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By D. L. Kowal, P. J. Whittaker, M. A. Tuzun, N. O. Lotter

The area of flotation testing of drill-core is important in the business plan of most mining companies. Metallurgical information derived from this practice can be used to advantage in strategic decision-making. Sampling, flotation testing and subsequent Qem SCAN analysis of a mineral resource is one example of this approach. Anew resource, located in Sudbury, Ontario, is being assessed for the Sudbury Operations of Falconbridge Limited, which includes the Strathcona Mill. In this case, it was possible to improve the value of information from sampling and flotation testwork by using an improved, statistically-based test design, by sampling the resource by generic end-member ore type, and by integrating the Mineral Processing and Mineral Science disciplines into a Process Mineralogy team. In addition to producing standard metal grade and recovery information, this new approach provides more reproducible information from representative samples and flotation testing in a replicate format. Qem SCAN technology is used to produce a size by size mineral balance, including both modal percentages and liberation, from which flotation models for each ore type can be developed. As a result, a key understanding of the potential behaviour of a given ore type, if mined and then processed at the current mill operation, is gained at the 95%confidence level. The three ore types of this mineral resource were shown to have different flotation characteristics. Quantifying the mineralogy and liberation in each of the three ore types, has shown that this difference is due to changes in modal percentages of ferro-magnesium and magnesium silicate minerals such as pyroxene, talc and serpentine. Liberation across the three ore types is very similar and is therefore not responsible for variation in flotation performance.

Jan 1, 2003

By J. R. Low, A. M. Turkalo

ManY qualitative observations have been made concerning the relationship of the carbide dispersion and the mechanical properties of steel. With reference to the strength and hardness we know that for a given composition a steel having a fine pearlitic structure is stronger than that having a coarse pearlite. The martensitic structure tempered at a relatively low temperature and having finely dispersed carbides gives greater strength than that given by the martensitic structure tempered at a relatively higher temperature and having a coarser

Jan 1, 1959

By A. de Ferran

Is the Brazilian gold rush over? Judging from the situation in Brazil over the past few decades, the answer is almost certainly yes. The picture of swarms of Brazilian prospectors or "Garimpeiros" crowding or, more correctly, overcrowding the gold regions of the Amazon jungle using the time-aged empirical approach to gold exploration has finally run its course. There are two fallacies that have lead to a reduction in the discovery of new gold fields in Brazil. The first fallacy is that "Brazil's geology is largely unknown." The extreme depth of weathering and the general lack of understanding of the shield deposits are at the origin of this misconception. The second fallacy is that "Brazilian prospectors (`garimpeiros') are very naive, have very little technical knowledge and can only produce gold at very low recovery rates." This is more of a result of wishful thinking for the purpose of justifying limiting exploration programs than it is a real consideration. In this paper, the author takes a methodical heuristic approach to gold exploration in Brazil and offers this as an alternative to the empirical approach of the garimpeiros.

Jan 1, 1997

By Quanzhong Gu

Stability of a pre-exnacted recovery room plays a vital role when longwall face approaches and during a longwall face move. In an attempt to extend the application of pumpable cribs into recovery room support and to limit roof bolt installation when a longwall face approaches the recovery room, yieldable and cuttable pumpable cribs (YCPC) were employed in the recovery room at the northern West Virginia mine. The YCPC consists of two layers of materials with different strengths. This allows considerable deformation from the floor and/or roof by sacrificing the soft layer while maintaining relatively high load capacity under mining¬induced front abutment loads. The thickness and stiffness of the soft layer, installation and quality control are the key factors when using the Yieldable and Cuttable Pumpable Crib to stabilize longwall recovery room- Underground observation and monitoring results show that the Yieldable and Cuttable Pumpable Crib is a viable solution to insure stability of the recovery room and can save at least two days for a longwall face move at the mine.

Jan 1, 2004

Discussion of the paper of Frank H. Kneeland, Safeguarding the Use of Mining Machinery. By B. F. Tillson and Arthur Williams. 1073 Discussion of the paper of Howard N. Eavenson, Safety Methods and Organization of United States Coal & Coke Co. By William H. Grady, Thomas W. Dawson, C. W. Goodale, J. Parke Charming, B. F. Tillson, George S. Rice, Arthur Hovey Storrs, Harry H. Stoek, Lawson Blenkinsopp, Arthur Williams, and Howard N. Eavenson. 1075 Discussion of the paper of J. Parke Channing, Enlarging the Worth of the Worker and the Perspective of the Employer. By Fred H. Rindge, Jr., S. A. Taylor, Elmer L. Corthell, and Philip W. Henry. . 1095 Discussion of the paper of Walther Mathesius, High Blast Heats in Mesaba Practice. By Joseph W. Richards, W. A. Forbes, J. E. Johnson, Jr., H. P. Howland, and Walther Mathesius. . 1100 Discussion of the paper of W. R. Shinier, Effect of Finishing Temperatures of Rails on Their Physical Properties and Microstructure. By William R. Webster, Henry M. Howe, A. A. Stevenson, G. K. Burgess, and Samuel L. Hoyt . 1107 Discussion of the paper of George K. Burgess and Sir Robert A. Hadfield, Sound Steel Ingots and Rails. By Albert Sauveur, Henry M. Howe, Henry D. Hibbard, Joseph W. Richards, F. W. Wood, and George K. Burgess. . 1112 Discussion of the paper of Henry M. Howe and Arthur G. Levy, Are the Deformation Lines in Manganese Steel Twins or Slip Bands? By J. E. Stead 1116 Discussion of the paper of F. C. Langenberg and R. G. Webber, Structures and Hysteresis Loss in Medium-Carbon Steel. By Henry M. Howe. . . 1117 Discussion of the paper of Charles H. MacDowell, German and Other Sources of Potash Supply. By George S. Rice, Charles H. MacDowell, and V.C. Grubnau . . 1118 Discussion of the paper of Joel H. Watkins, White-Burning Clays of the Southern Appalachian States. By H. Ries 1120

Jan 5, 1915

By Michael Lane

With the success of their existing casino operation on the Ohio River in Lawrenceburg, Indiana, the Indiana Gaming Co., LP planned a major expansion of the current facilities. This expansion includes a second 1400+/- car parking garage, a new surface parking lot, elevated walkways, and a new floating casino that will double their present square footage and consolidate all of the gaming activity to one floor. In March of 2006 Richard Goettle, Inc. was awarded the general contract to construct a 260? x 520? boat slip for the new Argosy VII floating casino. An Open Cell® bulkhead system was specified as the means for constructing the new slip. Our contract included the purchase and installation of 300,000 square feet of PS27.5 sheet pile, excavation of 230,000 cubic yards of soil, and a 3300 square foot Mechanically Stabilized Earth wall.

Jan 1, 2008

By A. S. M’Creath, E. V. d’Invilliers

The rapid development of the southern coal and iron-ore fields during the past few years, and especially in the latter half of the year 1886, and the avidity with which everything relating to the industrial situation there is read and absorbed by the professional and non-professional public, has led to the preparation of a brief paper for the Institute upon a comparison of the raw materials available on or about January 1st, 1887, at three prominent centers of consumption. While disclaiming any originality or priority in the treatment of the resources of these districts, where so much valuable and interesting work has been performed in the past by several members of the Institute, we hope that the presentation of some analyses of samples personally secured by us in the several districts selected, and prepared for a comparative study of the character of the materials actually used and to be used by the furnaces of the "New

Jan 1, 1887

By M. Yoshinuga, S. Watanabe

Some iron ores, sinters and pellets occasionally show abnormal behavior during reduction which makes them undesirable as blast furnace burden. These may be divided into the following three types: (1) decrepitation of iron ore, (2) swelling of iron ore and pellet, (3) size degradation of sinter. In this paper reduction experiments and microscopic examinations were made to clarify the mechanisms and causes of these abnormal phenomena. Decrepitation occurs mainly when compact hematite ores containing small amounts of limonite are heated to about 500°C. Abnormal swelling of ores and pellets is caused by the rapid growth of fibrous metallic iron from the surface of wustite grains during rapid reduction and is fundamentally related to their original microstructure. Size degradation of sinter occurs through the development of cracks in the reduction stage from hematite to magnetite. About 80% of the iron ore used in Japan's blast furnaces comes from abroad, and the iron and steel industry must import this raw material from distant overseas places at high freight rates. The blast furnace operators, therefore, have made strong efforts to cut costs under these restrictive raw materials conditions by increasing productivity and simultaneously decreasing coke consumption. If, however, a high proportion of the ore burden consists of unsuitable materials furnace irregularities often result, establishing the need for detailed investigations of the basic natures of the ore constituents and their reactions during the reduction process. Recent investigations '-' of various ore burdens suggest that some iron ores, sinters and pellets are occasionally abnormal in appearance and behavior during reduction studies and may prove to be undesirable for use in the blast furnace. In the present study reduction experiments and microscopic observations were made to clarify the causes and the mechanisms of the abnormal behavior observed in some constituents of the burden and their effect on blast furnace performance. REDUCING APPARATUS The four kinds of reducing apparatus used in this investigation were the following: 1. The JIS* (Modified Gakushin') apparatus shown in Fig. la is most commonly used in Japan to evaluate the reducibility of ores under static conditions. It consists of a stainless steel tube of 60 mm inside diam suspended from a balance. 2. Linder's Reduction Test apparatus (Fig. lc) has a reducing barrel 130 mm diam and 200 mm long which rotates at 30 rpm. Some modifications were made in test procedures. 3. Gakushin Standard Test apparatus for determining the reducibility of granular ores (Fig. Id) consists of a horizontal silica tube 32 mm diam, 370 mm long and a movable electric furnace which enables rapid heating and cooling of the specimens. 4. The test apparatus for reduction under load (Fig. lb) gives a comprehensive evaluation of the behavior of ores under conditions simulating the static loading and the chemical reduction conditions encountered in. a blast furnace stack. A stainless steel tube of 50 mm diam and a carbon rod of 35 mm diam were used as the sample container and the support for the weight, respectively. In each investigation care was taken to select the most suitable method and apparatus to distinguish the abnormal nature of the ore in question. SIZE DEGRADATION OF SINTER DURING REDUCTION Sinter makes up the major portion of the blast furnace burden and its behavior during reduction should bear a close relationship to the iron productivity. Recently, some of the sinter was found to show serious size degradation during reduction at a relatively low temperature range. Because this phenomenon was thought to be a possible source of furnace irregularities, tests were made to clarify the phenom-

Jan 1, 1969

By James Tuer, John R. Goode, Jim Cambon

"Hudson Resources Inc. (Hudson) has defined a major resource of high purity anorthosite (calcium feldspar) assaying about 30% Al2O3 at the White Mountain (Naajat) deposit in Western Greenland. Extensive beneficiation and evaluation testwork has shown that the material can be simply beneficiated to produce a feed material ideal for the production of low-alkali E-glass used for making glass fibre. An offtake agreement is in place with a major US fibreglass manufacturer and, subject to the mine construction schedule, shipments are scheduled for late 2016 or early 2017. In parallel with the E-glass program, Hudson has completed an initial program of metallurgical testwork which shows that the White Mountain anorthosite can be processed by hydro- and pyro-metallurgical processes to yield either smelter-grade alumina (SGA), suitable for conversion to aluminium metal, or a high purity, chemical/specialty-grade alpha-alumina (CGA) commanding a premium price. The process includes dissolution of the anorthosite in hydrochloric acid, HCl sparging to precipitate aluminium chloride hexahydrate (ACH), recycle of the ACH filtrate to leaching with a bleed stream processed for HCl regeneration from CaCl2, and two-stage calcination of the ACH to regenerate HCl and produce SGA and/or CGA. Calcium silicate and amorphous silica are marketable by-products. This paper discusses the White Mountain anorthosite deposit; the process testwork completed to develop production processes for SGA and CGA; production plans, and indicative economics.INTRODUCTIONHudson Resources Inc. (Hudson) holds a 100% interest in the Naajat Exploitation Licence in Western Greenland that cover the White Mountain high-calcic anorthosite deposit. Anorthosite is a calcium aluminosilicate of slightly variable composition but generally containing about 30% Al2O3. The alumina content is similar to that in bauxite and anorthosite has long been studied as a feedstock for the production of alumina. Other potential uses include feedstock for the high-end fiberglass (E-glass) industry and as a filler for use in paint and plastics."

Jan 1, 2016

THIS paper deals with the handling of the various materials used in the 100-ton zinc plant at Risdon, and, in view of the magnitude of the works, the configuration of the ground covered by these works, the variety of the rnaterials used, and the large quantities, a very attractive and interesting subject is opened.The works are situated on the right bank of the River Derwent, about four miles above Hobart, the capital city of Tasmania. The Risdon works cover a space of 149 acres, the area being :3800 yards long by 2800 yards wide, and the elevations vary from 6 ft. above high-water mark at the wharf and foreshore to 163 ft. above high-water mark at the power station, these being the limiting points as regards elevation which are considered in this paper. Throughout the paper elevations are given in feet above high-water mark. Fig. 1 shows a general view of the works taken from the opposite bank of the River Derwent. The wharf is clearly shown, with SS Kekerangu loading residue; behind the wharf is seen the inclined conveyor leading to the cakine bin; further up the hill is the leaching division. No. 1 haulage runs to the left of this up to a point on the left of the power station, the large reinforced concrete building at the top of the hill. Below this is the cell room, the largest building on the plant. The roasting division, not very clearly seen, lies at the foot of the main stack, and the casting division lies to the left of this, between the leaching division and the cell room. A large wharf has been construl'ted alongside the works. This wharf is 880 ft. long and 60 ft. wide. It is capable of berthing large overseas steamers, as at low tide there is a depth of :30 ft. of water. The rise and fall of the tide at the wharf is 4 ft. 6in., and the river is navigable at all states of the tide. Just above the company's wharf...

Jan 1, 1923

By Harraway D. H, Draper N

The association of graphite with a fine grained pyrite in the Mount Isa lead-zinc ore was investigated from mineralogical and metallurgical standpoints. The pyrite has been partially or completely replaced by galena and to a less extent by sphalerite, pyrrhotiteand chalcopyrite with the retention of graphite films or inclusions. During lead flotation the graphite imparts a spontaneous flotability to all associated minerals, resulting in a low grade fraction, which we call the carbonaceous fraction, floating with and diluting the lead concentrate. In times of low metal prices this fraction seriously reduces the economic value of the lead concentrate. A flotation procedure was developed to upgrade the carbonaceous fraction separately, producing an economic concentrate and a tailing.INTRODUCTIONThe lead concentrate produced from Mount Isa ores can vary from 20 to 50 per cent lead, depending on the locality in the mine from which the ore is obtained. Variations of this order are independent of ore grade and lead recovery. The large variation is related to the presence in the ore of a variable fast floating low grade fraction known locally as the carbonaceous fraction because of its association with graphite. During conventional lead flotation with sodium ethyl xanthate the carbonaceous fraction floats rapidly and unselectively with normal Mount Isa galena.The paper discusses mainly the examination and treatment of an average carbonaceous fraction, defined here as the fast floating material in the mill feed of late 1956. The ore was drawn from the Mount Isa Black Star orebodies. The fraction represented about 5 per cent of the total ore...

Jan 1, 1961

By Xu Weimin

The existing copper electrorefining tankhouse of Jinchuan Nonferrous Metals Complex (JNC) was commissioned in 1986 for refining blister copper anodes. Blister copper is produced by reverberating chalcocite separated from converter high grade nickel-copper matter by means of flotation. Special chemical analysis of the anodes shows, a composition of 93.02 - 95.72 % copper, 3.0 - 4.96 % nickel and 0.5 - 1.23 % sulfur. The wide range of composition makes the electrorefining process fairly different from others throughout the world. The initial nickel content of 20 ppm and sulfur 40 ppm or more in copper cathodes are reduced to 8.5 ppm and 11 ppm respectively. Since 1986 the tankhouse has undergone significant evolutionary modifications and implementations to ameliorate cathodes quality desirably. The important fact is that the N-additive was utilized through many studies and pilot and field trials successfully. While our primary purpose is to improve chemical quality of the cathodes, tankhouse capacity is increased considerably and the process is perfected satisfactorily. The tankhouse is described with special emphasis on JINCHUAN PROCESS. The upgrading of our product by the utilization of the N-additive is highlighted. The other aspects of the tankhouse including spent electrolyte treatment and by product nickel sulfate manufacturing are briefed as well. Key words: JINCHUAN PROCESS, anode, cathode, electrolyte, electrorefining, N-additive.

Jan 1, 1993

By Douglas R. Piteau

Douglas R. Piteau (Engineering Geologist, De Beers Corp., Kimberley, South Africa; Presently Consulting Specialist at Nchanga Mine Open Pit, Chingola, Zambia)-Mr. Lutton is to be commeneded on his analyses and presentation of such practical data which can be used for predicting a preliminary optimum slope angle in rock. It appears that he assumes all slopes analyzed to be straight. Although there are overriding factors which affect the general slope configuration, such as structural discontinuities, ground water, and other environmental factors such as weathering conditions, regional stress, etc.,8 the affects of plan geometry under certain conditions also can be of outstanding importance. In investigation of natural slopes, for example, the effects of plan geometry are not entirely appreciated and it is in this respect that discussion is given. Experience in southern Africa has shown that the overall geometry of surface openings in rock, particularly those with dimensions of the order of 1500 ft or less, i.e., where radii of curvature of the slopes are less than, say, 700± ft, must be considered in rational slope-stability analyses. That is, the slope angle is not only a function of slope height, strength of the mass, and geometry of structural discontinuities, but also is dependent upon the plan geometry of the local slopes and the plan shape of opening. Technically speaking, adequate analysis of the slope must be three-dimensional, the third dimension being that of overall plan configuration and the analysis must incorporate its subsequent effects. However, current theories of slope stability all deal with the slope as a two-dimensional problem, i.e., a slice of unit length of an infinitely long slope is considered for a condition of plane strain. In this the tacit assumption is made that the plan radii of the crest and toe of the slope are infinite and no attention is given to the plan geometry of the slope. Clearly this is not the condition encountered in practice, particularly in open pit mining where excavations, relatively speaking, can be small and where these radii of curvature accordingly can have important affects on the slope stability. This is illustrated by the analyses of Piteau and Jennings 9 of the natural slopes which had developed around pipes of four diamond mines in the semiarid Kimberley area of South Africa. Although these slopes consist of dolerite overlying shale, the values of the slope angles of all the pits were corrected for a height of slope of 320 ft assuming that no dolerite occurred. This brought the data onto a comparable basis. These data were analyzed statistically and a clear empirical relationship, as is shown [in Fig. 4], is seen to have formed between angle of slope and curvature of slope, i.e., the angles of slope are greatest where the radii of curvature are least. Also, it can be seen that the slope of each line is different, indicating that the plan shape of the open pits also are significant, the curve being steepest for the open pits which are more circular in shape in contrast to those which are more elongated. The effect of slope curvature on the average angle of slope for the two extreme radii of 200 ft and 1000 ft for all four open pits is 39.5° and 27.3°, respectively. Hence, the concave curvature effect represents an average increase in slope angle of 12.2° from the essentially straight slope. In quantitative terms in Mr. Lutton's Fig. 2, this represents displacing the curve for a 320-ft pit from the second curve from the bottom (i.e., shale in subtropical climate) to that of the third from the bottom (i.e., quartzite in temperate environment).

Jan 1, 1972

Safety Leadership The management and leadership of a mining operation is a challenge at all times. The pressure to make production, safety, and environmental goals is intense. At some point mining cycles will put every operator into periods of time where economic issues seem to over-ride all other concerns. This is when leadership is most needed.

May 1, 2009

By J. H. E. Jeffes, K. T. Jacob

Solid oxide galvanic cells, of the type: Pt,Ni-NiO | Solid electrolyte | O(metal),Cermet,Pt, were used to measure the activity coefficient of oxygen in liquid Cu at 1 100 and 1 300°C and in Pb at 1 100°C. Similar cells were used to study the activity coefficient of oxygen in the whole range of Cu + Pb alloys at 1 100°C and in Pb-rich alloys at 900 and 750°C. The results obtained are discussed in terms of proposed solution models. An equation based on the formation of 'species' of the form M(2)O in solutions of oxygen in binary alloys is shown to fit the experimental data

Dec 1, 1971

By Pierre Antoine Dhaiti, Gilbert Sergerie, Michel Dagbert, Jean-Maurice Brodeur

"Quality of iron ore is generally determined by several factors which can be correlated or independent. Among these f actors, we generally find per cent iron, silica, magnetite or hardness. Forecasting the short- and long-term fluctuations of these f actors in the future pit is an important feature of mine planning in these deposits. Computer simulation provides a realistic answer to these questions. It allows to generate values for the most important quality features of each shovel load with the proper correlations between them as well as between one load and the next being fully reproduced. Then different sampling schemes f or grade control or blending facilities can be examined on the simulated data. The mechanics of the simulation procedure and its potential applications are described in an example.IntroductionThe purpose of this paper is to illustrate the use of in-situ grade simulation in the planning o f the grade control in an iron ore min e. More precisely, given a production unit of given size, we need to know how many samples have to be collected in that unit so that we ca n recognize its grade with a reasonable precision. Conclusions that we would like to arrive at are of the type: with 4 blasthole samples we ca n get the iron grade of a 10,000 ton bloc k with less than a ± 2% Fe error 95% of the time.The approach t hat we take to solve this problem is simulation. We simulate the grade of samples and the grade of the block that contains these samples. We repeat the simulation for hundred s o f blocks. By comparing the sample grade with the block grade in each case, we determine the actual number o f blocks where the difference sample-bloc k is less than a given limit."

Jan 1, 1983

By Philippe Caudal

This paper presents a case study in which a slope failure was observed on the west wall of the LAB Chrysotile mine in the vicinity of the main ramp in January 2010. Airborne LiDAR results were used to evaluate slope geometry before and after the failure occurred. Back analysis of the failure was performed to assess rock mass properties at the slope scale using various numerical techniques: limit equilibrium, finite elements and fracture networks. The various approaches correlated well with field observations.

Aug 1, 2013

By W. R. Crane

The effect of mining in the red-ore mines of the Birmingham district has been observed for some time, but, except in a few localities, little difficulty has been experienced from disturbance of cover. Cave-ins near the outcrop and fracturing of the surface at greater distances are the most pronounced manifestations of disturbance, while limited areas at points distant from the outcrop and under greater depth of cover have actually subsided. were it not that the orebed is overlain by one or more water-bearing formations, the fracturing or settlement of the surface would not be serious; but because of these formations, fracturing of the top rock may in itself be of sufficient importance to warrant the adoption of protective measures. Further, the collapse of pillars over a wide area may develop squeezes that, if not controlled, may jeopardize the integrity of the mines and necessitate a change in development, from slopes to vertical shafts, at a much earlier period than is now contemplated. Drainsge in these mines has been discussed in papers on mining practice,' but the fact that water, varying from 0.16 to 3.46 and averaging 1.43 times the amount of ore mined, has to be pumped from the mines daily, indicates the importance of the problem and the advisability of making a thorough investigation of the source of mine water, its mode of entry into the mines, its effect upon mining conditions, and consideration of means of improving the conditions.

Jan 1, 1927

By K. Adam

Improved environmental performance comprises one of the key objectives of the sustainable development in the mining industry. Within this framework, a research project was undertaken by TVX Hellas, a mixed sulphides producer in northern Greece, in order to develop and evaluate anaerobic wetlands as an alternative method for the treatment of acidic waters originating from old mine areas. The anaerobic treatment using organic substrates, aimed to neutralize the acidity of the mine drainage and remove the dissolved metals, such as Fe, Zn, Mn etc., in the form of insoluble compounds retained within the substrate. The effectiveness of this treatment method, as compared with the conventional neutralization techniques with alkaline additives, extensively used in the mining industry, was assessed based on environmental and economic indicators. The indicators applied included contaminant removal, land take per unit of contaminant removed, effluents quality, remediation of past environmental damage, energy and reagents consumption, capital and operating cost. Based on the above, the applicability of anaerobic wetlands for the treatment of acidic streams originating from old mined areas was concluded.

Jan 1, 2003

By S. Safak

Europe retains a modest position in world mining activity in terms of scale of production and mineral reserves but maintains a non-negligible role in the world mining industry. The concept of sustainable development resting on three pillars of economics, environment and social development has become an increasingly important factor in the European mining sector and a major influence on the related policies of the European Commission. Members of European mining industry shall conduct their activities according to the principles which promote sustainable development. A successful minerals planning policy should create the legal administrative environment that is necessary to ensure the sustainable supply of minerals to society within the framework of sustainable development. Members of the European mining industry shall conduct their activities according to principles which promote sustainable development. The challenge for sustainability is to find a balance between securing minerals supply, protecting the environment and achieving social progress. The point of balance depends on the range of policies adopted by governments. In this paper the development of the sustainability of the mining sector in EU and the social component of sustainability in the mineral industry is discussed.

Jan 1, 2014