Search Documents

By Shoma Sinha, Nirmal K. Sinha

Deformation in a material at any temperature is known to consist of two major components - a reversible (elastic) part and an irreversible part (often called plastic). What is not universally known is the fact that at high temperatures greater than about 0.4Tm, where Tm, is the melting point in Kelvin, the reversible part includes not only elastic but also a delayed elastic (recoverable but time dependent) component. A very simple computational model is presented here for a constant-strain stress relaxation test (SRT) on the basis of a three-component constant-stress rheological equation derived from strain relaxation and recovery test (SRRT) data. It is shown that the rapid stress reduction during the early periods of relaxation when the stresses are high is governed primarily by delayed elasticity irrespective of the imposed strain level. This is in contradiction to the popular concept prevailing today. The asymptotic approach to a quasi-stable stress rate at longer times and lower stresses is, however, controlled by viscous flow (power-law creep). The validity of the theory is examined by comparing the predictions with experimental results obtained for a titanium-base alloy Ti-6246 at 0.45Tm.

Jan 1, 2004

By G. E. Parsons

"The Bidgood is a small gold mine about 5 miles east of the main Kirkland Lake camp. Since the beginning of production in 1934, gold having a value of $5,000,000 has been produced from the property. Practically all of this production has come from seven veins in a diorite stock that intrudes the Timiskaming sediments and lavas of the area. The veins consist of quartz, pyrite, and molybdenite with minor amounts of chalcopyrite, calcite, and tellurides, and occupy northeast striking and northwest dipping thrust fault fractures. They have no apparent direct structural association with the faults of the main Kirkland Lake camp or the Larder Lake 'break' to the south; however, the veins closely resemble the former in their mineralogical composition and in their close association with syenite intrusives.ROCK TYPES AND THEIR STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICSThe dominant and, from an economic standpoint, most important rocks in the ore area consist of two separate families of Algoman intrusivesa diorite and a later syenite group."

Jan 1, 1954

By P. W. A Severin

"The Sturgeon Lake deposit, a partly eroded lens of massive sulphides with an underlying sulphide stringer zone, is one of five orebodies that occur in the Sturgeon Lake area of northwestern Ontario within volcaniclastic rocks of the Archean Wabigoon Subprovince in the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield.The Sturgeon Lake Cu-Zn-Pb-A g-Au deposit was discovered in October 1970 as a result of an I.P. survey. Production from this open-pit mine began in March 1974 and continued until the ore was exhausted in March 1980.The Sturgeon Lake property is underlain by basaltic volcanics, minor amounts of mafic lapilli tuff and rhyolite volcaniclastics. A quartz crystal-bearing rhyolite occurs at the top of the felsic volcaniclastics and is ""capped"" by the Sturgeon Lake massive sulphide deposit. The felsic volcanics have been intruded by a crudely layered sill-like, carbonatized mafic intrusion. Recent work suggests that the felsic rocks that underlie the Sturgeon Lake deposit are lateral equivalents of those in the vicinity of the Mattabi Mine and are not correlative with the dacitic volcaniclastics that underlie the Lyon Lake and Creek Zone deposits. Hydrothermal processes that resulted in the formation of the Sturgeon Lake orebody have resulted in a depletion of Na2O, CaO and FeO and an increase in MgO, K2O, copper and zinc. In the vicinity of the sulphide stringer zone, the rhyolites are ""bleached"" due to silicification and sericitization. The rocks lying immediately below the massive sulphides are locally strongly chloritic.The Sturgeon Lake deposit may have formed on a top ographic high which prevented mafic flows and dacitic volcaniclastics that underlie the Lyon Lake and Creek Zone deposits from inundating the Sturgeon Lake fumarolic vent from the west. Continued or resurgent activity from the Sturgeon Lake fumarole may have resulted in the formation of the Lyon Lake and Creek Zones as more ""distal "" deposits in topographic lows. The Sturgeon Lake, Lyon Lake and Creek Zone deposits were subsequently overlain by mafic tuffs and flows."

Jan 1, 1982

By Rolf Andreas Lauten, Guy Kluck

"Formation of scales may have important detrimental effects in many mineral processing applications. A well-known problem is the need for frequent maintenance to remove scale from processing equipment. Another challenge may relate to encapsulation of valuable minerals in precipitating scale. In this work, we explore the ability of some crystal growth inhibitors to prevent or lower the degree of scale precipitation. In many situations pregnant leach solutions contains substantial concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sulfate and carbonate in addition to dissolved valuable elements, e.g. gold, copper, zinc. Together with non-dissolved gangue minerals, some slurries may also contain particulate gold, copper etc. During normal processing of the pregnant leach solution it may be exposed to temperature gradients or similar promoting precipitation of various scales. Valuable minerals may become entrapped in precipitates and thus become inaccessible to the lixiviant. Use of a crystal growth inhibitor may lower the degree of encapsulation of valuable elements.Using a simple model system, supersaturated with respect to gypsum, the effect of some crystal growth inhibitors on the prevention of scale is evaluated in terms of amount precipitated gypsum, the particle size of the precipitated gypsum and the carbon gold loading capacity.INTRODUCTIONGold bearing sulfide ores are often roasted or pressure oxidised prior to leaching. The purpose of this unit operation is to prevent loading the leaching circuit with sulfides that consume cyanide. Pressure oxidation or roasting chemically converts the sulfides into sulfates and at the same time, the pH of the slurry ends up in the acidic range. Typically, lime addition is the preferred means to raise the pH to around 10 where gold leaching takes place. Combination of large amounts of calcium ions from the lime with sulfate ions from the ore induces precipitation of gypsum. Compounds like calcium carbonate may also precipitate if carbonate ions are present in the slurry. Depending upon the composition of the ore, compounds like calcium carbonate and other types of scale may also precipitate on gold surfaces on the slurry particles. A layer of scale on top of exposed gold surfaces will prevent dissolution in the cyanidation that takes place during leaching. Naturally, such a precipitation may lower the gold recovery."

Jan 1, 2016

By H. Soltanzadeh

This paper summarizes semi-analytical and closed-form solutions that can be used to assess the poroelastic stress changes induced within a porous formation (reservoir) during a pore pressure change. Further, solutions are presented for the stress discontinuities at the interfaces between reservoirs and the rocks that surround them. When used in combination with rock failure criteria, these solutions enable relatively simple analyses of the potential for induced fracturing or fault reactivation within a reservoir or the rock immediately adjacent to it. The latter, in particular, is useful for assessing if the hydraulic integrity of the surrounding rock (i.e., the bounding seal) will be affected by a pore pressure change. The use of the approach presented in this paper is illustrated with an analysis of a pinnacle reef with dimensions and properties representative of reefs in the Zama oil field, northwestern Alberta, Canada. Scenarios of pore pressure decrease (during historical production operations) and pore pressure increase (during several years of acid gas injection operations) are analyzed, for three different idealizations of reservoir properties and geometry (two plane strain and one axisymmetric). These results suggest that that the potential for induced fracturing is not significant at any point within the reservoir or the surrounding rock for both the production and injection scenarios that were simulated. Similarly, fault reactivation was not predicted for the reservoir or any of the points that were analyzed in the surrounding rock. However, fault orientations having the greatest potential for reactivating during historical production operations were identified; thus, illustrating a means of using geomechanical models to focus geological characterization efforts on the features that are most critical to acid gas containment.

May 1, 2009

By Trygve Høy

"Important stratabound lead-zinc deposits in southeastern B. C. occur in rocks that range in age from Proterozoic Helikian to Middle Cambrian. The Sullivan deposit, and similar but smaller deposits in the Sullivan area are the only important deposits that occur in clastic rocks with little carbonate content. The highly deformed and metamorphosed Shuswap deposits, of probable Hadrynian to Helikian age, are in mixed marble, calc-silicate gneiss and pelitic schist assemblages, rocks transitional between clastics and carbonates. Deposits in younger rocks, such as the Kootenay Arc deposits in the Lower Cambrian Badshot-Reeves Formation and the Monarch -Kicking Horse deposits in Middle Cambrian dolomite, are hosted by platformal carbonate rocks.An important regional control for the distribution of deposits appears to be a northeast-trending tectonic zone that crosses the Rocky Mountains and the Purcell Mountains just south of the Sullivan area, and projects southwestward toward the Salmo camp at the southern end of the Kootenay Arc. Pronounced northeast-trending gravity and magnetic anomalies, basic volcanism of Hadrynian age (the Irene volcanics west of Creston) and a preferred alignment of Mesozoic granitic rocks indicates that the zone coincides with deep crustal structures. Within the zone are dramatic and abrupt thickness and facies changes in Hadrynian Windermere rocks and lower Paleozoic rocks, and on the east side of the Rocky Mountain Trench in Helikian Purcell Supergroup rocks, indicating that block-faulting was active intermittently within the zone from Helikian through to lower Paleozoic time. Right-lateral and reverse movements occurred on northeast-trending tear faults within the zone in Mesozoic time."

Jan 1, 1982

By Greg Gosson

These materials are provided for general information purposes only and do not constitute legal advice. Readers are advised to seek specific legal advice from their own counsel in relation to any decision or course of action contemplated. Outline ??What is meant by a ?current technical report? under NI 43-101? ??When is a current technical report required? ??Who makes the decision regarding whether a technical report is current? ??Examples of the types of information that make a technical report no longer current for securities filing purposes.

May 1, 2009

By Gerhard W. Heinrich, Gerald V. Schroeder, Daniel A. Murphy, Daniel F. Suarez, Jamie B. Beauchamp

"Washwater 'Finger' sprays were installed and tested in the copper/nickel separation circuit at Strathcona Mill to improve flotation capacities and related metallurgical performances. The new spray design features submerged sideways introduction of wash water into the flotation froth through nozzles at the end of vertical pipes which are suspended from a header above the froth. This maximizes the effective cross sectional area of flotation vessels while maintaining effective froth cleaning and a desirably high density of the concentrate slurry. The plant tests gave increases of copper concentrate production rates of 17% to 20% for conventional cells and 16% to 20% in column flotation at target grades of 29% to 30% copper and of less than 0.5% nickel. Basic considerations and concepts of tests and evaluation procedures are described.IntroductionMeeting flotation concentrate grade targets at maximum production rates and recoveries is a challenge all too familiar to operators of base metal ore concentrators. Frothwashing is an option to improve grade/recovery performance by minimizing entrainment of impurities into the concentrate, which is commonly known since the sixties (Kaya & Laplante, 1989). It has been recommended for the flotation of sulphides and industrial minerals alike (Kaya & Laplante, 1989; Miller, 1969; Heinrich, 1989) and has found its ultimate application in flotation columns (Finch & Dobby, 1990). The washwater addition in a flotation column is most evenly distributed over the column's cross-sectional area thus ensuring almost complete displacement of feed water from the froth by a countercurrent washwater flow -provided, a positive bias is maintained. Therefore, flotation columns are ideal for cleaning flotation. However, there is usually less room for boosting the concentrate production capacity by increasing airflow or slurry level then with conventional cells because of the smaller cross-sectional area available."

Jan 1, 1994

By R A. Burwash

In the Yellowknife geologic province, 2,600-million-year-old granites are cut by three sets of diabase or gabbro dyke : (1) large dykes striking 70°E to E-W, (2) rare dykes striking N-S to 30°E and (3) an abundant swarm striking N 10°-300W. Preliminary potassium-argon dating has been carried out on whole-rock samples of the chilled margins and coarse centers of the dykes, and on mineral separates from the dykes and contact aureoles. Data from seventeen dated samples suggest that the dyke sets were intruded during three periods of basaltic magmatism -2,200, 1,500 and 1000 million years ago. The two earlier periods closely follow the time of emplacement of granites in the Yellowknife and Churchill geologic provinces. The latest diabase dykes occurring in the Yellowknife province are temporally related to a widespread basaltic magmatism, for which the term Keweenawan is not appropriate. D DRING the past ten years, methods of physical age determination have been widely applied to date the time of intrusion or metamorphism of Precambrian rock

Jan 1, 1963

By Carlos Palacios M., Brian K. Townley

"Abstract - The mainland Aysén region of Chilean Patagonia (44°15' - 47°30'S) is a representative segment of the South American active continental margin, distinct with respect to northern and central Chile. Mineralization consists mainly of polymetallic deposits, with important Zn-Pb mines and more recently discovered Au-Ag deposits, unlike the central Andes, which are dominated by Cu mineralization. On a regional scale, rocks may be grouped in four main map units: 1) the Paleozoic metamorphic basement; 2) upper Jurassic-Cretaceous calc-alkaline volcanic and marine sedimentary rocks; 3) the Patagonian batholith, and 4) upper Cretaceous to Miocene basalts and marine and continental sedimentary rocks. The upper Jurassic-Cretaceous rocks and the Patagonian batholith formed in a volcanic arc and back-arc setting superimposed on the Paleozoic metamorphic basement.Based on geographic location and geologic and tectonic setting, ore deposits in this region are assigned to three groups, from south to north: El Faldeo, Fachinal, and El Toqui. The El Faldeo group (south of 47°05'S) includes upper Jurassic Zn-Pb skarn and associated polymetallic massive sulfide vein deposits locally overprinted by Au-rich epithermal mineralization, hosted by volcanic and sedimentary rocks and/or by rocks of the metamorphic basement. The Fachinal group (46°05' - 47°05'S) consists of volcanic-hosted lower Cretaceous Au-Ag epithermal deposits, except for the Mina Silva and Manto Rosillo deposits, which are metamorphic basement-hosted Zn-Pb skarns. The El Toqui group (44°30' - 46°05'S) comprises lower Cretaceous Au-rich Zn-Pb skarns and associated polymetallic veins, as well as Au-Ag-rich epithermal deposits, hosted by volcanic, intrusive, and marine sedimentary rocks. Galena lead isotopic signatures for each deposit group indicate a decreasingly radiogenic trend from south to north, suggesting different lead sources or differences among underlying crust. Three metallogenic provinces and two metallogenic epochs are proposed for the Aysén region: the El Faldeo metallogenic province of Late Jurassic age; and the Fachinal and El Toqui provinces of Early Cretaceous age. Résumé - La partie continentale de la région d’Aysen (Patagonie chilienne, 44°15' - 47°30'S), est unsegment représentatif de la marge continentale active d’Amérique du sud, différent des segments du nordet du centre du Chili. La minéralisation, qui consiste essentiellement en des dépôts polymétalliques, avec d’importantes mines de Pb-Zn, et des dépôts d’Au-Ag récemment découverts, différe de celle des Andes centrales où domine la minéralisation cuprifère. A l’échelle régionale, les roches peuvent être regroupées en quatre unités cartographiques principales : 1) le socle métamorphique paléozoïque, 2) les roches volcaniques calco-alcalines et les sédiments marins du Jurassique supérieur-Crétacé, 3) le batholite patagonien, et 4) les sédiments marins et continentaux ainsi que les basaltes du Crétacé supérieur-Miocène. Les roches du Jurassique supérieur-Crétacé et le batholite patagonien, formés dans un contexte d’arc volcanique et d’arrière-arc se superposent au socle métamorphique paléozoïque.Fondé sur la localisation géographique ainsi que sur le cadre tectonique et géologique, les dépôts de minerais de cette région se répartissent en trois groupes, du sud au nord, El Faldeo, Fachinal et El Toqui. Le Groupe El Faldeo (sud de 47°05'S) contient des skarns à Pb-Zn du Jurassique supérieur associés à des veines de sulfures massifs polymétalliques, localement recoupées par des minéralisations épithermales, riches en Au, et contenus dans des roches sédimentaires et volcaniques et/ou dans des roches du socle métamorphique. Le Groupe Fachinal (46°05' - 47°05'S) consiste en des dépôts épithermaux Au-Ag, se trouvant dans des roches volcaniques du Crétacé inférieur, excepté pour les dépôts de la Mine Silva et Manto Rosillo, où des skarns à Pb-Zn, se trouvent dans le socle métamorphique. Le Groupe El"

Jan 1, 1999

By P. L. Claessens, S. Belisle, C. Bowen

"Use of zinc shot feed is a well-established procedure among North American electro-galvanizers. This form of zinc is easy to handle and relatively inexpensive when compared with zinc oxide. This paper reports results on the kinetics of zinc shot dissolution in traditional pure zinc solutions and in electrolytes used for the plating of nickel/zinc alloys. Despite the cementation of minor amounts of nickel in the latter solution, acceptable dissolution rates of the zinc shot can be achieved through proper adjustment of the solution velocity. Under these conditions, the nickel shell produced by cementation is continuously abraded, exposing the underlying zinc.IntroductionThe use of insoluble, noble metal-containing anodes rather than soluble zinc anodes for the operation of high current density electro-galvanizing lines has gained almost universal acceptance. Two major reasons for this trend are:• improved control of the process by virtue of constant inter-electrode distance; and• increased productivity because the operation of the lines does not require the relatively frequent interruptions for replacement of consumed anodes .The results of the principal anode and cathode reactions are, respectively, depletion of the zinc content of the electrolyte and the increase on its acidity;"

Jan 1, 1991

By X. -G. Chen, A. M. Nabawy

A novel manufacturing technique for Al-TiB2 nanocomposites has been developed, in which TiB2 nanoparticles were incorporated into liquid aluminum under mechanical stirring and in the presence of a K2ZrF6 flux-wetting agent. The microstructure of the Al-TiB2 nanocomposites was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The microhardness test was conducted to investigate the strengthening effect of TiB2 on the aluminum matrix. The TiB2 nanoparticles were successfully incorporated and dispersed into the aluminum melt in the presence of the K2ZrF6 flux during mechanical stirring. In the as-cast microstructure, most nanoparticles segregated in the interdendritic regions as a result of particle redistribution during solidification. The addition of 2, 5 and 10 wt% TiB2 nanoparticles increased the composite hardness by 60, 90 and 150% respectively when compared to commercial purity aluminum, indicating that the TiB2 nanoparticles imposed a significant strengthening effect on the aluminum matrix. The role of K2ZrF6 flux agent on the incorporation of nanoparticles into aluminum melt was discussed.

Jan 1, 2014

By F. Cheuk, E. Krause, V. G. Papangelakis, G. A. Moldoveanu, S. Abendschein

Systematic studies have been conducted at the University of Toronto in order to evaluate lanthanide extraction from clay minerals from different geographical regions. It was found that rare earth elements (REE) are easily recovered into an aqueous solution via an ion exchange mechanism by leaching with electrolyte solutions containing monovalent cations under ambient conditions. In this study we assessed extraction levels of individual REEs as a function of initial clay composition and leaching conditions. It was found that, in spite of variations in clay origin, all clays consistently reached peak REE extraction levels with fast kinetics. However, terminal extractions were clay-specific. The feasibility of using seawater as a leaching solution and potential synergies with ammonium sulphate as a lixiviant was also investigated. Seawater was found to be inferior to using ammonium sulphate, and provided no observable synergy in leaching performance when used together. The aqueous phase trapped in leached clays was shown to contain significant amounts of REE, as demonstrated in clay washing tests. Techniques to improve the REE concentration in leachate through process variations were investigated. However, it was found that most techniques capable of increasing REE concentrations in the resultant leachate also resulted in reduced REE extraction.

Jan 1, 2014

By N. M. Steven, J. M. Moore, J. L. Kuyper

Mineral exploration and research has led to the identification of four types of tungsten mineralization in the NE-trending, Iargelyensialic, inland branch of the late Proterozoic/early Paleozoic Pan-African Damara Orogen. The mineralization (mainly scheelite) occurs in a terrane (the Central Zone) that is characterized by multiple deformation, greenschist/amphibolite-facies metamorphism and numerous peraluminous S-type granitic and pegrnatitic intrusions. The four major types of scheelite mineralization are (in ascending stratigraphic order of host rock): (1) thin (5 cm to 2 meter) quartz+plagioclase+diopside ± scapolite calc-silicate granofels with fmely disseminated scheelite (scheelite-bearing granofels; SBG) developed as discontinuous intercalations within the calc-silicate rocks of the Khan, Spes Bona, Oberwasser and Kuiseb Formations (Nosib and Swakop Groups); (2) gamet+pyroxene± vesuvianite+scheelite ± fluorite replacement skarns hosted by Okawayo, Karibib and lower Kuiseb Formation marbles in the aureoles of late tectonic, unrnineralized leucogranites; (3) metaturbidite-hosted scheelite- (and possibly wolframite-) bearing tourmalinites, both stratiform and crosscutting, in the Kuiseb Formation located in the 'cleavage fronts' of late tectonic granitoids; (4) scheelite-bearing vesuvianite+quartz+garnet skarnoid rocks (several hundred meters in length) in the calcareous metaturbidites of the upper Kuiseb Formation. These scheelite occurrences were discovered by the follow-up of a large number of tungsten anomalies located during a regional stream sediment sampling program. Detailed mapping, ultra-violet surveys and rock sampling proved to be the most effective surface exploration techniques for locating mineralization; soil sampling and geophysics were of almost no use. The largest, continuous scheelite-bearing skarn of economic interest, Otjua, has a drill-indicated reserve of 250 000 tonnes at 0.53 wt5 WO3 and 8 wt% CaF2•

Jan 1, 1994

By J. C. Ingles

"A new technique is in the process of revolutionizing inorganic chemical analysis. Galled atomic absorption spectrophotometry, it combines the use of a special light source, a flame, and the equipment of conventional spectrophotometry, to provide a quick, reasonably accurate method for the determination of a large number of elements.This paper outlines the principles on which it is based, describes the commercial instrumentation"" available for exploiting it, and. summarizes current applications in process metallurgy."

Jan 1, 1966

By Tom Brady

A major focus of ground control research presently being conducted by the Spokane Research Laboratory of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is to incorporate data on weak rock masses into existing design relationships, with an emphasis on updating the span design curve for manned entries and the overbreak curve for longhole entries. Both curves were originally developed at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC. The original database has been augmented by information from mines throughout the United States, Canada, Australia, and Europe. The common factor in all these mines is the presence of a weak back and/or walls. In most cases, the ore zone is the weakest rock unit and must be stabilized so that the mineral-bearing rock can be extracted safety. The current NIOSH research attempts to provide rock mechanics tools to assist a mine operator in making economic decisions that will also ensure a safe working environment. This paper documents the North American database.

May 1, 2006

By Guillermo Diaz, Roberto Pérez, René del Villar

"Pulp-froth interface position is a key variable in column operation. In plant practice, it is commonly estimated through a system of three pressure-transducers which allows the calculation of the pulp height. An alternate method based on the measurement of the conductivity profile across the interface has been proposed and successfully tested. Both methods however, present some practical problems related to the assumptions made in the calculation of the pulp height in the former case, and to the response time and the precision of the reading in the latter case.In this paper, the use of the neural network technique for improving the estimation of the pulp-froth interface in flotation columns is discussed. The technique is used with both conductivity-based and three pressure-transducer methods. Results obtained in a 2"" laboratory column and a 12"" pilot scale column are presented. A major obstacle in applying this approach in practise is the training of the artificial neural network. This problem is analyzed here for the conductivity-based method and some solutions are proposed."

Jan 1, 1995

By P. Shibley, P. R. Clarke

Since this was an interim report of the initial operation of a long term project it is not available for publication. It is expected when the project is completed a full report of the work will be published.

Jan 1, 1968

By K. V. Konigsmann

"The mill at Mattagami Lake Mines treats 3,850 tons per day. The mill feed is a heavy sulphide ore. It is composed ofPyrite & Pyrrhotite - 40%Marmatite - 17%Chalcopyrite - 2%Magnetite - 10%Talc and other Silicates - 31%The sulphides are intimately associated with each other and often finely disseminated throughout the siliceous gangue. An abundance of middling particles exist in the circuit and a delicate balance has to be maintained between concentrate grades and metal recoveries.The metal content of the mill feed fluctuates between 0.4 to 0.7% for copper and 6 to 13% for zinc.The flow sheet of the concentrator is shown in Figure 1.Eight sample streams have been selected for on-stream analysis, namely1. Copper Concentrate 2. Copper Cln Tailings 3. Copper Tailings 4. Zinc Concentrate5. Zinc Rgh Concentrate6. Zinc Cln Tailings7. Zinc Rgh Tailings8. Flotation TailingsThe mill feed is not being analysed. Only a very coarse sample could be obtained which would be difficult to pump, and the fluctuations in the copper content are too small in absolute terms to have much of a bearing on circuit operations."

Jan 1, 1969

By A. Innus, R. Pelletier, C. Allaire

Refractory used for molten aluminium confinement is typically assessed separately for thermo-physical properties and molten aluminium resistance. This present work provides a case study comparison of four commercial refractory products that were subjected to a test procedure that combines mechanical impact, thermal shock with molten aluminium contact. The main conclusion of this work is that physical and mechanical property values by themselves do not, and cannot, predict the response of refractory to potential interactions between molten aluminium contact and thermal shock and mechanical impact. Adequate physical simulation is imperative to quantify the effect of such interactions.

Jan 1, 2004