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(Members are urged to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members.) Members and guests who called at the Institute headquarters during the period Oct. 10; 1916 to Nov. 10, 1916. Edwin C. Bloomfield, Montreal. Roy E. Hoffman, Hannibal Mo. A. H. Collbran, Seoul, Korea. E. C. Harder, Cienfuegos, Cuba. Eugene Coste, Calgary, Canada. B. Jaeger, London, England. Fred Crabtree, Pittsburgh, Pa. Herbert H. Lauer, Philadelphia, Pa. P. St. John Dixon, London, England. Frank C. Laurie, Los Angeles, Cal. A. E. Drucker, London, England. 0. T. Lempriere, Melbourne, Australia. F. N. Flynn, Clifton, Ariz. W. C. Phalen, Washington D. C. Justice Grugan, Edwards, N. Y. William H. Rea, Pittsburgh, Pa. Fred A. Hale, Jr., Goodsprings, Nev. Thor Warner, Kingman, Ariz. P. S. Haury, Seoul, Korea. Arthur P. Allen has resigned his position with the Calumet & Hecla and is now connected with the Highland Mining Co., Ashcroft, B. C., Canada. H. Foster Bain, editor of the Mining Magazine of London, has resigned his position.

Jan 12, 1916

By George Comstock

THESE notes should be considered as a further discussion of Mr. S. W. Miller's paper on "Some Structures in Steel Fusion Welds."1 In that paper and the resulting discussion; several conflicting opinions were expressed as to the identity of the needles or small crystals present in oxyacetylene and electric welds. An interesting specimen of an electric weld examined by the writer seems to afford new evidence regarding the needles, that may be worth presenting at this time. The specimen consisted of a piece of 3/8 -in. (9.5-mm.) steel plate, about 2 ¼ by 1 ¾ in. (5.7 by 4.5 cm.) in size, on which some iron had been deposited by arc-welding to a depth of about 3/16 in. (4.7 mm.). The weld appeared to be a very good one, with no noticeable break or boundary between the plate and the deposited iron. Sections for microscopic examination were cut in three planes at right angles to each other through the deposited metal, two of these sections also extending through the steel base. After polishing in the usual way, the microscope showed that the deposited metal was full of very small, round, gray, oxide spots, while the steel plate contained quite a number of alumina inclusions and a little slag. The sections were etched with nitric acid in ordinary alcohol, and structures similar to those described by Mr. Miller were then displayed. Fig. 1 shows the typical appearance of the deposited metal, which was quite uniform in all three of the planes examined. The round dark-gray spots are oxides, and the pale angular crystals are evidently what, Mr. Miller called cementite and Mr. Jeffries martensite, while Dr. Ruder and Prof. Boylston suggested that they might be nitride. The boundary between this structure and the steel base was sharply defined under the microscope. Fig. 2 shows the structure of the plate just under the weld; this is almost martensitic and resembles a coarse-grained casting. This coarse cast structure soon became finer as the distance from the weld increased, finally, becoming very fine, with numerous small particles of sorbite. This very fine structure, shown in Fig. 3, became coarser in turn and finally merged into the original normal structure of the steel plate, shown

Jan 1, 1919

By G. F. Comstock

These notes should be considered as a further discussion of Mr. S. W. Miller's paper on "Some Structures in Steel Fusion Welds."l In that paper and the resulting discussion, several conflicting opinions were expressed as to the identity of the needles or small crystals present in oxyacetylene and electric welds. An interesting specimen of an electric weld examined by the writer seems to afford new evidence regarding the needles, that may be worth presenting at this time. The specimen consisted of a piece of 3/8-in. (9.5-mm.) steel plate, about 21/4 by 13/4 in. (5.7 by 4.5 cm.) in size, on which some iron had been deposited by arc-welding to a depth of about 3/16 in. (4.7 mm.). The weld appeared to be a very good one, with no noticeable break or boundary between the plate and the deposited iron. Sections for microscopic examination were cut in three planes at right angles to each other through the deposited metal, two of these sections also extended through the steel base. After polishing in the usual way, the microscope showed that the deposited metal was full of very small, round, gray, oxide spots, while the steel plate contained quite a number of alumina inclusions and a little slag. The sections were etched with nitric acid in ordinary alcohol, and structures similar to those described by Mr. Miller were then displayed. Fig. 1 shows the typical appearance of the deposited metal, which was quite uniform in all three of the planes examined. The round dark-gray spots are oxides, and the pale angular crystals are evidently what Mr. Miller called cem-entite and Mr. Jeffries martensite, while Mr. Ruder and Professor Boyls-ton think that they might be nitride. The boundary between this structure and the steel base was sharply defined under the microscope. Fig. 2 shows the structure of the plate just under the weld; this is almost martensitic and resembles a coarse-grained casting. This coarse cast structure soon became finer as the distance from the weld increased, finally becoming very fine, with numerous small particles of sorbite. This very fine structure, shown in Pig. 3, became coarser in turn and finally merged into the original normal structure of the steel plate, shown

Jan 1, 1920

By D. A. Summers, C. J. Haas, G. B. Clark, J. W. Brown

While significant advances have been made in excavation of rock, largely in improvements in drilling, blasting, loading, and haulage, conventional operations have been improved until little feasible increase in efficiency or rate of advance appears possible. Tunnel-boring machines have been developed which will excavate at rapid rates in soft to medium- hard rock. Hypervelocity impact is being intensively investigated as a possible means of cutting and breaking rock, as well as lasers, electric current, explosive drilling, high frequency vibration, etc. The current development and use of high-velocity small-diameter water jets, metallic jets, and projectiles of various materials involve ultra-high-pressure phenomena of fundamental interest. Rock disintegration by water jets has been investigated in the USSR for over a decade. Large-diameter jets of low velocity are used to mine coal, and high-velocity capillary jets will cut and break rocks under laboratory conditions. Velocity ranges for breaking and cutting are dependent upon rock and jet properties, and pulsed jets break some rocks more easily than continuous jets. Spectacular laboratory results have been reported for breakage of unconfined blocks of some types of rocks. Compressors, pressure multipliers, gas explosion chambers, and water cannons have been used to generate jets. Jet properties, such as continuity, unit pressure, total pressure, and stability have been measured. Results agree with theory, although the latter has been established only for relatively low-velocity flow. Diameter, speed of traversing, and frequency of pulsed jets affect rock response. Investigations in Britain have only recently begun consideration of harder rocks and higher velocities, although water jet cores have been found to be more continuous at lower velocities than previously believed. Lower limits of jet velocity for rock cutting were established for the rocks investigated.

Jan 1, 1970

By A. G. Moncrieff

In the paper the authors show [(Fig. 12)] in diagramatic form a "typical vacuum filtration system." This indicates a drum filter with two filtrate receivers-one for mother liquor and one for wash liquor. Have the authors ever found a drum filter that will adequately separate mother liquor from wash liquor? I recall in about 1957 being superintendent of a major copper leaching operation treating oxide flotation concentrates. The plan was being expanded, and filters installed to replace CCD following acid leaching and primary thickening of the pulp. The design of the expansion allowed the mother liquor to join the thickener overflow as feed for the electrolytic tankhouse. The water balance required that only pan of the wash liquor could be electrolysed direct, and the remainder had to be treated by lime precipitation. The design assumed the mother liquor would have the same copper content (about 50 gpl) as in the leach pulp solution, and the wash liquor about 50% of this (25 gpl from memory). You can imagine my horror when, on starting up, the solution from the mother liquor receiver contained somewhat under 40 gpl and, from the wash liquor receiver, somewhat over 40 gpl. The filters were provided by two of the most reputable manufacturers and, in the end I believe they agreed that never before had they supplied rotary drum filters that would segregate the filtrates. By changes to the valve design we made minor improvements, but eventually decided that insufficient segregation of the filtrates was possible to warrant trying to do it. On further consideration I concluded that, owing to the time delay between solution passing through the cake and entering the valve, segregation was impossible, though radical alteration of the internal piping of the filter might have improved it. I would be interested to know if anyone has found a solution to this problem using a drum filter. If not, why go on publishing information that infers that it is possible?

Jan 1, 1982

By Andrew B. Crichton

No more important question has come before the coal industry in the past decade than the prevention of stream pollution by mine drainage; especially in Pennsylvania, where large areas of coal land have been developed. It may be thought that the problem of labor or lack of transportation outweighs in importance that of stream pollution. We can see possible remedies for labor and transportation problems but there is no known satisfactory solution of the mine-drainage problem. The subject has been given little serious attention, for, until recently, it has been little understood; but in the past year it was brought to the attention of the coal-mining industry by the introduction, in Congress, of several bills designed to prevent the discharge of acid waters from mines or other sources into navigable streams, or their tributaries. The first legislation proposed was the Applebybill, H.R.7369, designed particularly to prevent the oil pollution of coastal waters. It contained the following provisions, which the coal men regarded as referring to the coal industry. It shall be unlawful to throw ... any refuse matter of any kind ... into any navigable waters of the United States or into any tributaries of any navigable waters from which the same shall float or be washed into such navigable waters. The chemical, steel, paper, and other manufacturing industries, as well as the mining industry, objected to this clause, the miners claiming that it would prevent the discharge of waste or mine drainage into any waters of the United States, for all streams or tributaries finally reach navigable waters. The next bill introduced was that of Congressman Briggs, H.R. 7430, an amendment to Section 13 of the Pollution Act of March 3, 1899. The original act referred chiefly to oil and oil refuse, but it provided also "that no material of any kind should be deposited on the bank of a navigable water, or tributary, which might reach the waters and interfere with or

Jan 1, 1923

By Andrew B. Crichton

No more important question has come before the coal industry in the past decade than the prevention of stream pollution by mine drainage; especially in Pennsylvania, where large areas of coal land have been developed. It may be thought that the problem of labor or lack of transportation outweighs in importance that of stream pollution. We can see possible remedies for labor and transportation problems but there is no known satisfactory solution of the mine-drainage problem. The subject has been given little serious attention, for, until recently, it has been little understood; but in the past year it was brought to the attention of the coal-mining industry by the introduction, in Congress, of several bills designed to prevent the discharge of acid waters from mines or other sources into navigable streams, or their tributaries. The first legislation proposed was the Applebybill, H.R.7369, designed particularly to prevent the oil pollution of coastal waters. It contained the following provisions, which the coal men regarded as referring to the coal industry. It shall be unlawful to throw ... any refuse matter of any kind ... into any navigable waters of the United States or into any tributaries of any navigable waters from which the same shall float or be washed into such navigable waters. The chemical, steel, paper, and other manufacturing industries, as well as the mining industry, objected to this clause, the miners claiming that it would prevent the discharge of waste or mine drainage into any waters of the United States, for all streams or tributaries finally reach navigable waters. The next bill introduced was that of Congressman Briggs, H.R. 7430, an amendment to Section 13 of the Pollution Act of March 3, 1899. The original act referred chiefly to oil and oil refuse, but it provided also "that no material of any kind should be deposited on the bank of a navigable water, or tributary, which might reach the waters and interfere with or

Jan 1, 1923

By Zavis M. Zavodni, Carl D. Broadbent

During the past 15 years, rock mass structural properties have become acknowledged as the focal point for rock slope design. Re- search into the methods for measuring and incorporating structure into the design effort has taken many directions and has produced a variety of useful techniques. Among the findings at Kennecott has been the realization that structure-controlled instability can be categorized as regressive or progressive depending on the relative geometries of slope and structure and on the strength characteristics of the structures. It was further identified that a failure condition can initiate as regressive and in time become progressive should external stimuli increase or structure characteristics be altered due to extensive displacements. The transition point has been shown to be a useful indicator of the expectable collapse time. This paper defines three fundamental failure types as dictated by structure and offers discussion on the practical value of such a classification to slope design and failure control. Several prominent examples of failures typifying the categories of structure- controlled instability are discussed. An application of f allure prediction based on the regressive-to-progressive transition point is described.

Jan 1, 1983

By Herluf P. Nielsen, Robert I. Jaffee

IN recent years much attention has been given to high-melting alloy systems, It has been of interest in this respect to investigate the alloys of platinum and tungsten, which were known from the literature to have very high melting points up to about 50 pct tungsten, but about which little had been published on the high-tungsten side of the system. Powder metallurgical methods were used throughout this investigation for the preparation of the alloys, utilizing electrical sintering techniques such as are used for tungsten and molybdenum. In the course of the work it was found desirable to determine fusion temperatures of the alloys, and it was possible from these and other data to draw a tentative constitutional diagram (solidus, mostly) applicable to the high-temperature part of the system. No attempt was made to determine solid solubility vs. temperature data, nor to investigate the lower temperature transformations in the solid state. Data on the microstructure, hardness, and a note on oxidation resistance of the sintered alloys were obtained. PAST WORK Müller1 determined liquidus temperatures of platinum-rich alloys to 50 pct tungsten, using a radiation method employing a photoelectric cell, and found that the melting points increased progressively from 1771°C for platinum to 2350°C for the 50 pct alloy. Microscopic evidence by Müller that complete solid solutions exist to 50 pct tungsten was not checked by Kremer2 who, according to Vines and Wise,3 found that "although the 8 pct tungsten alloy was a solid solution, the 26 pct tungsten alloy contained a eutectic or an intermediate phase." Hultgren and jaffee4 using X ray methods found continuous solid solutions to at least 33.6 pct tungsten (35 at. pct) after annealing in vacuum for 6 days at 1000°C. Vines and Wise3 report work communicated to them by E. C. Rhodes on wrought alloys to 7 pct tungsten, which showed that tungsten hardened platinum extremely rapidly, and was one of the most potent hardeners of the binary additions to platinum. Considerable quantities of 4 pct tungsten platinum wire have been produced for grids in radar tubes and for aircraft spark plugs. Some of the alloy for the latter application is made by sintering, the remainder by smelting and casting. MATERIALS The platinum powder used in this work was kindly supplied by the research and Development Laboratory of the Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., Newark, Ohio, It was prepared from scrap platinum. After dissolving in aqua regia and evaporating almost to dryness, the solution was worked up several times with concentrated HCI. the resultant platinic chloride was diluted considerably, and metallic zinc was added, which precipitated the platinum in a very finely divided form. After dissolving the

Jan 1, 1948

By A. T. Corey, J. H. Henderson, M. R. J. Wyllie, C. H. Rathjens

The results of three-phase relative permeability tests on nine water-wet consolidated Berea sandstone samples are presented as composite ternary diagranls showing isoperms of oil, water and gas. Capillary pressure control was exercised over the flow of gas and oil in the presence of water. The water saturations ranged from 17 to 71 per cent pore volume. A method of calculating both the oil and water permeabilities of a three-phase system from the easily measured gas relative permeability is presented. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND RESULTS A renewed interest has been shown in three-phase relative permeability as a result of recent developments involving underground combustion processes, steam injection, and other multiphase displacement processes. The experiments and results described here involved simultaneous flow of oil and gas in consolidated Berea sand with brine present as the wetting phase. Gas and oil relative permeabilities were measured on nine cores with CaC12 brine present as the wetting phase in saturations ranging from 17 to 71 per cent. The average residual liquid saturation of the cores was approximately 20 per cent. In order to make certain that brine was the wetting phase, the test cores were saturated with brine before contact with hydrocarbons. As an added precaution to avoid having oil displace brine from the wetting position as a result of changing wettability, each core was only used twice, i.e., first with a fixed percentage of brine and then for a gas-oil permeability determination with no brine present. The results, therefore, are presented as composite ternary diagrams representing the flow tests on nine individual cores having very similar properties. All tests were made using a modification of the capillary pressure techniquc described elsewhere. The effective oil permeability was measured before gas was introduced using a very small pressure gradient (a few centimeters of oil). This determination was made without selectively wet barriers in contact with the core. The cores were then placed between capillary barriers and gas-oil relative permeability curves obtained. The capillary barriers had been made water repellent with a silicone treatment. In determining gas-oil-water relative permeability in this fashion, control was exercised over the capillary pressure existing between the gas and oil. No control was exercised over the pressure difference existing between the oil and water. Athough an equal pressure gradient was applied to the gas and the oil phases, this pressure gradient does not exist in the water phase. Since the pressure gradient across the core was always much less than the displacement pressure of the fully saturated core, the pressure gradient can have caused only a very slight distortion of the oil-water interfaces. This slight distortion of the oil-water interfaces had a negligible effect on the validity of the oil permeabilities measured. The oil permeability, measured in the presence of water but with no gas present, was in every case equal. within experimental error, to the gas permeability of the gas-oil system when the oil saturation was the same as that of the water. Gas and oil relative permeabilities were plotted as a function of total liquid saturation. It was found that the gas relative permeability curves obtained on cores with brine present were identical with those obtained on the same cores with no brine present. The denominator for calculating oil relative permeabilities was the permeability found by extrapolation to infinite mean pressure (A la Klinken-berg). Fig. 1 illustrates gas-oil relative permeability results obtained on a typical core. The solid permeability curves represent the experimental data. The dashed oil relative permeability curve was calculated using the relationship;

Jan 1, 1957

By Dale E. Walker

The Captain mine came into being under the following circumstances: 1) Commonwealth Edison had need for fuel for the generation of electricity in their Chicago service area. 2) Southwestern Illinois Coal Corp. had an ample supply of coal in the Illinois No. 6 and No. 5 seams. 3) The Gulf, Mobile & Ohio R.R. had a one-line transportation system with the capability of transporting coal from the Captain mine to Commonwealth Edison. These fortuitous conditions permitted an effective three-way partner- ship to develop. Commonwealth Edison had built a new generating station at Joliet, Ill., across the Illinois River from the existing station, to supplement their power-generating capacity for the Chicago area (Fig. 1). The annual requirement of the Joliet station is approximately 4.5 million tons of coal. From large reserves of coal in the No. 6 and No. 5 seams, Southwestern Illinois Coal Corp. contracted to supply Commonwealth Edison with approximately 6 million tons annually from its Captain mine. The logical carrier was Gulf, Mobile & Ohio, whose mainline travels through this coal field and also passes by the Joliet station on its way to Chicago. This railroad has been moving Southwestern's coal from the Streamline mine for more than 30 years. The basic ingredients of timing, scheduling, moving, and handling were adopted by the three parties, the precise details being worked out jointly. To do this, each group had to know its requirements exactly. The initial schedule was drawn up and tentatively approved, with each party taking a hard look at its own requirements and commitments to make certain that the schedule could be met on a normal daily basis. With only minor changes, the final schedule was adopted, each participant feeling that it had a sufficient factor of safety to maintain steady operation. Each party agreed to help the other in time of emergency. When a delay occurs in any part of the operation, the other

Jan 1, 1969

By H. I. Smith

WHEN Spain established colonies on the North American continent, some of her land grants, in what is now the United States, reserved to the Crown deposits of gold, silver, and mercury. Later mineral rights were reserved under some of the English Crown charters involving land in the eastern part of North America, with provisions for the payment of royalties thereon to the Crown. Reservation of mineral deposits to the United States Government was instituted by an ordinance of Congress on May 20, 1785, which applied to such deposits in the Northwest Territory, then north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River, and provided that there should be reserved "one third of all gold, silver, lead, and copper mines, to be sold or otherwise disposed of as Congress shall hereafter direct." Little was known then of the mineral resources of the country; the Great Lakes copper region had just come into the possession of the United States by treaty and much of the western mineral land still belonged to France and Spain. The policy of leasing mineral deposits was enacted by Congress under the act of March 3, 1807, which provided that "the President of the United States shall be, and is hereby, authorized to lease any lead mine which has been or may hereafter be discovered in the Indiana Territory, for a term not exceeding five years," and in the same year the Government reserved 345,600 acres of land in northern Illinois, valuable for lead. In 1816 Congress provided that in all cases where a tract of public land containing a lead mine or salt spring was applied for by settlers on the public domain, no permission to work the mine or spring would be granted without the approbation of the President of the United States. By the act of March 1, 1847 (9 Stat. 146), the control of mineral lands was transferred, with all records, from the War Department to the Treasury Department, and by the act of March 3, 1849 (9 Stat. 395), supervisory powers over lead and other mines of the United States were transferred to the Secretary of the Interior. Following the discovery of gold in California in 1848, President Polk advocated the leasing of mineral lands acquired from Mexico under the treaty of 1848. However, owing to the lack of communication and transportation facilities and the consequent difficulty of checking on production and operations, leasing was found impracticable. Mining was permitted to be carried on in each district under rules made by the miners themselves and patterned after the Mexican mining system. To meet the situation, Congress enacted mining laws in 1866, 1870, and 1872, which provided for possession by location and for private ownership, after discovery, by patent of essentially all mineral deposits belonging to the United States, except coal. Many other acts were passed by Congress applying to specific regions and states, reserving salt, lead, or other minerals, some of which provided for the leasing of such deposits. However, very few if any leases were issued thereunder. Not until 1901 (31 Stat. 745) were the mining laws extended to include salt, and in 1910 they were revised to specify salines and associated products. At the turn of the century, it became more and more evident that the mining laws developed for metallic minerals were not practical for the development and conservation of oil and gas, coal, potash, phosphate, or oil shale. Following withdrawals by the Secretary of the Interior as authorized by the act of June 25, 1910, the Department of the Interior recommended leasing legislation; however, it was not until February 25, 1920, that the Mineral Leasing Act was passed by Congress. This act authorized leasing all public lands potentially valuable for oil, gas, coal, phosphate, sodium, or oil shale. The Organic Act, creating the Geological Survey in 1879, imposed upon its director the duty of classifying the public lands.' The early years of the Survey were devoted largely to the accumulation of fundamental data and, with only minor exceptions, land classification was not seriously undertaken until 1906. Since that year, it has been actively pursued with respect particularly to leasable minerals and water power values. On March 3, 1873 (17 Stat. 607) Congress authorized the sale of coal lands of limited acreage to individuals at $10 to $20 an acre, depending on the distance from a railroad, and in 1907 a new scale of prices was adopted by the Secretary of the Interior, based, more logically, on the quality and thickness of the coal deposits, their depth below the earth's surface, and their accessibility. At that time it was much cheaper and easier to obtain incidental title to coal rights under the homestead laws at $1.25 an acre. On March 3, 1909, the first separation act (35 Stat. 844) became a law. It authorized patents, with a reservation of the coal and mining rights involved to the United States, to persons who in good faith had entered public lands under the non-mineral land laws prior to withdrawal, classification, claim, or report that such lands were valuable for coal. It solved the problem only partially, and the practice thereupon adopted by the department of making coal withdrawals "from all forms of entry" instead of "from coal entry" expedited the more complete solution effected by later acts. By the act of June 22, 1910 (36.Stat. 583) withdrawn and classified coal lands were declared subject to entry under the homestead, desert land, and Carey acts, provided a waiver of the coal rights accompanied the application, and by the act of April 30, 1912 (37 Stat. 105) the same privilege was extended to State selections and isolated tracts. The act of August 24, 1912 (37 Stat. 496) extended the separation policy to lands withdrawn for oil and gas in Utah, and finally the act of July 17, 1914 (38 Stat. 509) extended it to all nonmineral filings on public lands theretofore or thereafter

Jan 1, 1955

The Institute conducts jointly with the American Society of Civil Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and American Institute of Electrical Engineers, certain activities as listed below, and is joint owner with them of certain properties.

Jan 1, 1923

By Newton D

The Institute conducts jointly with the American Society of Civil Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and American Institute of Electrical Engineers, certain activities as listed below, and is joint owner with them of certain properties.

Jan 1, 1928

It is always the case with heavy and cheap materials that the area within which they can be economically used depends upon the cost of transportation, and in those days of poor roads and no mechanical means of haulage on them, coal could only be moved a few miles from the mine by any other means than water. The need of better means of transport to the areas west of the mountains had been urged by Washington and many other leaders, but the first turnpike over the Alleghenies only reached the Ohio River at Wheeling, W. Va. in 1818. The James River and Kanawha road reached the Ohio in 1831, that from Winchester, Va. to Parkersburg in 1838, and the road through the Cumberland Gap was completed in 1797. None of these affected the coal industry excepting indirectly by building up some of the river towns which coal could reach. The inadequacy of roads alone to carry the traffic of the rapidly growing interior communities was demonstrated only a few years after the National Pike was completed, and in the early 1820's several of the states embarked upon the construction of a canal system, which had been under discussion for some years. The Erie Canal was opened in 1825 from Lake Erie to the Hudson River through New York; Pennsylvania, Virginia and Maryland had already started similar projects designed to bring traffic to their principal cities from the interior. The Pennsylvania Canal was started from Columbia, as a railroad extended from Philadelphia to that point, and it followed the Susquehanna and Juniata Rivers to Hollidaysburg; thence to Johnstown, a distance of 36 miles, where it consisted of partly railroad and partly inclined planes, the boats being hauled up, and lowered down the planes; from Johnstown the canal followed the Conemaugh, Kiskiminitas and Allegheny Rivers to Pittsburgh, 104 miles. Boats first reached Pittsburgh by this route in 1834. The Chesapeake and Potomac Canal followed the Potomac River from a point above Alexandria above the falls, to Cumberland. This canal was chartered in the eighteenth century and a portion of it was used by traffic in 1800. It was too small to be of much use and was abandoned, and later after many legal and financial vicissitudes was completed to Cumberland, traffic from there starting late in 1850. This date, however, was long after the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad had been completed to

Jan 1, 1942

DAVE BARTLEY and Edwin F. Gray, miners, late of Shasta County, California, young, healthy, and "dead broke," arrived at Ely, Nevada, one evening in the summer of 1900. Before rustling jobs and going to work, they decided to look around the camp, and in pursuance of this plan they visited a number of claims owned by D. C. McDonald, Justice of the Peace and pioneer of the district. Among the claims he showed them were the Ruth (named after his daughter) and the Kearsarge. Both were regarded as possible gold or silver properties. For no very definite reason the two miners changed their plan and took a lease and option to buy the two claims for $3500. After the transaction was closed and the partners were alone, Gray asked Bartley what he thought of the ground. "If she's good for anything, it's copper" was the reply; and, so far as the records disclose, that was the first time that anyone ever thought of Ely or the Robinson mining district, as it was called, as a possible copper area. There were some slight surface indications of copper, but it is probable that the fact that Bartley had just come from a copper district had something to do with his predilection for a metal that was much despised around Ely. In any event, his hunch was good, and he spoke with the wisdom of an oracle. For thirty years prospectors had sought gold and silver around the camp. Several stamp mills and cyanide plants had been put up and a hundred shafts had been sunk, but fate had been indifferent in its rewards to the optimistic owners. Copper ore would have to be hauled by wagon, 150 miles down Steptoe Valley to the Southern Pacific Railroad, and there was scant hope of finding ore that would bear this cost. W. B. Graham, who ran the general store in Ely, grubstaked Bartley and Gray, furnishing them with food and mining

Jan 1, 1933

By Charles H. Jacoby, Stanley J. LeFond

Salt, or halite, has had a long and most varied history. While we know the Chinese were producing salt as early as 3000 B.C., the first written reference to salt appears in the book of Job recorded about 2250 B.C., which reads: "Can nothing which is unsavory be eaten without salt?" We do not know when man first used or realized that he needed salt. Perhaps one of our early Eolithic ancestors noted a piece of salt shining along the shore of a salt lake or a bay. He may have been attracted by its shining luster and tasted it. He found that it had a tart, zesty, distinctive flavor and perhaps chewing a large piece, became ill. However, by experimentation he soon learned that taken in the proper proportions salt was a very pleasant additive to his food. He may have noticed, too, that it increased his feeling of well-being. Thus, when the curtain of recorded history rises, we find man using salt for his health's sake, seasoning his food with it, feeding it to his animals, and using it in many superstitious and religious ceremonies. These uses, however, are a far cry from the uses for salt today. The first attempts of white man to make salt in continental United States were reported in the year 1614, while the first commercial production was in 1790. Practically all of this salt was for human consumption, preserving food, and curing hides. Prior to the coming of the "white man" Indians are known to have made salt from such salt springs as those that existed at Avery Island, La., Charleston, W.Va., Saltville, Va., and Onondaga, N.Y. In 1862 the first rock salt was mined in the U.S. from the Avery Island salt dome. Almost immediately thereafter, rock salt was mined at Saltville, Va., and then at Retsof, N.Y., in 1885. Of the more than 40 million tons produced annually in the United States, about 68% or 27 million tons are consumed by the chemical industry in the production of chlorine, caustic soda, hydrochloric acid, sodium metal, and some 30 other basic chemicals. These basic chemicals, in turn, are used in the preparation of approximately 14,000 chemicals which range from soap and detergents, to such chlorinated hydrocarbons as DDT, BHC, carbon tetrachloride, etc.

Jan 1, 1975

By E. S. Bardwell, Roy H. Miller

During the period extending from May, 1922, to September, 1923, the copper-refining furnaces of the Great Falls Reduction Department of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. at Great Falls, Mont., were operated exclusively with pulverized coal as fuel. The installation was made first as an experiment. It proved successful from the start and was abandoned solely because fuel oil from the Sunburst field became available at a price sufficiently low to be more desirable from an economic standpoint. The equipment required for pulverized coal has, however, been kept intact and is available for immediate use should the oil supply fail. Inasmuch as pulverized coal had been used on two large reverbera-tory smelting furnaces and was, at the time we were considering its application-to the copper-refining furnaces, being used on the Wedge furnaces roasting zinc concentrate for the electrolytic zinc plant, we were equipped with a coal-pulverizing plant of ample capacity to supply pulverized coal for the furnace refinery. The only problem was to devise suitable means for transporting pulverized coal from the pulverizer plant, located in the smelter building, to the refinery about 3000 ft. distant and about 150 ft. above the level of the pulverizer plant. When studying this installation, it should be borne in mind that the layout represents an adaptation suited to the existing conditions at this particular plant. The installation was entirely satisfactory and uniformly dependable but might be modified to advantage from an operating point of view if an entirely new installation were being planned. Fuel Supply The use of the local coals, high in ash and sulfur, was abandoned some time before coal-dust firing was attempted. Local coals from the Great Falls field carrying an average of 4 per cent. sulfur and 22 per cent, ash were used with fair success in the small furnaces in use prior to 1916. In the 250-ton furnaces, however, the time lost in grating and removing clinker from the fireboxes, as well as the difficulties incident to the high-sulfur content of the fuel, became serious and recourse was had to the

Jan 1, 1927

"Located at Canyon Ferry on the Missouri River, 17 miles from Helena and 63 miles from Butte. River drainage area 15,570 sq. miles. Built in 1898.DAM: Rock-filled, wooden crib, 490' long and 39' feet at maximum head; also masonry core, earth bulk-head 300' long and granite masonry abutments.SPILLWAY: 473' long, crest elevation 3660.5; steel flashboard system 10' high.PENSTOCKS: 10 main penstocks, 12' diam., about 40' long, leading from canal to turbines, each supplying 1 pair turbines.WHEELS: 4 main center discharge, horizontal units, each 1 pr. of 42"" wheels made by Dayton Globe Iron Works, and 6 main units, each 1 pr. of 45"" wheels made by S. Morgan Smith Co., all 157 r. p. m., normal head 34', and direct coupled to generators.GENERATORS: 10 W. E. & M. Co., Kodak Type, revolving armature, 750 k-w., 157 r. p. m., 550 v., 3 phase, 60 cycle alternators.OPERATION: The plant has large water storage and can carry peak loads to 12,000 h-p. It is the central control station for the system."

Jan 1, 1913

Geological Survey of Ohio, Columbus, Ohio. Wilbur Stout, State Geologist. A complete list of publications will be sent upon request The present Geological Survey of Ohio is the fourth organization of this kind in the state The first Survey issued two reports, dated 1838 (not now available), the second, from 1869 to 1888, issued two reports, 75 cents and $1, respectively, and five volumes on geology, $1.25 to $3 50. The third organization, 1890 to 1900, issued a report for 1890, $1, and vol. 7 (1893), $150 Since 1900 the present organization has issued a number of Bulletins, most of which deal with the geology of some part of the state, as follows: Bulletin 10, The Middle Devonian (1909), 25 cents, 14, Columbus Quadrangle (1911), 30 cents; 15, Devonian and Mississippian of northwestern Ohio (1912), $1; 17, Conemaugh Formation (1912), 60 cents, 22, The Dunkard Series (1920), 60 cents; 23, Camp Sherman Quadrangle (1921), 50 cents; 24, Wayne County (1921), 50 cents, 28, Columbiana County (1924), $1, 30, Delaware County (1926), 75 cents, 31, Vinton County (1927), $1; 35, Jefferson County (1930), $1. Other bulletins on Ohio geology and resources of most interest are.

Jan 1, 1933