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The income of the Institute is derived from dues, subscriptions to MINING AND METALLURGY sale of publications. These sources are fortunately supplemented by the interest from invested funds now amounting to over $500,000, a considerable portion constituting endowments for especial purposes. Aside from the medal funds the principal endowments are the James Douglas Fund for support of the Library, the Rocky Mountain Fund and the Seeley W. Mudd Memorial Fund. The income from the two last named is available for the support of research and a variety of other purposes. It is allocated by the Board of Directors upon recommendation of standing. committees in each case. An active effort is being made to increase the endowments of the Institute, it being felt that unusual opportunities exist for research and public and professional service through the organization and at a minimum of expense. J. V. W. Reynders is chairman of the Endowment Committee.

Jan 1, 1929

By P. Barnes

In a paper recently read before the Institute by Mr. W. A. Goodyear, a useful presentation was made of the subject of the production of' water-gas on a large scale, by the use of a regenerative form of apparatus. By way of supplement to that paper, a brief statement of the details of a plan which was carried out at the works of the Elgin National Watch Company at Elgin, Ill., may be of interest, 'although the ultimate result of the working of the producer was not successful or satisfactory. This company had decided to build a gas-works for the supply of illuminating gas to their factory, on a much larger scale than that of the petroleum-works which had very successfully supplied the smaller buildings for many years, and in March, 1882, the material for a gas-making cupola furnace was purchased. A few weeks later it was decided to make the attempt to bnrn the gas under the steam-

Jan 1, 1884

By A. E. Himebaugh

A SEMI-AUTOMATIC hoist has been installed at the 2966 station of the Copper Queen mine, since neither the bulk of supplies handled nor the number of men engaged in developing the 3100 level justifies the constant attendance of two cagers and two hoist operators. The connecting service shaft between the 2966 and 3100 levels is actually a two-compartment raise. Below the 2966 level the shaft is 7x13 ft-slightly oversize to permit downcast ventilation and provide space for the 16-conductor flexible control cable. The raise extends 52 ft above the 2966 level for a 3-ft diam head sheave. Another 3-ft sheave is mounted as an idler between the hoist and head sheave, eliminating the need for an inclined cableway. The main compartment serves as a cageway; the other compartment provides a manway and space for service lines. Since vertical travel is limited, rope speed is of minor importance.

Jan 5, 1958

BOSTON LOCAL SECTION Executive Committee HENRY L. SMYTH, Chairman ALFRED C. LANE, Vice-Chairman AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary-Treasurer, 131 State St., Boston, Mass. ROBERT H. RICHARDS ALBERT SAUVEUR Meets on the first Monday evening of each winter month Twenty-first Meeting The Twenty-first meeting of the Boston. Local Section of the Institute was held at the Engineers' Club, 2 Comonwealth Avenue, Boston, Monday evening, Oct. 5, 1914. Twenty members and two guests were present. The Chairman, Henry L. Smyth, presided at the dinner, at the close of which he introduced, as the speaker of the evening, John M. Longyear, who gave a most interesting talk about his work in exploring for coal on the islands of Spitzbergen, 400 miles north of the North Cape of Norway. The talk was illustrated with many photographs, which showed clearly the nature of the work and the extraordinary difficulties of the location. AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary.

Jan 12, 1914

Although the Suggestions to Institute Authors, as revised and amplified over the years to meet changing conditions and experience, have had as their primary objective the guidance of the author who is preparing a paper for record in the TRANSACTIONS, there are in this current version many excellent suggestions for the preparation of any material for publication by the Institute In this connection it should be emphasized that in a sense, and to a degree determined by the editors, the Institute has in its journals "a place for everything," especially a place for the article of practical nature that is of immediate but not necessarily permanent interest Such articles may be referred by the Institute Technical Publications Committee to the editors or submitted directly to them , [Papers (TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS and TECHNICAL NOTES) authorized for the TRANSACTIONS are, with the discussion, gathered together at the end of the calendar year and with a table of contents and index, bound, according to Branch classification, as volumes of the TRANSACTIONS

Jan 1, 1952

By B. E. Hoffacker, R. E. Lund, J. Ferrighetto, G. E. Welch

Since October 1965 the Josephtown Smelter of St. Joseph Lead Co. has commercially applied the Heavy Media Separation process to reclaim zinc and reject gangue from electrothermic zinc furnace residues. In addition, heavy medium is produced from the ferrosilicon which is present in the furnace residues. By way of background, the Josephtown Smelter produces zinc metal and zinc oxide by the electro- thermic process. The principal feed to the vertical shaft electric furnaces is sized sinter and coke. Temperature of the charge in the furnaces varies from roughly 900°C near the wall to 1300-1400°C in the central regions. Zinc smelting is rapid and nearly complete in the main body of the charge, but little zinc is smelted near the wall. In addition to fusing high gangue content particles, the high temperatures promote side reactions, the most important of which is reduction of iron oxide and silica to form a low grade ferrosilicon containing about 82 % Fe and 13% Si.

Jan 12, 1968

By Ali M. Heidarieh Zadeh, Raghu N. Singh

The paper presents a stability investigation of shaft intersections and pit bottom roadways in the vicinity of upcast and downcast shafts at a colliery in the U.K. Aschemeof instrumentation was aimed at monitoring the strata displacement surrounding the pit bottom roadways and shaft intersections with a view to ascertaining the origin of the strata movement and effectiveness of the control measures. The bore- hole instrumentation results together with a theoretical analysis suggested that the cause of instability could be attributed to the drivage of a roadway within the shaft pillar. A semi-empirical technique was used to calculate the amount of support resistance required to reinforce the pillar to take additional abutment load. A rock bolting system was designed to provide a required increase in thrust capacity of the roadway support. The results indicated that roadway closure was effectively controlled after installation of bolts indicating efficacy of the control measures adopted.

Jan 1, 1982

By C. J. Barber

This paper Donald describes how New Jersey Zinc Co. made surveys for a connection between the Ivanhoe and Van Mater shafts at Austinville, Va. Except to say that the two faces had to meet "accurately" on line and grade, Donald does not indicate the required precision. Assuming that there were 24 angles in the 1 ½ -mile traverse and 15 in the one-mile traverse, it can be shown that if the average error in plumbing each shaft was ±30" and the average error in measuring each traverse angle was ±10", then the average error at the point of connection would have been about ±1.9 ft normal to the line between the shafts. This calculation assumes that any errors in the triangulation would be negligible compared with the errors in the plumbings and traverses, and it also neglects taping errors. With no constant errors or blunders, the latter would be important only in lines normal to the line between the shafts.

Jan 7, 1959

By John S. Sumner

The various electrode arrangements used in induced polarization (IP) surveying can be classified according to the geometry of the electric field being measured. The simplest geometry (Wenner, Schlumberger, gradient) is the parallel or plane-wave electric field, while the three-array and pole-dipole array measure the field about a point current electrode. In the dipole-dipole array the characteristics of a dipolar field are approximately measured. The drill hole arrays employ variations of these fundamental geometries, depending on the objectives of the survey. This report compares the relative advantages and disadvantages of each of the commonly used surface and drill hole IP electrode arrays. Factors of each array that are considered are signal-to-noise ratio, EM coupling rejection, speed and cost, and resolution of polarizable bodies. It is concluded that certain arrays are better suited for different exploration objectives and for different geological conditions. Also the type and capabilities of the IP surveying equipment and method limit the choice of arrays.

Jan 1, 1973

By J. H. Canterford

The adsorption of uranium onto Wyoming bentonite was measured in carbonate media over the pH range 8 to 11. Uranium was removed from solution onto the solids by a rapid reaction, proposed to be adsorption of the anionic uranyl tricarbonato complex onto edges of the clay platelets, and a slow reaction that may be precipitation of a hydroxide. The changes in uranium content of the aqueous and solid phases of a uranium ore carbonate leach slurry were also measured as the slurry was progressively diluted. There was an increase in the uranium content of the solids as the pH of the suspension was lowered, as observed with the Wyoming bentonite. Results indicate the conditions that should be met with respect to pH control to prevent the problem of excessive uranium adsorption in the counter-current decantation washing circuit of a conventional leaching process, as well as in the leaching and restoration phases of carbonate solution mining.

Jan 1, 1985

By S. Fukushima, E. Kimura

In the Mitsubishi beneficiation process of ilmenite, chlorine is regenerated in the dechlorination furnace where the gases produced from a selective chlorination of ilmenite are directly introduced. The present paper describes a reaction mechanism and mixing characteristics of the reactant gases for dechlorination of ferric chloride with oxygen. A furnace of a small diameter where the reactant gases passed through in the state of nearly plug flow was used for determination of the effects of temperature and of partial pressures of ferric chloride and oxygen on the rate of the reaction. The experimental data of the reaction rate were applied to various models for calculations of the rate equations and the most suitable reaction model was determined. The results of the experiments also showed that effects of gas mixing onto the reaction rate could not be ignored, so that experiments of gas mixing was carried out. Gas flow patterns and scale effects were observed with use of transparent model furnaces of different sizes.

Jan 1, 1976

By Richard D. Call

Predicting the performance of a waste embankment requires an estimate of the properties of the waste and foundation materials. The performance characteristics and the associated material properties are: [ ] Methods for obtaining estimates of the material properties include: laboratory and field testing, back analysis, and indirect estimates from other material properties. The most critical technical need is the development of indirect methods for use in feasibility studies and mine planning, prior to production when actual samples of waste material are not available. Material properties are not unique, single values; they are probability distributions. There are two components to these distributions: the uncertainties in testing and the inherent variability of the material. The objectives of a material properties evaluation should be to obtain an unbiased estimate of the property distributions rather than the average or the minimum value. Whether the current trend to a probability design analysis is followed or a simple sensitivity analysis is conducted, the unbiased probability distribution is preferable to single values.

Jan 1, 1985

By C. Edward Capes

Fine particles in liquid suspension can be agglomerated by a number of mechanisms. Well-known methods include the addition of electrolyte to reduce the zeta potential and allow mutual adhesion arid the use of polymeric flocculants to bridge between the particles. A more recent technique, "spherical Agglomeration", is the subject of this paper. The process involves the addition of a second liquid which is immiscible with the suspending liquid and preferentially wets the particles to cause particle adhesion by capillary liquid bridges. Progress in the application of spherical agglomeration to a number of distinct technological fields is reviewed in this paper. The areas of interest include the formation of dense, highly spherical agglomerates, the separation of solids from suspension and the fractionation of complex, multi-component solids mixtures, such as ores. Some of the more interesting recent applications in the energy and environmental fields, such as the beneficiation of' coal and tar sands, are highlighted.

Jan 1, 1977

By I. Milton LeBaron

Operation of the phosphate flotation plant at the Peace valley mine of the International Minerals and Chemical Corporation, Florida, began in the summer of 1942. Since that time several changes have been made in the flowsheet, with resultant increases in metallurgical results. Three flowsheets, together with the comparative plant results, are given in this paper, together with a discussion of the desliming circuit used for preliminary washing of the flotation feed. Fig. I lists the essential units in the original flowsheet at the Peace Valley plant. The figures for tonnage and grade are average for a period of two months. Mineral Separation Airflow cells are used for both the fatty acid and the amine float. Three immediate difficulties presented themselves in the use of this flow sheet: I. Floating a maximum amount of phosphate in the rougher section to give good recovery sent a low-grade concentrate to the silica float, resulting in high costs for amine reagent in that section.

Jan 1, 1947

By I. Milton LeBaron

OPERATION of the phosphate flotation plant at the Peace Valley mine of the International Minerals and Chemical Corporation, Florida, began in the summer of [ ] 1942. Since that time several changes have been made in the flowsheet, with resultant increases in metallurgical results. Three flowsheets, together with the comparative plant results, are given in this paper, together with a discussion of the desliming circuit used for preliminary washing of the flotation feed. FIRST FLOWSHEET CHANGES Fig. I lists the essential units in the original flowsheet at the Peace Valley plant. The figures for tonnage and grade are average for a period of two months. Mineral Separation Airflow cells are used for both the fatty acid and the amine float. Three immediate difficulties presented themselves in the use of this flow sheet: I. Floating a maximum amount of phosphate in the rougher section to give good recovery sent a low-grade concentrate to the silica float, resulting in high costs for amine reagent in that section.

Jan 1, 1946

By G. R. Wilms

In a recent investigation1 on the properties of chromium, and of Cr-10 wt pct W and Cr-5 wt pct Mo alloys at elevated temperatures, it was found that intercrystalline cavities developed in all of these materials during tensile creep at 950°C, and that the cavities led to intercrystalline fracture. There were some interesting differences, however, between the cavities produced in the pure metal and those in the alloys; these differences, moreover, were associated with a difference in ductility. The relevant conditions of creep testing are specified in the captions to Figs. 1 and 3. Chromium showed the presence of quite large intercrystalline cavities, Fig. 1, and these were more or less randomly distributed around the boundaries. The chromium alloys, on the other hand, showed the presence of both small cavities and cracks at the grain boundaries, Fig. 3; it is apparent that the cracks are formed by the linking together of the small cavities. Moreover, the cavities and

Jan 1, 1960

By I. Milton LeBaron

Operation of the phosphate flotation plant at the Peace valley mine of the International Minerals and Chemical Corporation, Florida, began in the summer of 1942. Since that time several changes have been made in the flowsheet, with resultant increases in metallurgical results. Three flowsheets, together with the comparative plant results, are given in this paper, together with a discussion of the desliming circuit used for preliminary washing of the flotation feed. Fig. I lists the essential units in the original flowsheet at the Peace Valley plant. The figures for tonnage and grade are average for a period of two months. Mineral Separation Airflow cells are used for both the fatty acid and the amine float. Three immediate difficulties presented themselves in the use of this flow sheet: I. Floating a maximum amount of phosphate in the rougher section to give good recovery sent a low-grade concentrate to the silica float, resulting in high costs for amine reagent in that section.

Jan 1, 1947

By Thomas A. Simpson, Russell A. Walker

Hydrogeological techniques were used to solve problems of slope stability in open-pit mines of the Eufaula bauxite district, Ala. Geologic and hydrologic data were evaluated and used to design a system of dewatering wells to enable the operators to mine bauxite more efficiently and economically. Walls of open-pit mines in the district were subsequently stabilized by the operation of the dewatering system. Three open- pit mines, each at varying stages of the mining process, of the A.P. Green Refractories Co., were used to develop a sequential series of guidelines that indicate how to effectively remove ground water from the formations surrounding the ore bodies in the district. The use of sound engineering principles in well design, in combination with the correct interpretation of the pit hydrology provided the basis for solutions of the slope-stabilization problem and aided in the economical removal of bauxite from mines of the district.

Jan 1, 1976

By Alvin Kaufman

The industrial revolution of the early 1800's and the subsequent remarkable progress in raising American living standards are based not only on a constantly improving technology but on an ever increasing use of energy from mineral fuels and waterpower. Industrial nations require inexpensive energy sources in order to grow. The more complex the economy, that is, the more intensive the processing of raw materials, the greater the energy needs of that economy. As a result of the current international economic expansion, the worldwide search for sources of low-cost energy has accelerated. As a part of this search there is considerable interest in the potential for commercial development of geothermal power, particularly abroad and in the western United States. This interest is indicated by the fact that 40 exploratory wells have been drilled in the California thermal areas alone during the 1955-62 period. Of these, 24 were drilled in The Geysers, Casa Diablo, and Salton Sea areas.

Jan 9, 1964

By John M. Dealy, Robert D. Pehlke

Values for interaction parameters in nonferrous systems, as calculated from published data, are tabulated and discussed. The influence of temperature on the parameter is derived and compared with the results of the literature study. Wagner's relationship between the interaction parameter and the self interaction coefficients is compared with the tabulated data. A problem which has been of considerable interest in the field of metallurgy is the prediction of the effect of one alloying element present in dilute concentration on the thermodynamic properties of another dilute alloying element. Ultimately, the prediction may be accomplished entirely from statistical mechanical considerations. At the present, however, the problem remains unsolved since liquid solution models which are simple enough for analytical treatment are inadequate for such purposes. Thus, we desire some means of organizing the information on dilute systems which will serve as a guide for further study on interactions in dilute alloys, and also provide a basis for the utilization of thermodynamic data in the engineering design of alloys.

Jan 1, 1963