Search Documents

By T. Koulomzine, R P. Jaeggin

The claims now held by Mount Wright Iron Mines Co. Limited were acquired by staking in 1956, 1957 and 1958, i.e., some time after the major deposits of the Quebec Cartier Mining and Normanvi!le Mining Co. (formerly Quebec Cobalt & Exploration Ltd.) were already discovered and partly outlined. The choice of the location of the Mount Wright hold-ings was governed simply by the -availability of ground still open to staking and by its proximity to properties held by major iron companies. Mount Wright Iron Mines had no previous knowledge of the geology and no aeromagnetic results were available to it to guide the choice of areas to be staked. In order to explore the newly ac-quired claims it was decided to make a grid of widely spaced magnetic profiles on the ground rather than use aeromagnetics. This afforded the possibility of making some geological observations simultaneously with the geophysical measurements.

Jan 1, 1961

By H. J. McQueen

The irregular history of Mg wrought products is briefly described. The temperature and strain rate dependence of microstructural evolution, flow stress and ductility of Mg alloys in hot working, are described. The flow curves rose rapidly to a peak stress which was lower as temperature T rose and strain rate e declined and above 300°C the curves extended into plateaus until failure. Clearly grains not oriented for slip undergo mechanical twinning in the initial stages (a 0.15) at all temperatures. Basal slip proceeds in suitable grains and in the twins. The stress concentrations at grain and twin boundaries lead to slip on non-basal systems and to the formation of subgrains with greater dynamic recovery (DRV) at higher T or lower e. With increasing strain, misorientation builds up resulting in dynamic recrystallization (DRX) first at twin intersections and later at grain boundaries which have become quite serrated. Even after extensive straining at high temperatures, the new grains are found mainly along the boundaries of the original grains, leaving their centers with only basal slip except when nucleation at twins leads to completion of DRX throughout a grain. Despite similar shear modulus and melting point to Al, hot mechanical forming behavior of Mg alloys differ due to differences in crystal slip systems, twinning, and second phases. Moreover, the influences on forming of alloy additions (solutes, segregation in casting, dispersoids, precipitation) and impurities are not as well catalogued as for Al. Despite the benefits from dynamic recrystallization, varied grain orientation effects, heterogeneous substructures and the resulting stress concentrations result in considerably lower ductility for Mg alloys at the same stress level as for Al materials. Application of these theories to extrusion, rolling and forging and the effects on product properties are surveyed.

Jan 1, 2006

By C K. Bell, L. S. Collett

An AFMAG survey was flown in 1968 over the Upper Nelson River area, Manitoba. The flight direction was northwest-southeast and flight spacing was 2 miles. In the Cross Lake Subprovince, AFMAG showed that an isolated peridotite outcrop was part of a dike that extended over 80 miles. Diabase dikes are not always marked by an anomaly, but isolated cross-overs, when used in conjunction with geological and magnetic data, permit their extrapolation. Anomalies coincide with areas of sulphide mineralization. In the Flin Fion Subprovince, known and unknown northeast-trending faults are detected. The Berry Creek fault was extended south through Tramping lake, then under the Paleozoic cover. Conductors were detected at, or near, the axes of major synclines within Amisk and Snow Group sediments. Granitic terranes have low conductivity and, because they are characterized by smooth AFMAG profiles, they can be delimited. AF.MAG is being recognized as a geophysical method that can aid geological mapping and interpretation. Its most important contribution to the geologist will be in regions where out-crops are sparse.

Jan 1, 1971

By D. E. Parson, W. A. Morgan

This paper offers a brief review of current literature pertaining to vacuum degassing or vacuum casting of steel as practiced in the U.S.A., Germany and the U.S.S.R. The advantages of vacuum degassing of large forging ingots, heavy section casting, for the conversion of rimming bessemer steels to killed steel and for the production of transformer steels are discussed. Operating pressures, reduction in gas contents and improvements in hydrogen segregation, steel cleanliness and mechanical properties, obtained with the various techniques, are described. The paper includes a description of an experimental vacuum stream-droplet degassing unit and some preliminary results obtained at the Physical Metallurgy Division Research Laboratories Department of Mines and Technical Surveys, Ottawa on laboratory steel melts. Experimental 500 lb direct arc, basic melts have been spray cast into either ingot moulds or dry sand moulds, held inside a vacuum tank. Also 500 lb melts have been

Jan 1, 1961

OBJECTIVES ??REDUCE OPERATING COSTS ??INCREASE LIFE COMPONENTS ??EXTEND LIFE of THE DOZER ??REDUCE MAINTENANCE COST ??REDUCE DOWNTIME ??IMPROVE DURABILITY & RELIABILITY ??IMPROVE BOLD JOINTS PREFORMENCE ??IMPROVE SAFETY

May 1, 2004

By G. Stafford Whitby

N ATURAL gas is found in several provinces of Canada, particularly Ontario, New Brunswick, and Alberta. The largest producer is Alberta, and there the most important field is the Turner Valley, where some low-gravity crude oil and naphtha are associated with the gas. Last year there was produced from the Turner Valley field an average of 3,462 barrels, or about 450 tons, of oil a day. The gas flow from the wells in this field bears such a high ratio to the oil which comes from them that, despite the enforcement of a measure of conservation, it amounted to the vast quantity of 6,000 tons a day, or more than 2,000,000 tons a year. Prior to the application of any conservation measures, the gas flow was at one time of the order of 12,000 tons a day. The heat content of one ton of the gas is almost equal to that of two tons of coal. A certain amount, say, 10 per cent," of the gas is used in Calgary and surrounding towns and in re-pressuring the Bow Island gas field, but the greater part of it goes to waste. What are the possibilities of making use of this waste gas, in whole or part? The possibilities of using it profitably as fuel for domestic and industrial purposes have undoubtedly been carefully considered by the Company which now distributes a part of the gas to cities and towns in Alberta. But the relative sparness of the population and the cost of pipe lines makes such possibilities strictly limited. There are, however, distinct possibilities of making use of at !east a part of the gas for the production of a variety of chemical products and of liquid motor fuel. The present paper is devoted to outlining some of these possibilities. About three-quarters (by weight) of the Turner Valley waste gas consists of methane, the lightest and, chemically speaking, the simplest of hydrocarbon gases. The remaining quarter consists of heavier hydrocarbon gases-ethane, propane, and butane. Formerly, naphtha was separated from the well gas by a simple process of self-refrigeration. The gas coming from the wells at a pressure of, say, 1,200 to 1,800 lb., was passed through simple cylindrical vessels fitted with baffles and known as 'separators'. The pressure was allowed to drop to, say, 300 lb. in the separators, and the cooling effect secured by this expansion brought about separation of the naphtha. The naphtha thus obtained was 'wild', that is, it had a high vapour pressure owing to the presence in it of dissolved and liquefied gas. In order to reduce the vapour pressure to a level at which the naphtha could be shipped, this gas was removed either by distilling it out through a 'stabilizing' column or, according to the practice at many wells, merely by allowing the naphtha to 'weather' in open tanks (heated by coils if necessary) until the gas had been driven off in to the air.

Jan 1, 1936

By W. H. Gauvin, N. J. Themelis

I N ADDITION to its practical importance in the beneficiation of iron ores and in direct-iron processes, the study of the reduction of iron oxides involves many aspects of challenging theoretical interest. The complexity of the reduction process combined with the fact that under different experimental conditions the controlling stage for the reaction may not necessarily be the same, has led experimenters in this field to a wide diversity of opinion regarding the reaction mecl1anism. As a rule, each investigation has been restricted to the study of one or two variables over a comparative]~• narrow range of experimental conditions, and consequently, it be-comes necessary to examine the significance of each published work in the light of the results of other experimenters in the field.

Jan 1, 1962

By S. E. Kesler, C. M. Moore, J. C. Van Loon

The possibility that chlorine and fluorine form complexes with ore metals, thereby having a strong effect on the mobility of these ore metals during late magmatic and hydrothermal processes, suggests that the abundance of chlorine and fluorine in igneous rocks could be used to distinguish intrusions that have generated ore deposits. The simplest and most economical measure of this chlorine and fluorine is the water-leachable chloride and fluoride that is released from fluid inclusions in the rock during crushing of the sample. In order to evaluate the possible use of this technique, measurements of water-leachable chloride and fluoride were made with selective ion electrodes on samples from nine intrusive complexes. There does not appear to be any simple relation between the abundance of chloride and the presence of mineralization. Fluoride values in mineralized intrusions appear to be higher than those in barren intrusions.

Jan 1, 1973

By G. D. Markland

"The Moose Mountain mine is located in a belt of Precambrian volcanic rocks situated 20 miles north of Sudbury, Ontario. It was the first iron mining operation in the Archean iron-formations of the Canadian Shield.The ore is believed to have been formed in an environment of active volcanism, being part of a pyroclastic and volcanic series where only the iron-formation and chert qualify as chemical sediments. The volcanic environment, subsequent regional tectonics and metamorphism produced orebodies which differ from the main sedimentary iron ranges of the world in such features as continuity, grade, structure and metallurgical characteristics. The orebodies occur as relatively small lenses which have been complexly folded, faulted and intruded by acidic and basic dykesAlthough the basic mining and beneficiation methods are simple, detailed geological control in exploration, planning and operation has been necessary to apply detailed selective techniques to the large-scale open-pit methods necessary in profitable iron mining.The milling and pelletizing processes are sensitive to minor variations in ore grade, grain size, fabric and mineralogy. Although detailed correlations of geological information and mill performance are still not entirely satisfactory, general working relationships have been determined with simple testing procedures. These are of in-creasing use in forecasting production and in ore-blending processes.The application of geology to mining and milling operations at Moose Mountain represents a departure from general practice in iron ore operations."

Jan 1, 1966

By S. Caron

From the early 70?s, ?Centre de Recherche Minérale? (CRM) has conducted and co-ordinated Research and Development activities for the mineralurgical and metallurgical industries. Since 1999, CRM has continued its mandate through COREM which is a consortium of 13 members that uses the benefits and advantages of collaborative pre-competitive industry / university research. In particular, COREM?s ?In-Situ Optimization Group? is involved in the implementation of modern optimization and control tools. The POP Project was launched in order to increase and consolidate the use of modern optimization and control tools and methods for mineralurgical and metallurgical processes. To ensure a successful transfer in the industry, there are a number of essential activities that have to be undertaken. These activities have been identified by COREM?s members and are grouped into three main modules: - R&D Module: Research and Development in universities, research centres and other partners; - Technology Transfer Module: integration of new tools and methods into the POP Software, industrial applications and technical support; - Training Module: education of new engineers in universities, continuing education of plant personnel through on-site workshops and resource networking by specific information exchange tools. This paper outlines the opportunities that led to the definition of the POP Project and describes its main modules. The main features of the POP Software are presented, the first application is described and finally, future developments are discussed.

May 1, 2001

By S. D. Graham

"The extractive metallurgy of gold is largely controlled by mineralogical factors such as the presence of refractory gold, particle size, gangue mineral associations, presence of preg-robbers, oxygen and cyanide consumers, and locking characteristics in base metal sulphides. Light microscopy and automated mineralogy techniques are regularly used to characterise the effect of these variables on gold recovery. However, despite their widespread application there are a range of limitations when grades are low. Typically, the analysis of low-grade samples requires the preparation and analysis of numerous polished blocks. This is often costly and time consuming, with complexities regarding analysing statistically representative particle quantities and problems overcoming stereological bias. This is compounded by the “nugget” effect and high tenor nature of gold mineralisation. X-ray Microscopy techniques have the potential to overcome many of these problems, in particular the statistical representivity of analysis, removing stereological bias and effectively locating phases that are present in ultra-trace proportions. In this paper we outline the potential benefits of employing X-ray Microscopy (XRM) in characterising gold losses from a typical Cu-Au porphyry project, which were illusive in 2D based analysis. The talk will also outline additional application areas of XRM within the extractive value chain."

Jan 1, 2017

By P. E. Davidson

The management of solid waste is known to be a large and increasing problem in high-population areas throughout the world. It is not necessary here to add further definition to the nature and magnitude of the problem. Instead, it is the purpose of this paper to describe a new process, called the Andco-Torrax System, which will be of use in converting municipal solid waste into useful energy forms and a granulated slag by-product. The paper includes a description of the first commercial plant for the process.

Jan 1, 1977

By N. R. Andrade-Gonzalez

The present work was performed on four alloys containing Al-6 2 wt pct Si-3 5 wt pet Cu, with magnesium in the range of 0.02-0 40 wt pct, and strontium in the range of 0-165 p p m Tensile bars were cast in a permanent mold (ASTM B108-160) and heat treated at 495°C for 4 hours, followed by quenching in hot water. Two different artificial aging temperatures were applied at 180 °C and 220 °C for times from 0 5 h up to 8 h Tests were conducted with the intent of determining how the mechanical properties of an aluminum-based 319 alloy are affected when aging time and temperatures are varied In general, it is seen that the alloy does not exhibit the common peak-overaged aging condition due to the presence of several coexisting phases, indicating that they form through complex eutectic reactions late in solidification.

Jan 1, 2004

By G. Capobianco

"The coal industry is an important part of Canada's economy - as an energy source, employer, and generator of export earnings. Coal comprises 71% of our fossil energy and with rapidly advancing handling and burning technology will clearly play a major role in our national energy mix, eventually as synthetic gases and liquids.International coal markets are very competitive and Canada is disadvantaged by long rail hauls to port, and a heavy tax burden. However, high mine productivity has allowed us to increase our markets.Currently, domestic markets are dominated by coal use for electrical generation, a market with significant growth opportunities.Strong growth is expected in export thermal markets, while metallurgical coal demand is projected to show little or no growth in the medium term. IntroductionThe coal industry is a vital part of the Canadian energy scene .• Coal supplies 17% of Canada's energy.• On a per capita basis, Albertans use more energy in the form of coal than they do oil and gas.• The value of Canada's exports of coal last year was equal in value to all the cars we imported from Japan.• Coal is our largest single export to our seco nd largest trading partner, Japan.• The value of coal produced in Canada exceeds the value of any other single mineral produced in thi s country.• In Alberta, the safety record for coal mines is on a par with that of department store clerks.• The coal industry employs about 25% of the total number of people employed in all metal mines in Canada, directly and indirectly accounting for about 50 000 jobs.Coal comprises 71% of Canada' s hydrocarbon energy resources on a crude oil equivalent basis . This is more than double our oil sands resource and dwarfs our conventional crude oil and gas resources (Fig. I). In the short term, coal as a solid fuel plays a significant part in the Canadian energy scene. In the longer term, coal, in the form of electricity and eventually liquids and gases, has a tremendous role to play. In 1986, Canada produced 57.8 million tonnes, slightly down from the record high of 60.8 million tonnes in 1985. Our exports in 1986 were 26.0 million tonnes, a growth of 53% in three years."

Jan 1, 1988

By D. Kong, A. Klyashtorin, L. McGilp, I. Wilson

This work reports on applying iron oxide coated sands media in an experimental permeable reactive barrier to remove uranium species from uranium containing water. A field experiment was conducted at the legacy Gunnar uranium mine & mill site that was abandoned in the 1960s with limited to no decommissioning. The flooded Gunnar mine pit presently contains about 3.2 million m3 of water contaminated by dissolved U (1.2 mg/l), Ra-226 (0.4 Bq/l), and minor concentrations of other contaminants (As, Se, etc.). The water is seeping over the pit rim into Lake Athabasca posing environmental and health concerns. Iron oxide coated sands can be used to immobilize uranium species through an adsorption process. Methods for preparation of hydrous ferric oxide sorbents and their supported forms onto silica sands are described. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD) were used to characterize the physical-chemical properties of the sorbent. The monolayer uranium uptake capacity (Qm) was estimated through the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Adsorption kinetic experiments were performed in a lab environment before moving to a field trial. Based on these lab results and the input on field-scale appropriate geometries, a pilot permeable reactive barrier was fabricated and a field test conducted near the Gunnar pit in June 2019. This pilot test provided technical data and information needed for designing a full-scale permeable barrier based on the iron oxide coated sands, which may be applied for in-situ water treatment at Gunnar and other legacy uranium sites.

Jan 1, 2020

By P. Clinton Milne

Uranium mines in Washington State include the producing Midnite and Sherwood mines and several mined-out deposits, the most productive of which was the Daybreak mine. The Midnite mine is generally classified as a hydrothermal deposit consisting of tabular orebodies in Precambrian pelitic and calcareous metasedimentary host rocks. The host rocks occur as roof pendants in a Cretaceous porphyritic quartz monzonite intrusive; the quartz monzonite averages 12 ppm U308 The uranium deposit appears to have undergone a complex genesis, involving a series of depositional and enrichment stages. The Sherwood uranium deposit, approximately 4 miles south of the Midnite mine, occurs near the bottom of a basal Late Cretaceous to Paleocene arkosic conglomerate. The conglomerate lies nonconformably on the porphyritic quartz monzonite that is associated with the Midnite deposit. The Sherwood and Midnite uranium deposits may have had a similar genetic history linked by a common uraniferous pluton source, ground-water action, and/or leaching of uranium-rich ash flows from now-eroded, overlying, Eocene volcanics. The Daybreak deposit, in northeastern Spokane County, consists entirely of secondary uranium mineralization (metaautunite) in a quartz monzonite pluton. Mineralization is confined to a low-angle fault zone and is most highly concentrated at the intersection of primary and secondary shears. Both hydrothermal and ground-water origins are feasible. Besides the Midnite-Sherwood area, 14 other areas in the western Okanogan Highlands physiographic province and Cascades region have favourable characteristics for uranium potential. Criteria include the existence of uranium occurrences, Tertiary basin sediments with intercalated volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks, favourable geochemical data, alkaline plutons associated with uranium occurrences or borders of Tertiary basins, and structural controls.

Jan 1, 1979

By B. G. Hunt, E. J. Kwasney, W. P. Campbell, S. L. Gertsman

"AbstractIn the separation of lead and zinc concentrates from the ore from Cominco's Sullivan mine at Kimberley, • B.C., an iron sulphide concentrate is also produced, some of which is roasted to provide sulphuric add for the manufacture of phosphate fertilizer. The iron oxide calcine from the roaster is potentially a valuable raw material for the production of pig iron and steel. To evaluate this material, six tons of .pig iron was produced from it in an experimental 75 k.w. electric furnace at Trail. The pig iron alone, and also in varying proportions with structural steel scrap and commercial pig iron, was used in the production of basic electric furnace steel at the Mines Branch Laboratories, Ottawa. Details are given of the steel making and fabrication procedure, of the visual and microscopic examination, and of the extensive series of tests on the steel produced. The steel produced using Cominco .pig iron in the charge showed normal working properties in all tests carried out.IntroductionTHIS PAPER describes (a) experimental work by The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, Limited ( Cominco), at Trail on the production of pig iron .from Sullivan iron concentrates, and (b) a joint laboratory investigation by Cominco and the Mines Branch, Department of Mines and Technical Surveys, Ottawa, to determine the feasibility of making a satisfactory steel from this pig iron."

Jan 1, 1955

By G. S. Hume

In the transformation of carbonaceous materials, such as peat, to coals of various grades, the changes are known to be both physical and chemical and the grade of coal finally produced depends on the stage to which alteration proceeded. Those changes, which are frequently spoken of as the results of metamorphism, are due to pressure with accompanying heat and, according to the amount of metamorphism to which the sediments with the included carbonaceous beds have been subjected, there is a gradation from peat to anthracite coal, and even to graphite. The improvement in the quality of the coal as a result of metamorphism is due to an increase of the carbon content of the coal and a corresponding loss of the volatile materials. This rise in the quality of the coal according to the degree of metamorphism is well illustrated by the coals of western Canada. In the Plains area, where the deformation and the attendant metamorphism of the sediments is comparatively small, the coals are lignites, whereas in the mountains, where deformation has been severe, the coals are semi-anthracites. Sub-bituminous and bituminous coals occur in the intervening areas. The same general relationship between the quality of the coal and the degree of metamorphism holds true for the Appalachian basin of the United States, where there is a progressive improvement in the quality of the coals from west to east, that is, from an area of comparatively slight metamorphism to an area of marked deformation in the Appalachian Mountain region. But while it is true that this relationship holds in a general way, it has been found that the improvement in the quality of the coal is not always uniformly progressive, and there may be local variations such that an area containing coal with a carbon content indicating low or medium metamorphism may be surrounded by areas in which the coals are of higher grade. These local variations in many cases can be explained, and they in no way detract from the general rule that, in a region exhibiting a progressive betterment in the quality of the coal from an area of low metamorphism to one of more marked deformation, the quality of the coal, i.e., the amount of fixed carbon in the coal, may be taken as an index of the degree of metamorphism of the coal as well as of the sediments in which it occurs, It has been pointed out (') that certain coals, such as cannels, are unreliable indicators of the varying degree of metamorphism because of the nature of the material from which such coal was derived. Such coals, however, are not known in western Canada and their behaviour need not here be discussed.

Jan 1, 1927

By J. Bednar, R. R. Rogers, W. Dingley

"Zinc is by far the most important metal used for protecting steel from the ravages of corrosion, and cadmium is also used extensively for this purpose. These metals are applied by electrodeposition in cyanide baths when a particularly good appearance and high throwing power are required. One great disadvantage in using these baths has been the decrease in cyanide concentration and the increase in carbonate concentration that takes place during the plating. Another disadvantage has been the development of serious embrittlement in high-strength steels. The present authors have developed new cyanide baths for electroplating both zinc and cadmium on steel. These baths are stable in composition during plating, they have not produced appreciable embrittlement in the high-strength steels that have been investigated up to the present time, and they permit the use of considerably higher plating current densities. In addition, they produce extremely fine grained coatings that are attractive and have excellent adherence and covering properties. Brighteners can be used in the plating baths if bright finishes are required."

Jan 1, 1967

By Bruce Macdonald

Operational reservoir management activities such as cyclical steam, water or CO2 injections frequently cause surface micro-deformation. InSAR monitoring from space based sensors of this surface deformation has become a valuable approach to confirm and monitor extraction and injection activities. Sequestration of CO2 into deep saline aquifers is discussed as an important long term solution to slow future climate change. This method requires reliable continuous monitoring to assure that captured CO2 is sequestered in the substrate for ?all time? (typical minimum requirement by law is 20-30 years). We have shown that combining flow and deformation modeling with spaceborne synthetic aperture RADAR interferometry (InSAR) measurement of ground uplift caused by the underground release and spreading of the CO2 can be forged into a powerful tool to monitor sequestration. We used a novel InSAR approach to resolve the surface motion over the In Salah, Algeria CO2 sequestration site. Our approach exploits all information contained in an interferometric stack by exploiting both persistent distributed as well as persistent point scatterers. Displacement time series are obtained with a network inversion approach applied after topographic error and preliminary atmospheric correction of the network (dual-scale technique). After inverting the original network data to common master we then use an advanced spatio-temporal filtering scheme to remove the remaining atmospheric phase components down to scales of 1 km or less. By comparing final displacement series from multiple interleaving InSAR stacks we show that the accuracy of our refined solution to detect uplift outside of significant temporal data gaps in the InSAR stack is significantly better than 1 mm per year. We further show that accuracy and robustness to data gaps are both significantly improved by co-inverting multiple datasets with the same and different sensors. This co-inversion method also allows the seamless continuation of the monitoring from one sensor to another.

Jun 1, 2012