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By C. W. Andrews

The various methods of by-product coke-manufacture have been quite thoroughly discussed in a number of papers recently published, and I think it would possibly be of interest and value to discuss the growth and probable future of the byproduct coke industry, rather than details of manufacture. The first by-product coke-plant in the United States, consisting of 12 ovens, was put in operation at Syracuse in January, 1893. This installation was followed by one at Johnstown, Pa., in 1895; one at Dunbar, in 1896, and one at Glassport, in 1897. The plant at Syracuse was primarily intended to supply the owners with ammonia for their alkali-works. At Glassport, for the first time, gas was sold for illuminating purposes, although it was mixed with water-gas to make it marketable. The New England Coke & Gas Co. started the plant in Boston in 1899, which was destined to change the whole trend of the establishment of by-product plants, since it manufactured for the first time illuminating-gas suitable for sale without enrichment. This was accomplished by dividing the gas on the battery into two portions. One portion, consisting of the richer part of the gas, was saved for sale, while the remaining, or leaner, portion was used in the battery. This idea was originated by Dr. Schniewind, of the United Coke & Gas Co. The coke was used for domestic, industrial, and locomotive fuel, as its sulphur-content was too high to make it suitable for use in the foundry. The successful operation of this plant led to the building of additional plants at points where the production of illuminating-gas could be sold to advantage and where there was a fair market for the coke-output. The following list of illuminating-gas plants in order of construction will give a good idea of the rapid growth of this method of combined gas- and coke-manufacture: Hamilton, Ohio; Detroit, Mich.; Camden, N. J.; Baltimore, Md.; Chester, Pa.; Milwaukee, Wis.; Duluth, Minn.; Geneva, N. Y.; Chicago, Ill.; Indianapolis, Ind. In addition to these there are now under construction plants at Muncie, Ind.; Joliet, Ill., and Waukegan, Ill., all of which will produce illuminating-gas and metallurgical coke.

Jan 1, 1913

By Edwin Ludlow

ROUNDING out a year of improved organization, substantial accomplishment and strengthened purpose, the American Engineering Council of the Federated American Engineering Societies held its first annual meeting at the Cosmos Club, Washing-ton, Jan. 5 and 6, Dean Mortimer E. Cooley of the University of Michigan, president of, the Council, presiding. Officers were-chosen, the work of the past year was reviewed and discussed, action was taken on important matters of public and technical service, new financial arrangements were put into effect, committees were named, new policies were sanctioned and old ones reshaped, and a broad and definite program was out-lined for the next twelve months. A leading event of the meeting was a dinner in honor of Herbert Hoover, who, addressing the members of the Council and their guests at the University Club, praised the work of the Committee on Elimination of Waste in Industry as a great and lasting public service, pointed the way for new engineering effort in the public interest, and expressed renewed devotion to the ideals of the Council. Resolutions of appreciation of the service of the Secretary of Commerce were presented to Mr. Hoover.

Jan 2, 1922

By AIME AIME

SECTION DELEGATES were given an opportunity to see how the machinery of Institute administration functions, on Tuesday evening, Feb. 16, when they were the' guests at the regular monthly meeting of the Directors. Of the new board of 25 members, 19 were present at the meeting, including directors from Seattle, Los Angeles, Wyoming, Oklahoma, Chicago and Pitts-burgh, the new junior past-president from Jerome, Ariz., and the new president from .Washington, D. C. The complete list of the 72 in attendance at the dinner,: held in the main dining room of the Engineers' Club, which pre-ceded the general session of the Directors'. meeting, follows:

Jan 1, 1932

By C. Gutiérrez

Flotation and adsorption studies of ilmenite with technical oleic acid, pure oleic acid, and mixtures of each of them with n-hexadecane have been conducted. From them it is concluded that the depression of ilmenite caused by a too long conditioning time is due to adsorption of the collector onto the fines produced by attrition in the conditioning cell, and that fuel oil is necessary for economic flotation of non-deslimed ilmenite ore. This beneficial effect of fuel oil is attributed to van der Waals forces, of the hydro-carbon chains.

Jan 1, 1978

By David M. Parkes, Junie Lindsay

A review of the movement of coal in water is undertaken from a practical rather than a theoretical view point. Installations are described in which coal is transported on gradients down to 2.5' and others which move coal at a water-coal ratio of 1:l by weight. The water cycle of the hydraulic mining system is discussed. In many applications this can be a closed circuit. The coal dewatering system is illustrated, making particular reference to the problems of storage of coal-water mixtures between the mine and the plant. Water treatment is done in thickeners down to 100 ppm which is normally sufficient for re-circulating through high pressure pumps and monitors.

Jan 1, 1978

By Paul W. Chase

Centralized process control has received increasing emphasis in recent years. Its application at U. S. Steel's Minntac facility for production of taconite pellets is discussed in this paper. A brief description of the flowsheet will provide background for discussion of the process instrumentation and digital system.

Jan 1, 1969

By J. B. Mitchell

The intelligent selection of comminution systems for industrial minerals requires a broad background of comminution experience. At the same time a thorough knowledge of the specific mineral occurrence, the applicable process and the product end use is required. To illustrate the different ways to process potash ores three flow sheets have been selected for presentation.

Jan 1, 1970

By W. J. Nelson, R. B. Nance

Detailed underground geologic mapping at a scale of 1:1200 has been carried out at the Crown II Mine of Freeman United Coal Mining Co., which operates in the Herrin (No. 6) Coal Member. The roof sequence, upward from the coal, includes (1) soft, medium -to dark-gray shale; (2) hard, black, fissile shale; (3) argillaceous nodular- bedded limestone, and (4) fine-pined, shaly, water-bearing sandstone. The first unit is highly lenticular, and any or all may be missing at a given locality. The sandstone has a sheet facies and a channel facies. The Herrin Coal is eroded in channels near the Crown II Mine. Structural features mapped at Crown II include normal and strike-slip faults and limestone "bosses." Less stable roof and wet conditions are encountered where the limestone is thin or missing or where it is broken by natural fractures or by artificial openings that intersect the water-bearing strata above the limestone. Geologic mapping of the underground workings has allowed us to predict faults, fracture zones, and channels ahead of the face for this mine. Some lithologic and structural pattern apparently are random and cannot now be projected. Conventional exploratory drilling is entirely inadequate to map faults or lithology of the roof, but it does indicate the range of lithologic variability, which can be used to project needs for roof supports. Drilling also is useful in locating channels and in mapping regional variation in thickness and facies of the sandstone.

Jan 1, 1983

By Peter T. Luckie, Harold L. Lovell, E. R. Palowitch, A. W. Deurbrouck, James K. Kindig

PART 1: DENSE MEDIUM SEPARATION by E. R. PALOWITCH and A. W. DEURBROUK INTRODUCTION During 1965, 64.9 percent of the 512 million tons of bituminous coal and lignite produced was cleaned mechanically, of which 95 million tons was cleaned by dense medium processes.l The percentage of bituminous coal and lignite cleaned mechanically by dense medium processes rose from 7.0 to 28.5 percent from 1938 to 1965. Dense medium separations include those coal preparation processes which clean raw coal by immersing it in a fluid having a density intermediate between clean coal and reject. As there is a general correlation between ash content and specific gravity, it is possible to achieve the required degree of removal of ash-forming impurities from a raw coal by regulating the specific gravity of the separating fluid. Dense medium processes offer the following advantages over other coal cleaning processes : 1. Ability to make sharp separations at any specific gravity within the range normally required even in the presence of high percentages of the feed in the range of e 0.1 specific gravity units. 2. Ability to maintain a separating gravity that can be controlled with ±0.005 specific gravity units. 3. Ability to handle a wide range of sizes (up to 14 inches). 4. Relatively low capital and operating costs when considered in terms of high capacity and small space requirements. 5. Ability to change specific gravity of separation to meet varying market requirements. 6. Ability to handle fluctuations in feed both in terms of quantity and quality. HISTORY Sir Henry Bessemer patented the first dense medium process in 1858. Solutions of the chlorides of iron, manganese, barium and calcium were proposed as separating liquids; the separation was made in a cone-shaped separator. One large-scale plant using calcium chloride was erected in Germany but soon was abandoned. The Chance process, using a mixture of sand and water, was first

Jan 1, 1968

By Jerry B. Newby

In the central Ohio area well completions and new production each increased 60 per cent. in 1928 over the previous year. Gas wells increased only 27 per cent. The ratio of dry holes to total completions was unchanged. Ashland County led with 113 completions; a new pool in the shallow Berea sand near Jeromesville stimulated activity. Licking County in the Clinton deep sand territory, however, lead in new production with 972 bbl. Two other deep sand counties followed closely, Coshocton with 831 bbl., and Muskingum with 718 barrels. The Trenton rock or Lima field of northwestern Ohio declined sharply in oil well completions to 130 for 1928 from 210 for the previous year. New production increased from 3000 to 6100 bbl., the increase coming from the Murphy pool in Liberty township, Seneca County. The total of gas wells was unchanged as compared with 1927. The ratio of dry holes to total completions rose from 13 per cent. in 1927 to 27 per cent, in 1928. The largest producer in the Murphy pool made 1200 bbl, in the first 24 hr. The total depth of the wells in this pool averages 1475 ft.; average initial production, 125 barrels.

Jan 1, 1929

National Slate Association, Drexel bldg , Philadelphia, Pa. This Association has published a book entitled "Slate Roofs " It is primarily intended for users of slate but it contains some information on the geology, analysis, quarrying and origin of slate It may be had from the office of the Association for $1 50

Jan 1, 1933

By S. E. Clay, G. P. Martins, P. R. Taylor

A grain model for gas-solid reactions in cylindrical pellets is formulated and solved numerically. The numerical solution demonstrates when it is safe to assume either a thin disk or a long cylinder geometry, and when the more general two dimensional geometry must be used. The numerical solution also demonstrates the solution of a two-dimensional moving boundary problem (i.e., when the reaction is diffusion controlled and the ratio of the height to diameter dictates two dimensions).

Jan 1, 1986

Within the last century, and largely during the latter half of it, the increase of our knowledge of the development of man, both in his search for a livelihood and for power, and in the growth of his reason and conscience, has been greater than all we had known before. The great interest in all kinds of archaeological work and the many excavations made of buried and long forgotten places has put at our disposal historical records not available, and in many cases not known before, and a study of these and other records of human progress from paleontological and geological sources has given us a much broader view of what we call "civilization" than was possible even a short time ago. The old idea that men were created with fully developed minds, speech and reason has yielded to the view that in the upward progress of the human race the development of the mind and reason has been a comparatively recent occurrence, as we think of the half million, and probably more, years that have passed since our earliest records of man were made. The traits that come to us without effort

Jan 1, 1935

Within the last century, and largely during the latter half of it, the increase of our knowledge of the development of man, both in his search for a livelihood and for power, and in the growth of his reason and conscience, has been greater than all we had known before. The great interest in all kinds of archaeological work and the many excavations made of buried and long forgotten places has put at our disposal historical records-not available, and in many cases not known before, and a study of these and other records of human progress from paleontological and geological sources has given us a much broader view of what we call "civilization" than was possible even a short time ago. The old idea that men were created with fully developed minds, speech and reason has yielded to the view that in the upward progress of the human race the development of the mind and reason has been a comparatively recent occurrence, as we think of the half million, and probably more, years that have passed since our earliest records of man were made. The traits that come to us without effort

Jan 1, 1939

By J. J. Beeson

For the past fifty years or more, the structural features of the Cordil-leran mountain system of western United States have presented some most interesting problems. Any geologist or engineer living in this region, or even making occasional examinations of the mines, will lose much of interest and importance if he is not familiar with the literature. Some of the greatest works on geology have been the result of studies carried on in sections of this region. Among the more important of the earlier works are those of Dutton,l King,2 Gilbert3 and Powell;4 of the more recent Lindgren,5 Ransome,6 Spurr,7 Butler8 and others have contributed much. Many of the papers are largely of scientific interest but even these lay the foundation for the commercial application of the broader features of the geology. I have read many of these works with the keenest interest and pleasure; in fact, some have been read until some of the more important findings seem to be my own. In this paper, however, it is my aim to accept credit for little more than the labor of assembling some of the ideas of others. This is done with the hope that an interesting and valuable discussion will be the result. If some of the ideas presented should

Jan 1, 1927

We regret to advise that, owing to unusual pressure of business at our printers, Volume TAX will not be ready for distribution so early as was announced in the last Bulletin. It will probably be distributed in November. Volumes LVII and LVIII were mailed during the month of August to all members whose dues were paid on Aug. 1; members who failed to receive their Transactions within a reasonable time are requested to notify the Secretary. In the case of members who have recently changed their addresses, the Transactions Were sent-to addresses on record on Aug. 19; those who did not notify .us of change of address until after Aug. 19 will find their Transactions at the old address.

Jan 10, 1918

By M. Lastra, A. Cruz, J. Menacho

The use of phosphates was studied as a way of purifying acidic copper leach solutions for direct electrowinning. The addition of 2.5 gpl phosphorus to plant solutions originally containing 6.25 gpl Fe (III) at pH 2 0 reduced the iron concentration by one half. Under identical conditions, but without phosphorous additions, the iron concentration was reduced by less than 1 gpl. Any residual phosphorous had no undesirable impact on electrowinning. The concentration ratio of Fe (III) to phosphorous which provides maximum iron elimination was determined. Higher ratios bring about a redissolution of the iron precipitate. Several ways of controlling iron with phosphates are discussed. These take advantages of more rapid and complete iron precipitation at lower pH levels.

Jan 1, 1980

By R. B. Sudderth

The recovery of copper by various combinations of processes centered around liquid ion exchange has certainly been accepted as a technically superior entity when compared to the widely applied classical method of cementation. While the technical aspect of liquid ion exchange processes has received much attention and acclaim through actual operating data, in particular the ease of handling solutions, percentage recovery, reduction of pollution, etc., the corresponding economic data has either gone unpublished or has been held confidential. Much of this economic data has now been made available for publication; and with this data, we at General Mills Chemicals, Inc., will attempt to present an accurate economic analysis of some liquid ion exchange plants and an economic comparison between these plants and the typical cementation facility.

Jan 1, 1974

By John R. Reynolds

Mercury has long been neglected in American mining industry. The plights of domestic producers have been many and their compensations few. The mercury market has been dominated in the past, as it will be in the future, by the Spanish and Italian producers. Other major producing countries are Yugoslavia and Mexico. Probably no other mineral commodity has fluctuated so much in price. A 76-lb flask of mercury sold for $195 in 1943, $76 in 1948, and $325 in 1954. This wide fluctuation has resulted in spasmodic domestic production. U. S. mines produced 51,929 flasks in 1943, and only 4535 flasks in 1950. In 1955 the estimated production was 18,400 flasks. Domestic consumption in 1955 was 57,200 flasks.

Nov 1, 1956

By R. W. Raymond

The death of Professor Blake removes the oldest of American economic geologists and mining engineers, and deprives this Institute of one of its earliest and most illustrious members. To many of us it brings a personal loss also, the loss of a friend. William Phipps Blake was born June 21, 1826, in New York City. His father, Elihu Blake, was a surgeon-dentist of eminence, a direct descendant of William -Blake, who settled in the Massachusetts Bay Colony about 1630. He was prs pared for college at private schools in New York, and entered the Sheffield School of Yale, where he was graduated as Ph.B. in the chemical course, class of 1852, the first graduating-class of the institution. In the same year he became chemist and mineralogist of the New Jersey Zinc Co., and chemist of chemical works at Baltimore, Md. In 1853, he started the Department of Mineralogy of the World's Fair at New York City. In 1854, 1855 and 1856, he was mineralogist and geologist of the United States Pacific Railroad Surveys of Willianlson, Pope, and Whipple, and for the War Department at

Jan 1, 1911