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Chester Wells Purington was killed at Yokohama on Sept. 1, 1923, in the Japanese earthquake. Mr. Purington was born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 27, 1871. He prepared for his entrance to Harvard at the Boston Latin School and graduated from Harvard in the class of '93. He started out soon thereafter investigating gold deposits of the Appalachian system in the South and in 1895, made atrip to Alaska, investigating the gold deposits of that territory. The summer and fall of 1896 found him in the San Juan country of Colorado examining the gold and silver properties in the Telluride and Rico districts and in the La Plata Mountains. In the meantime, he had served on the economic staff of the U. S

Jan 1, 1924

By J. C. F. Randolph

This mill being now in successful work, it seems proper to record some professional memoranda concerning it. It is intended to handle an unusual ore, in a locality difficult of access, and its arrangement and method of procedure present some novel features of interest. It was prepared for the San Miguel property at Batopilas, State of Chihuahua, Mexico, owned by the Consolidated Batopilas Silver Mining Company of New York, at present under the management of ex-Governor Alexander R. Shepherd. This property contains a large series of more or less parallel veins, worked through a deep cross-cut tunnel 1300 feet in length. The vein rock of these veins is calcapar in diorite. While, near the stirface, ruby silver, black

Jan 1, 1882

By John C. F. Randolph

THIS mill being now in successful work, it seems proper to record some professional memoranda concerning it. It is intended to handle an unusual ore, in a locality difficult of access, and its arrangement and method of procedure present some novel features of interest. It was prepared for the San Miguel property at Batopilas, State of Chihuahua, Mexico, owned by the Consolidated Batopilas Silver Mining Company of New York, at present under the management of ex-Governor Alexander R. Shepherd. This property contains a large series of more or less parallel veins, worked through a deep cross-cut tunnel 1300 feet in length. The vein rock of these veins is calespar in diorite. While, near the surface, ruby silver, black

Jan 1, 1882

By Francis S. Kendorski

Caving offers the lowest cost per ton of ally large-scale mining method, but its successful application demands an ore body that conforms to several rigid requirements. The deposit must be of wide areal extent, massive and not spotty in ore values, and insensitive to ore dilution. It must also be a rock mass that breaks up readily. There are only three active caving operations in the US-Climax, Henderson, and San Manuel-but caving methods have recently-taken on new importance as deeper, lower grade mineral occurrences and ore bodies are found. These deposits are too deep for surface mining methods, and too low grade to support any type of underground mining except a bulk method such as caving.

Jan 6, 1978

THOSE MARKED THUS * ARE MEMBERS, MARKED THUS t ARE ASSOCIATES THESE SIGNS DOUBLED INDICATE LIFE MEMBERS AND ASSOCIATES RESPECTIVELY THE FIGURES AT THE END OF THE ADDRESS INDICATE THE YEAR OF ELECTION HEAVY FACED TYPE SIGNIFIES HONORARY MEMBERSHIP ` *AARONS, JULIAN B , Mine Supt, The Boulder Deep Levels, Ltd , Boulder, Western Australia, '05 *ABADIE, EMILE R, Cons and Min Engr, 1004 James Flood Bldg, San Francisco, Cal '76 *ABBE, CLEVELAND, JR, GeOl Aid, U S Geological Survey, Washington, D C '00 *ABBOTT, AI ARTHUR, Cerro de Pasco Mining CO , Cerro de Pasco, Peru, So America '95 *ABBOTT, ARTHUR V , Electrical Engr , Westinghouse, Church, Kerr & CO , 8 Bridge St, New York, N Y '82 *ABBOTT, CLARENCE E, Chief Min Engr, Care Fayal Mine, Eveleth, Minn '04

Jan 1, 1910

By William H. Spice

The area on which oil and gas development is reported covers 30 counties, which are included in the Texas Railroad Commission's District No. I. This area not only includes the old established Balcones fault-line group of producing fields but also includes the southwest extension of this trend and some of the deeper Wilcox (Eocene) exploratory development. (Fig. J.) In the old Balcones fault-line zone, three new fields were discovered during 1941. These fields are comparatively small, producing from Dale limestone or Austin chalk. No new fields were discovered during the year in the Edwards (Lower Cretaceous) limestone horizon. One new shallow field was discovered in the Reklaw (Eocene) sand horizon and, in the southwestern part of the district, one oil field and one gas field were discovered in the Navarro (Upper Cretaceous) sand horizon. An extremely important extension was made to the one producing Wilcox (Eocene) field of the district in the Washburn Ranch field of La Salle County. The district produced 6,650,357 bbl. during 1941, which was a 12 per cent decrease under production for 1940. Approximately 4,954,000 bbl. of this total production was produced by the three Edwards limestone fields, Luling, Salt Flat and Darst Creek, the remaining production coming from the other 43 active fields in the district. In all, 3694 wells were producing at the end of 1941, compared with 3559 wells at the end of the previous year. During the year, 139 new producing wells were completed and 29 wells were abandoned in the producing fields. The increase in producing wells represents an increase in new wells over abandonments in these fields, together with a decrease in wells temporarily shut down as of the end of 1941. The majority of production drilling was carried on in the following fields; Bee Creek, Chicon Lake, Elm Creek, Gas Ridge, Pearsall and Tenney Creek. Approximately 250 wells were drilled during 1941, of which 110 were exploratory wells completed as failures throughout the district. Considerable exploratory work was continued during 1941 along the Wilcox trend. Geophysical work employing various types of geophysical methods and leasing activity was continued along this trend, particularly by the major companies. The significance of this activity is apparent from the successful extension and development in the Washburn field of La Salle County, where several well-developed gas-and-oil producing horizons have been developed in the lower Wilcox section between 5100 and 5600 ft. as noted in the following paragraphs. Continued exploratory activity along this general trend as far as present conditions will permit is predicted for 1942. New Fields Elgin Field, Bastrop County.—No. I-A Hiram Walker, Marts and Beaven, Inc., discovery well of the Elgin field, was com pleted on Apr. 22, 1941, in broken Austin chalk from 2820 to 2840 ft., pumping 105 bbl. per day, 36.8°A.P.I. gravity. The well apparently is producing from a crevice in

Jan 1, 1942

By William H. Spice

The area on which oil and gas development is reported covers 30 counties, which are included in the Texas Railroad Commission's District No. I. This area not only includes the old established Balcones fault-line group of producing fields but also includes the southwest extension of this trend and some of the deeper Wilcox (Eocene) exploratory development. (Fig. J.) In the old Balcones fault-line zone, three new fields were discovered during 1941. These fields are comparatively small, producing from Dale limestone or Austin chalk. No new fields were discovered during the year in the Edwards (Lower Cretaceous) limestone horizon. One new shallow field was discovered in the Reklaw (Eocene) sand horizon and, in the southwestern part of the district, one oil field and one gas field were discovered in the Navarro (Upper Cretaceous) sand horizon. An extremely important extension was made to the one producing Wilcox (Eocene) field of the district in the Washburn Ranch field of La Salle County. The district produced 6,650,357 bbl. during 1941, which was a 12 per cent decrease under production for 1940. Approximately 4,954,000 bbl. of this total production was produced by the three Edwards limestone fields, Luling, Salt Flat and Darst Creek, the remaining production coming from the other 43 active fields in the district. In all, 3694 wells were producing at the end of 1941, compared with 3559 wells at the end of the previous year. During the year, 139 new producing wells were completed and 29 wells were abandoned in the producing fields. The increase in producing wells represents an increase in new wells over abandonments in these fields, together with a decrease in wells temporarily shut down as of the end of 1941. The majority of production drilling was carried on in the following fields; Bee Creek, Chicon Lake, Elm Creek, Gas Ridge, Pearsall and Tenney Creek. Approximately 250 wells were drilled during 1941, of which 110 were exploratory wells completed as failures throughout the district. Considerable exploratory work was continued during 1941 along the Wilcox trend. Geophysical work employing various types of geophysical methods and leasing activity was continued along this trend, particularly by the major companies. The significance of this activity is apparent from the successful extension and development in the Washburn field of La Salle County, where several well-developed gas-and-oil producing horizons have been developed in the lower Wilcox section between 5100 and 5600 ft. as noted in the following paragraphs. Continued exploratory activity along this general trend as far as present conditions will permit is predicted for 1942. New Fields Elgin Field, Bastrop County.—No. I-A Hiram Walker, Marts and Beaven, Inc., discovery well of the Elgin field, was com pleted on Apr. 22, 1941, in broken Austin chalk from 2820 to 2840 ft., pumping 105 bbl. per day, 36.8°A.P.I. gravity. The well apparently is producing from a crevice in

Jan 1, 1942

By FORTUNATO PEREIRA

(San Francisco Meeting, October, 1911.) I. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. The Department of Narino (formerly included in the Department of Cauca) is a narrow band about 170 km. (100 miles) wide in the southern part of the Republic of Colombia, FIG. 1.-SKETCH-MAP OF THE SOUTHWESTERN PART OF COLOMBIA. near the boundary of Ecuador, as shown in the sketch-map, Fig. 1. Its capital is Pasto, a small city of 25,000 inhabitants; the principal towns are Túquerres, Cumbal, Ypiales, Barbacoas, and Tumaco. The port on the Pacific ocean is Tumaco, and traffic in the interior is carried partly on the Patia river (steam navigation to the fluvial port of Barbacoas), and afterwards overland over poor roads by human bearers or on mule-back.

Aug 1, 1912

By Stewart, J. B.

THE property at which this work was done consists of a large deposit of potash salts occurring in massive beds of rock salt, overlain by 600 ft. of salt-impregnated shales and marls. It is in the Province of Cataluiia, Spain, about 45 miles from the railway station of Mauresa and about a mile south of Suria. In addition to sinking the shaft, the program of construction work laid out by the European owners (not Spaniards) included a single-track narrow-gage railroad from Mauresa to the mine; one large office building and several large shop buildings, all of brick and concrete with steel truss roofs; two extensive benches for the future recovery plant; and a large village of stone dwellings for employees. The pay-roll showed approximately 1200 to 1500 men employed. After two years' operation, ending early in the autumn of 1920, the shaft had been sunk 325 ft. and still had an equal distance to go to reach the potash; all tunnels for the railroad were done and the road-bed $0 per cent completed; only a little more than the foundations were completed for all the large buildings, and the excavations of the benches were about 75 per cent done-while only a fair start had been made upon the employees' village. This was the state of affairs when the European owners decided to offer this property under a one-year option to an American syndicate, providing that they agreed to carry on the entire building program and to sink the shaft as fast as was consistent with the quality of work which they demanded, for they wished the shaft to endure at least 200 years.

Jan 1, 1926

By W. H. Hough, P. B. Leavenworth

Development during 1942 led to the discovery of 26 new fields in the Texas Gulf Coast, as compared with 27 during 1941. Of these, 19 are classed as oil fields, 4 distillate fields, and 3 gas fields. Production from the new fields amounted to 614,467 bbl. to October 1942. Producing Sections.—Discoveries in I942, compared with the previous two years, classified by producing formations, are shown in the following table: It is interesting to note the increase in Wilcox discoveries due to the extensive geophysical campaign that has been con. ducted since 1940. Drilling.—During the year 688 wells were drilled, of which 574 produced oil or gas and 114 were dry. This represents a considerable decline in activity over the previous year, when 1405 wells were drilled in the area, of which 1081 were producers and 324 failures. Jackson County continued to hold the lead, with 222 wells completed. Production.—-Despite curtailed drilling, production amounted to 118,009,451 bbl. for 1942, indicating a slight increase over the 113,726,893 bbl. produced during 1941. The statistics in Tables I and 2 include condensate and distillate as oil production, because many Gulf Coast fields produce oils with a wide variation of specific gravities, all of which are commingled in pipe lines. Table 3 shows by counties most of the activities referred to. The number of wells drilled includes only field wells; not wildcats. Outstanding Fields of 1942 The Texas Gulf Coast covered in this report has 270 more or less active oil and gas fields, including the new discoveries of 1942. Of these the most outstanding from the standpoint of production are listed in Table 4. Each of these fields produced one million barrels or more during 1942. Some of the fields where new extensions are occasionally referred to as separate fields, such as West Columbia and New West Columbia, or Thompson and South Thompson, are combined to give a more accurate outline. Two interesting facts may be noted from this list of some 26 oil fields: (I) that the Lolita field, Jackson County, is the only discovery since 1938 to produce more than one million barrels annually, although there have been 79 discoveries since Jan. I, 1940; (2) that 20 of these 26 fields produce from the Frio. New Fields ALief, Harris County.—Pure Oil Company's No. I Mike Albanese was drilled to 8637 ft. in Cook Mountain shale. After numerous tests the well was completed on Apr. 20, 1942, in a Yegua sand at 7919 to 7924 ft. for 54 bbl. of 52' gravity oil and 3,335,000 cu. ft. of gas through

Jan 1, 1943

By W. H. Hough, P. B. Leavenworth

Development during 1942 led to the discovery of 26 new fields in the Texas Gulf Coast, as compared with 27 during 1941. Of these, 19 are classed as oil fields, 4 distillate fields, and 3 gas fields. Production from the new fields amounted to 614,467 bbl. to October 1942. Producing Sections.—Discoveries in I942, compared with the previous two years, classified by producing formations, are shown in the following table: It is interesting to note the increase in Wilcox discoveries due to the extensive geophysical campaign that has been con. ducted since 1940. Drilling.—During the year 688 wells were drilled, of which 574 produced oil or gas and 114 were dry. This represents a considerable decline in activity over the previous year, when 1405 wells were drilled in the area, of which 1081 were producers and 324 failures. Jackson County continued to hold the lead, with 222 wells completed. Production.—-Despite curtailed drilling, production amounted to 118,009,451 bbl. for 1942, indicating a slight increase over the 113,726,893 bbl. produced during 1941. The statistics in Tables I and 2 include condensate and distillate as oil production, because many Gulf Coast fields produce oils with a wide variation of specific gravities, all of which are commingled in pipe lines. Table 3 shows by counties most of the activities referred to. The number of wells drilled includes only field wells; not wildcats. Outstanding Fields of 1942 The Texas Gulf Coast covered in this report has 270 more or less active oil and gas fields, including the new discoveries of 1942. Of these the most outstanding from the standpoint of production are listed in Table 4. Each of these fields produced one million barrels or more during 1942. Some of the fields where new extensions are occasionally referred to as separate fields, such as West Columbia and New West Columbia, or Thompson and South Thompson, are combined to give a more accurate outline. Two interesting facts may be noted from this list of some 26 oil fields: (I) that the Lolita field, Jackson County, is the only discovery since 1938 to produce more than one million barrels annually, although there have been 79 discoveries since Jan. I, 1940; (2) that 20 of these 26 fields produce from the Frio. New Fields ALief, Harris County.—Pure Oil Company's No. I Mike Albanese was drilled to 8637 ft. in Cook Mountain shale. After numerous tests the well was completed on Apr. 20, 1942, in a Yegua sand at 7919 to 7924 ft. for 54 bbl. of 52' gravity oil and 3,335,000 cu. ft. of gas through

Jan 1, 1943

By Dorsey Hager

North Central Texas has recently become a center of interest for the oil men of America. The bringing in of the McClosky well at Ranger, Eastland County, and the shallow pool at Brownwood, Brown County, in 1917, has stimulated interest in this area to fever pitch. Oil men from all over the United States are now investing there. The area of present interest is shown by the accompanying map (Fig. 1). The money spent in leases runs into millions of dollars. It is no exaggeration to say that a strip of country 200 miles (321 km.) long and 125 miles (201 km.) wide, comprising some 15,000,000 acres (6,070,310 ha.), has been leased practically solid at a cost for rentals and bonuses of at least $1 per acre. The test holes contracted for will certainly number 400, at a cost of at least $5,000,000. From what has been done in the past six months, $20,000,000 at least will be spent. To pay returns on this amount of money, new production to the extent of at least 12,000,000 bbl. must be obtained. At present, the production from new fields will not average over 5000 bbl. per day; three wells at Ranger are producing 3000 bbl.; 250 wells at Brownwood produce 1000 bbl.; and the Gray well, Coleman County, is as yet an unknown factor. However, at Ranger there is every indication of developing a good pool covering from 1500 to 2000 acres (607 to 809 ha.), more or less, but the wells are deep, 3400 to 3800 ft. (1036 to 1158 m.), and cost $35,000 to $40,000 to drill. Large wells are necessary to pay for such expensive holes. As new wells are drilled, the gas pressure will be lowered rapidly, and large production need not be expected. For those oil men who expect a second Cushing or an Eldorado, Ranger holds little of promise. At Brownwood, Brown County, there are some 250 shallow wells (depths from 200 to 350 ft.) averaging 4 to 7 bbl. per day. There is a chance of an extensive producing area for these shallow sands to the southwest, and the opening of several thousand acres of shallow oil territory, and also some promise of deeper oil horizons in the Ranger horizon, but probably all under 2500 ft. At present, the lease brokers and speculators, and only a handful of oil men, have made any money. More fields must be developed, and it is more particularly with these possibilities that this paper deals. Lack of water for drilling purposes has undoubtedly held back development so far this year; this part of Texas has had a drouth for two years and there is an actual scarcity of water. Geological investigations so far undertaken cover nearly all the area outlined, and while pakt of the

Jan 1, 1920

By D. V. Carter, Dan C. Williams, John R. Coombs

Exploration was active in East and East Central Texas during 1944. Ten oil fields were discovered during the year, of which four show promise of development. The discovery wells of the Sand Flat and Tyler, South fields were drilled to a depth greater than 10,000 ft., and the latter field now produces from the Pettit at a depth of 9890 ft. The Sand Flat well was plugged back to the Paluxy. The other two fields are Glen Rose producers near 8000 ft. The Pickton field produces from the Bacon Lime and Winnsboro from the Rodessa section. The Eylau field, Bowie County, was significant as the first Smackover production in Texas. Magnolia drilled a test in the Concord field, which topped salt. The most extensive and significant development in the district was the Carthage gas-condensate field. It expanded from the 8000 acres of last year to an estimated 190,000 acres, or about 300 sq. miles, and is not defined as yet. The first oil production in the Carthage area was made from the Travis Peak in 1944 in the Rogers Lacy's Cameron Lumber Company well No. I, on the northwestern side of the field. The New Hope field, Franklin County, scored the largest number of completions during 1944 with 24, bringing its total number of wells to 27. Two more pays were opened and produced as dual completions with the older horizons. The Manziel field, Wood County, had 19 new wells added during the year, for a total of 29, while the Pittsburgh field, Camp County, reached a total of 23 wells by completing 14 new ones. Material shortages and drilling restrictions dropped the total number of producing wells completed in the district from 171 during 1943 to 141 for 1944. Abandonments increased from 531 during 1943 to 609 for 1944. Of this number, 479 were in the East Texas field. Subsidy payments had very little effect in the district and it was mostly a few of the old fault-line fields that had any wells to fall within the requirements for subsidy payments. The prices of crude oil remained constant in the district except for increases as a result of subsidy payments. Production and Probation Wartime demands called for increased allowables for many fields, consequently the condensate and oil production for 1944 increased to 190,016,180, which is up 6.9 per cent over 1943. The East Texas field, of course, remained the principal producer of the district, accounting for 134,768'499 bbl. during the year, or 71 per cent of the district total production of condensate and oil. The field topped its own 1943 production by 4.8 per cent and became the first field in the world to produce 2 billion barrels of oil. The Hawkins field remained the second largest oil producer in the district, with 13,317,088 bbl. for the year, a drop of 6.8 per cent from 1943, while Van field was third with 11,635,708 bbl. The

Jan 1, 1945

By AIME AIME

FIVE days, extending from Monday, Feb. 18 to Friday, Feb. 22, inclusive, will be required for the annual meeting this year. The first fours days will be devoted to reading and discussion of papers, general and committee business meetings, two lectures, luncheons, dinners and all the pleasures of a big, general reunion. The fifth day will be given over to an all-day excursion for both men and women by special train to West Point, in celebration of the birthday of the first President of the United States. Washington having been an engineer and now after one hundred and thirty-one years the country having selected as President another engineer in the person of Herbert Hoover, our own past president and honorary member, it is proposed to celebrate with a good old-fashioned picnic and inspect the school. The authorities at the Military Academy have undertaken to welcome the engineers and do whatever they may to make our pilgrimage notable. Other social features planned for the week are numerous. Luncheon will be served as usual at the building each day of the meeting to all members and guests. This year a very nominal charge will be made, primarily to overcome deficits due to irregular attendance. Monday noon, the Non-metallic Minerals Committee will lunch at the Engineers' Club and in the evening the Milling Methods Committee will dine there. The Annual Smoker will be held at Hotel Astor after dinner. Professional entertainment of high order is promised, but not too much to interfere with the numerous group reunions that characterize this func- tion.

Jan 1, 1929

By Tracy C. Jarrett

In making gold alloys possessing certain physical properties, such i~nportant factors as corrosion resistance, color, hardness and melting points must be considered. All of these requirements depend directly upon the composition. It is possible to obtain the same colored gold alloy by using different compositions, but in doing so one may bring in some undesirable property. Other investigations have been carried on in this field by F. E. Carter,' E. M. Wise12 and L. Sterner-Rainer2 To make a complete study of the effect of composition upon these properties, a systematic investigation was carried on involving a range of copper content from 85 to 65 per cent. Elements such as zinc, silver and nickel were used to replace in part the copper content. The gold content in all the alloys remained constant. Only 10-karat gold alloys of those containing 41.6 per cent gold will be considered. All of the alloys were made in an induction furnace. Each alloy was cast in a 3 by 1/4 by 3/4-in. ingot. The method of obtaining the melting points and making color determinations was described in a previots paper.4 The Rockwell B scale with the 1/16-in. ball and 100-kg. weight was used for all hardness determinations. The submersion of test pieces in concentrated nitric acid is one of the standard corrosion tests used in the optical trade. A test piece in the 50 per cent cold-worked condition, % by 2 by 0.045 in., is blanked from a skip using a die, and the weight loss per square inch of surface is taken as a means of comparison. The time for this test is 2 1/2 hr. of actual submersion of the test picce in the acid. This standard test was applied to all of the 10-karat gold alloys discussed in this paper. The tensile tests were made upon strips of the dimensions shown in Fig. 1. The test pieces after blanking were annealed at 1300" F. for 20 min. and cooled in air. Thc "drop of the beam" method was used in determining the yield point, as there was a very marked "drop" when the yield point was reached.

Jan 1, 1940

By Tracy C. Jarrett

In making gold alloys possessing certain physical properties, such i~nportant factors as corrosion resistance, color, hardness and melting points must be considered. All of these requirements depend directly upon the composition. It is possible to obtain the same colored gold alloy by using different compositions, but in doing so one may bring in some undesirable property. Other investigations have been carried on in this field by F. E. Carter,' E. M. Wise12 and L. Sterner-Rainer2 To make a complete study of the effect of composition upon these properties, a systematic investigation was carried on involving a range of copper content from 85 to 65 per cent. Elements such as zinc, silver and nickel were used to replace in part the copper content. The gold content in all the alloys remained constant. Only 10-karat gold alloys of those containing 41.6 per cent gold will be considered. All of the alloys were made in an induction furnace. Each alloy was cast in a 3 by 1/4 by 3/4-in. ingot. The method of obtaining the melting points and making color determinations was described in a previots paper.4 The Rockwell B scale with the 1/16-in. ball and 100-kg. weight was used for all hardness determinations. The submersion of test pieces in concentrated nitric acid is one of the standard corrosion tests used in the optical trade. A test piece in the 50 per cent cold-worked condition, % by 2 by 0.045 in., is blanked from a skip using a die, and the weight loss per square inch of surface is taken as a means of comparison. The time for this test is 2 1/2 hr. of actual submersion of the test picce in the acid. This standard test was applied to all of the 10-karat gold alloys discussed in this paper. The tensile tests were made upon strips of the dimensions shown in Fig. 1. The test pieces after blanking were annealed at 1300" F. for 20 min. and cooled in air. Thc "drop of the beam" method was used in determining the yield point, as there was a very marked "drop" when the yield point was reached.

Jan 1, 1940

By Tracy Jarrett

IN making gold alloys possessing certain physical properties, such important factors as corrosion resistance, color, hardness and melting points must be considered. All of these requirements depend directly upon the composition. It is possible to obtain the same colored gold alloy by using different compositions, but in doing so one may bring in some undesirable property. Other investigations have been carried on in this field by F. E. Carter,1 E. M. Wise,2 and L. Sterner-Rainer.3 To make a complete study of the effect of composition upon these properties, a systematic investigation was carried on involving a range of copper content from 85 to 65 per cent. Elements such as zinc, silver and nickel were used to replace in part the copper content. The gold content in all the alloys remained constant. Only 10-karat gold alloys of those containing 41.6 per cent gold will be considered. All of the alloys were made in an induction furnace. Each alloy was cast in a 3 by ¼ by ¾ -in. ingot. The method of obtaining the melting points and making color determinations was described in a previous paper.4 The Rockwell B scale with the ball and 100-kg. weight was used for all hardness determinations. The submersion of test pieces in concentrated nitric acid is one of the standard corrosion tests used in the optical trade. A test piece in the 50 per cent cold-worked condition, ½ by 2 by 0.043 in., is blanked from a strip using a. die, and the weight, loss per square inch of surface is taken as a means of comparison. The time for this test is 2 ½ hr. of actual sub-mersion of the test piece in the acid. This standard test was applied to all of the 10-karat gold alloys discussed in this paper. The tensile tests were made upon strips of the dimensions shown in Fig. 1. The test pieces after blanking were annealed at 1300° F. for 20 min. and cooled in air. The "drop of the beam" method was used in determining the yield point, as there was a very marked "drop" when the yield point was reached.

Jan 1, 1939

By C. E. Gregor

Current modern trends in mining show that hoisting shafts are being expected to fulfill an important ventilation function. However, where rigid guides and supporting structures are mandatory, ventilating power costs will be high, unless the transverse structures (shaft sets) are streamlined. In the complex configurations of hoisting shaft furniture patterns, either for original design purposes, or for the adjustment of an existing shaft, a useful degree of aerodynamic optimization, by reduction of overall resistance, can only be effectively evaluated by model studies in a special purpose wind tunnel, as described herein. The author has shown that, in one particular case, an annual power cost saving of more than $50,000 was indicated, mainly by the selection of buntons and dividers of improved aerodynamic profile. Mining companies are now realizing the advantages that can accrue through proper attention to the aerodynamic aspects of mine shaft design. With progressive demands of civilization for an ever greater supply of coal and metals, and with greater depths of working, higher rates of extraction, advanced degrees of mechanization, and improved standards of environmental health and work comfort, shaft design is becoming an extremely important aspect of mining operations. In addition, because the cost of sinking, equipping, maintaining, and operating a mine shaft is continually increasing, there is a greater incentive to use a shaft for the maximum duty, consistent with economy. The current natural tendency is therefore to sink multi-purpose shafts, to install as much equipment as is safely and effectively possible to operate; and then, over and above all these functions, to use the shaft to its maximum possible ventilating capacity, as a major, or auxiliary, airway. Clearly, this latter additional function can only be employed at a significant cost, since the most economic operating airways are smooth-lined and devoid of internal rigid furniture. It is true that hoisting functions can be carried out in such shafts if rope guides are used, but only under restricted conditions. Where a manway must be provided, fixed guides and supporting structures are mandatory, and ventilation costs become accentuated. It is generally recognized that the prime element of cost in ventilating a mine can be represented by the power required to drive the fan unit. It is also known that the largest component of total mine resistance is that of the downcast shaft, where this shaft is equipped with rigid guides for hoisting purposes. The pressure loss varies directly as the resistance of the shaft, in accordance with a modification of the Atkinson equation p = RQ2/3600. Furthermore, the air horsepower drawn is given by the equation AHP = (p x 0/33000. Therefore, the power required to drive the fan unit varies as the resistance of the shaft and the cube of the air quantity. Clearly, if Q is a specified minimum, then the only way to minimize the pressure loss (and the power costs) is to reduce the shaft resistance R. (See Table I for a list of symbols.) The resistance to airflow of a shaft equipped with rigid guides and supporting structural sets consists of two components which, for the sake of analytical simplicity, can be regarded as additive. 1) Frictional resistance, represented by the viscous frictional forces within the boundary layer, as air flows along the surfaces of the walls and the periphery of the vertical elements (guides, pipes, cables, ropes, etc.) of the furniture. The friction loss can be readily calculated by the Atkinson equation, after selection of a suitable value for the friction factor K from the McElroy compilation.' KxLxO xQ2 5.2 xA3 Friction loss can be minimized by lining the shaft walls (particularly if of circular or elliptical cross-section) with a smooth continuous lining of monolithic concrete.

Jan 1, 1968

By Michel T. Halbouty

South Texas, one of the world's important oil and gas-producing areas, continued to hold interest during 1939 as another scries of new fields and new producing levels was developed within its boundaries at a fairly continuous rate throughout the year. There were 1801 wells drilled in this area in 1939, compared to 1678 in 1938; of these, 1515 were drilled in established fields, or as extensions to proven areas (semi-wildcat), and 286 were drilled as rank wildcats, in search of new production. Among these rank wildcats, 22 produced oil, 7 produced distillate and gas and 257 were abandoned as dry holes (see Table 5). Of the 1515 field and cxtension wells, 1213 produced oil, or distillate and gas, 50 produced only gas and 252 were dry; 38 found new productive sand levels in proven ficlds. Jim Wells County led this district in discoveries, having had 9 new fields arid 9 new productive sands found within its border during 1939. Most activc of the 1939 discoveries were Reynold?; and Ben Bolt fields in Jim Wells County and Minnie Bock field in Nueccs County; among producing fields the most activc were: East White Point and Aransas Pass (McCampbell). Production from South Texas in 1939 totaled 55,105,506 bbl. against a total of 56,152,122 bbl. produced in 1938. South Texas should continue its present rate of developrnent and exploration and this should result in the discovery of many fields in its numerous oil-bearing zones, and should also lead to more knowledge of the possibilities of its deeper horizons, such as the Mt. Selman and Wilcox formations; with the latter holding particular interest at the present time. Tide Water Associated Oil Company's A. M. Bruni No. I, Cole-Bruni field, Webb County, the deepest well drilled along the Mirando trend, was carried to 8959 ft., where it started to blow out from a Wilcox sand topped at 8954 ft., making gas, distillate and mud under heavy pressure. After the well was killed, drill stem beeame stuck and was cemented in place in order to test a Queen City (Mt. Selman) sand logged from 5620 to 5675 ft. This and other shows found in other wells along this trend, but out of this district, have served to increase the importance of this but little explored Sparta-Wilcox trend of South Texas during the year, and more activity along it is to be expected in the near future.

Jan 1, 1940

By Michel T. Halbouty

South Texas, one of the world's important oil and gas-producing areas, continued to hold interest during 1939 as another scries of new fields and new producing levels was developed within its boundaries at a fairly continuous rate throughout the year. There were 1801 wells drilled in this area in 1939, compared to 1678 in 1938; of these, 1515 were drilled in established fields, or as extensions to proven areas (semi-wildcat), and 286 were drilled as rank wildcats, in search of new production. Among these rank wildcats, 22 produced oil, 7 produced distillate and gas and 257 were abandoned as dry holes (see Table 5). Of the 1515 field and cxtension wells, 1213 produced oil, or distillate and gas, 50 produced only gas and 252 were dry; 38 found new productive sand levels in proven ficlds. Jim Wells County led this district in discoveries, having had 9 new fields arid 9 new productive sands found within its border during 1939. Most activc of the 1939 discoveries were Reynold?; and Ben Bolt fields in Jim Wells County and Minnie Bock field in Nueccs County; among producing fields the most activc were: East White Point and Aransas Pass (McCampbell). Production from South Texas in 1939 totaled 55,105,506 bbl. against a total of 56,152,122 bbl. produced in 1938. South Texas should continue its present rate of developrnent and exploration and this should result in the discovery of many fields in its numerous oil-bearing zones, and should also lead to more knowledge of the possibilities of its deeper horizons, such as the Mt. Selman and Wilcox formations; with the latter holding particular interest at the present time. Tide Water Associated Oil Company's A. M. Bruni No. I, Cole-Bruni field, Webb County, the deepest well drilled along the Mirando trend, was carried to 8959 ft., where it started to blow out from a Wilcox sand topped at 8954 ft., making gas, distillate and mud under heavy pressure. After the well was killed, drill stem beeame stuck and was cemented in place in order to test a Queen City (Mt. Selman) sand logged from 5620 to 5675 ft. This and other shows found in other wells along this trend, but out of this district, have served to increase the importance of this but little explored Sparta-Wilcox trend of South Texas during the year, and more activity along it is to be expected in the near future.

Jan 1, 1940