State the college from which he had graduated the year before with a B.S. degree. He had not gone far afield for his education, for he was born, February 15, 1984 at Finleyville, Pa., a small village some fourteen miles south of Pittsburgh and without doubt famous chiefly as H. I.'s birthplace. The summer that he graduated he took a trip to the copper mines Arizona and Mexico and en route worked for four weeks for the Portland Gold Mining Co. at Cripple Creek, Colo., as a mucker and trammer. The next summer he roamed farther afield mines and metallurgical works in Europe. Wishing to see more of Arizona, he left the Penn State faculty early in 1909 and went out to Wenden in that State to become mining engineer and assistant superintendent of something called the Corona Copper Co., with 72 mining claims and a one-mule-powered whim for a hoist. When that job folded he helped build the Santa Fe railroad from Parker. Ariza., to Danby Cialif., and then came back to Pennsylvania to enter Government services as a junior mining engineer with the Bureau of Mines.

Jan 1, 1943

By Fredrick C. Kruger

Introduction This surprisingly little-known group of minerals, the nonmetallics, so-called for their lack of metallic luster, is the largest group of the mineral kingdom, and cinstitutes perhaps 75 percent of all mineral species. For the most part, these minerals are compounds of the common acids, oxides, hydroxides, and two elements, carbon and sulfur. The list of the non- metallic minerals, therefore, is very long. It includes the borates, carbonates, chlorides, fluorides, nitrates, phosphates, silicates, sulfates, and less commonly, arsenates, chromates, molybdates, suliides, tungstates, and vanadates, the latter groups, and many of the oxides, being sought principally for their metal content. Those nonmetallics used commercially are generally called the industrial minerals, although in addition this term also includes a considerable group of rocks. The list of industrial minerals and rocks is continually growing as new uses are found, and it now numbers over 300 commodities. The industrial minerals industry has developed since about 1920. There- fore, the development has been fast, and it has been more or less parallel with the development of the art of minerals beneficiation. General Discussion of the Group This group is so heterogeneous that it has defied logical, or widely accepted, classification, whether by origin, composition, or end use, and perhaps for this reason the industrial minerals generally have received short shrift in both teaching and research. Except for those involved with asbestos, cement, fertilizers, gypsum, salt, sand and gravel, few large companies have deigned to enter the field, and consequently most industrial minerals have been developed for the most part by the small operators or entrepreneurs. Yet surprisingly, except for one war year, the nonmetallics have always surpassed the metals in value and tonnage (Fig. 1). One main characteristic that most of the nonmetallics have in common is direct sensitivity to labor and transportation. In other words they are characterized by large bulk and low-unit value, and hence have what might be termed a "place value".

Jan 1, 1971

By S. W. MEALS

TWENTY million people in this country and Canada in nearly four million homes can give thanks to our Creator for natural gas, that most wonderful natural fuel with which Dame Nature has so bountifully blessed us. It is a clean, healthy and cheerful fuel, made up almost entirely of carbon and hydrogen. There is no residue, no waste and there are no objectionable constituents; an ideal fuel for the home. It operates like magic, open the valve and it is there for your needs, winter or summer, night or day. You are not required to place your order 30 to 90 days in advance and you do not need to pay for your winter's supply in advance. No ashes to worry about, no flues or chimneys to clean, nor kindling wood to store or bother the housekeeper. We who have been so blessed do not realize what it would mean to be without it. If in place of opening a valve we had to go to the woodshed or coalhouse and then build our fire-carry out the ashes-well, some of us I am afraid would be late reaching our offices and perhaps would miss our hot cakes for breakfast. One cubic foot of gas produced from the White Sand formation contains 1130 B.t.u. and weighs 47/1000 lb.; there are about 24,000 B.t.u. in 1 lb. of gas. Temperatures of over 3400 deg. Fahr. have been obtained with natural gas. Not only is it a superior fuel for the home but it has no equal for use in many large manufacturing industries, especially with the making of glass, pottery and open-hearth steel. In an open-hearth furnace, properly constructed, 5000 cu. ft. will melt one ton of steel. It requires 1/3 ton of bituminous coal gasified in a producer to do the same work, or about 40 gal. of tar or fuel oil, or 11,000 cu. ft. of by-product gas.

Jan 1, 1926

By K. R. Crocker

PRIMARY blasting at the open pit of the Cananea Consolidated Copper Co. has been developed to meet several conditions peculiar to the operation. Mining at Cananea is not confined to the open pit but is in conjunction with the underground mine which has been in operation for many years. Several old stopes included in the pit area were filled with waste obtained in stripping for the pit. The main haulage tunnel for the underground ore passes directly under one section of the pit and at present is but 180 ft below the pit floor. The pit as originally laid out called for an overall final pit limit slope of 60°. However, the upper 275 ft - a fairly soft oxidized capping, was carried at a 50° slope and the lower benches, which constitute 750 ft in combined height, are being mined to an over-all final slope of 60°.

Jan 6, 1950

By J. L. Wyatt

THE strain sensitivity, K, a property of metals defined as the unit change in electrical resistance per unit strain, was measured for commercial purity titanium wire to determine its usefulness as a strain gage material. A Kelvin double bridge, accurate to 0.000001 ohm, was used to make measurements from 0 to 1 pct total strain. A positive value of 0.17 for K was found. This compares with 2.15 for constantan and 3.5 for cold-worked invar, two of the more common strain gage materials. The effect of temperature also was determined. It was found that a change in temperature of 30°F caused the same resistance change as 1 pct strain. It is therefore concluded that titanium would have utility as a strain gage only if the thermal fluctuations in the specimen could be controlled to a high degree and in applications of very large total strain.

Jan 1, 1953

By John V. Beall

TOO early spring may be the explanation for the poor turnout of mining and metallurgical engineer candidates at a large New York guidance conference, but it would be wiser to take a more serious view of this occurrence. Held a few weeks ago, the meeting was preceded by weeks of preparation and publicity in which many engineering societies participated. The meeting was the First Greater New York University downtown campus for splitting up anticipated to draw about 20,000 high school students from the New York area and environs. Seven of the theatres in the Paramount chain were avail- able to hold the audience for a panel program on career opportunities which was to be televised and piped into the theatres. Following the morning theatre session, students were to adjourn to the New York University downtown campus for splitting up into workshop sessions devoted to seventeen different branches-of the profession.

Jan 5, 1953

By D. Moskowitz

IN the course of a general investigation of boride systems, sponsored by the Office of Naval Research, various vanadium boride powders of relatively good purity were prepared which could be used for a determination of the phases present. The X-ray pattern of one of these lots showed, in addition to the known VB1 and VB22 phases, an additional phase, almost certainly of composition V3B4, isomorphous with Cr3B4, Cb3B4, Ta3B4, and Mn3B,. Its pattern fitted in well with the indices worked out by Kiessling for Mr3B4.3 The unit cell for this new compound is orthorhombic, with the dimensions a = 3.030A, b = 13.18A, c = 2.986A7 V=119.2A.' Table I lists the X-ray diffraction data for V.3,.

Jan 1, 1957

The income of the Institute is derived from dues, subscriptions to MINING AND METALLURGY and sale of publications. These sources are fortunately supplemented by the interest from invested funds now amounting to over $500,000, a considerable portion constituting endowments for especial purposes. Aside from the medal funds the principal endowments are the James Douglas Fund for support of the Library, the Rocky Mountain Fund and the Seeley W. Mudd M.emoria1 Fund. The income from the two last named is available for the support of research and a variety of other purposes. It is allocated by the Board of Directors upon recommendation of standing committees in each case. An active effort is being made to increase the endowments of the Institute, it being felt that unusual opportunities exist for research and public and professional service through the organization and at a minimum of expense.

Jan 1, 1932