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By R. W. Watson, H. D. Peer

"This paper outlines the history of steel linings in the Autogenous Mills, the factors influencing the decision to convert to rubber lining, and the operating and cost experience with the rubber liners to date. INTRODUCTIONSherman Mine is an open pit iron ore mining, concentrating and pelletizing operation located at Temagami, Ontario. The operation employs 392 hourly employees and 81 salaried employees and has an annual capacity of over one million L.T. of high quality iron ore pellets produced from low-grade magnetite ore.The Sherman Mine is a joint venture; 90% owned by Dominion Foundries and Steel Limited (Dofasco) of Hamilton, Ontario, and 10% owned by the Tetapaga Mining Company, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Cleveland Cliffs Iron Company of Cleveland, Ohio. The operation and management of the mine is by Cliffs of Canada, Limited. Development of the property was started in 1965, with pellet plant production beginning on March 17, 1968. At the present time, the orebodies contain sufficient reserves to sustain operations at current production levels for 30 years. Mining was originally carried out in three orebodies, the North, South, and West pits. The North Pit has been exhausted and mining operations ceased in the spring of 1980. A fourth pit, the East Pit, will be developed during the early 1980's."

Jan 1, 1981

The most expensive unit operation in the beneficiation of ores is grinding. The correct design of the grinding circuit is crucial to prevent unnecessary use of energy. Proper design and evaluation of SAG grinding circuits require the specific grinding energy, which is determined experimentally. The most common tests in SAG grinding are the Drop Weight Test, from the Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Center (JKMRC) in Australia, and the SAG Power Index, from MinnovEX Technologies in Canada. The application of these tests to the same ore sample commonly produces different results. The work reported here aims at comparing the application of these two tests in the determination of the specific grinding energy for sulfide copper ores from Sequeirinho and Sossego deposits, Sossego Project, Companhia Vale do Rio Doce - CVRD, in Para state, Brazil.

Jan 1, 2007

By PETER O. SANDVIK

The Cargill deposit, located 32 km south west of Kapuskasing, Ontario, was discovered by International Minerals and Chemical Corporation in 1975 and has been evaluated through an extensive program of drilling, chemical analyses, metallurgical tests and engineering and economic studies. The Cargill alkalic complex, comprising mainly carbonatite and pyroxenite-amphibolite rocks, was intruded into the rift system of the Kapuskasing magnetic-gravity high. Weathering and leaching under assumed temperate to cool climatic conditions plus faulting, shearing and/ or initial petrographic variations within the carbonatite developed a small, locally confined karst system. This resulted in a thick enriched leached carbonatite zone capped by troughs and sinks, and filled with a residuum of apatite, goethite, clay and other minerals. Residuum thickness ranges from nonexistent on ridges to 170 m in troughs and sinks. Apatite values are 5 to 15% in fresh carbonatite, 20 to 40% in leached carbonatite and 20 to 98% in residuum. A tentative open-pit mine designed for preliminary feasibility studies is estimated to contain 62.5 million tonnes averaging 19.6% P20 5.

Jan 1, 1984

By J. G. Cullain

In conjunction with the over-all goals of energy conservation at Inco Metals Company, a program of improvement in compressed air utilization was established. Air flows were monitored and compared to calculated requirements to establish efficiency by area. With the cooperation of area management, measures were implemented to reduce nonproductive usage. At the operation, annual savings in power consumption alone were 80,000 dollars. The program is being extended to other mine areas within the Division.

Jan 1, 1979

?? Intro ?? Mass blast principle ?? LaRonde evolution toward mass blast ?? Overview ?? Mining method ?? Longitudinal ?? LaRonde evolution (2002 to today) ?? Drill and blast design ?? Consumptions and statistics ?? Mucking strategies ?? Case study ?? Examples ?? Conclusion ?? As underground mines extends to greater depths, few questions must be asked: ?? How to: keep operations safe eep operation effective reduce the cost maintain and control the dilution ?? Geomechanic method and practices; significant advances have been observed in the field of: ?? ground support ?? mining sequencing ?? Drilling and blasting; research and development has been less extensive, probably due to the following characteristics: ?? Drill and blast are mainly production-oriented ?? Drilling and blasting are more oriented toward productivity ?? Technology relies heavily on suppliers ?? Highly stressed ground conditions ?? generally help the explosives to break the rock for fragmentation ?? intensify over-breaks or blast-induced

Feb 1, 2008

By A. Rodriguez-Prado

"Magnetic fields affect the growth of cultured cells and plants; however, limited information exists about their effects on vegetation performing environmental remediation. Constructed wetland mesocosms treating hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) wastewater exposed to low-intensity magnetic fields (60 Hz, 56.5 × 10-6 Tesla) produced 100% more biomass than the unexposed control. Nonetheless, they removed only 43 ± 27% of Cr(VI), compared to 60 ± 21% for the control. A Cr(VI) reduction expression was developed as a function of the magnetic field. The design and operation of constructed wetlands to treat mining wastewater can be corrected for magnetic field effects.RÉSUMÉ Les champs magnétiques affectent la croissance des cellules et des plantes cultivées; toutefois, il existe peu d’information quant à leurs effets sur la végétation utilisée à des fins d’assainissement environnementale. Les mésocosmes des marais artificiels traitant des eaux usées, contenant du chrome hexavalent (Cr(VI)), exposés à des champs magnétiques de faible intensité (60 Hz, 56,5 × 10-6 Tesla) ont produit 100 % plus de biomasse que le contrôle non exposé. Néanmoins, ils n’ont enlevé que 43 ± 27 % du Cr(VI), comparativement à 60 ± 21 % pour le contrôle. Une expression de réduction du Cr(VI) a été développée en tant que fonction du champ magnétique. La conception et l’exploitation de marais artificiels pour traiter les eaux usées des mines peuvent être adaptées pour tenir compte des effets des champs magnétiques."

Jan 1, 2015

By J. C. Heaslip

Introduction The greatest single advance in rock drilling practice since the advent of percussion drills was the introduction of tungsten carbide tipped rock drill?bits. The evolution of rock drills has been a long and highly diversified effort which has culminated in the highly refined ?drilling machines we know today, but because of the spectacular possibilities shown by ?detachable bits, and especially those with tungsten carbide inserts, there is little doubt that the cutting face of .the drilling unit has in recent days stolen the spotlight of rock drilling research and commanded the major attention of the rock drilling fraternity. "Solid" Steels Until about twenty years ago, all rock was drilled with a one-piece rod with a bit forged on one end. In the early years of the art of rock drilling, there was tried every conceivable pattern of :bit from the single-edge chisel to elaborate geometric 'designs. In the end, it was found that a 4-point bit with two sharpened cutting edges crossing each other at right angles would serve best for most rock drilling requirements. For some years thereafter, the main concern of drill manufacturers was .to obtain the best possible steel for drill rods. This was not accomplished as easily as might be thought. The cutting end had to be such that it could be hardened sufficiently to do its work without premature dulling and yet not so brittle as to shatter under the multiple impacts.

Jan 1, 1951

By K. Szczesny

This paper considers the integration of uncertain real-time logistics data for reactive construction scheduling. In order to manage a construction project efficiently, an accurate schedule representing the current project progress is inevitable. The quality and up-to-dateness of such a schedule depends on the availability of real-time data. Typically, real-time logistics data contain information about the availability of material, equipment and personnel as well as delivery dates and site conditions. The accuracy and inherent uncertainty depends on the location where the real-time data was acquired. Currently, the integration of such data into a construction schedule is a very time-consuming, manual and, thus, errorprone process. Therefore, this paper proposes a methodology that enables an automatic integration of such uncertain data into construction schedules. By integrating uncertainties into the existing schedule their impacts on the construction work can be evaluated. For this, discrete event simulation is applied. In order to model uncertain input parameters for simulation models this methodology applies the fuzzy sets theory. In combination with alpha-cut sampling technique, discrete model input parameters are obtained. By applying reactive scheduling with several discrete event simulation experiments, the results can be used to modify construction schedules according to agreed timeframes and costs. In order to demonstrate and validate the presented approach an example is conducted.

Aug 1, 2013

By Qing-hua Tian, Xue-yi Guo, Fei Li

A novel process for the preparation of a-Al2O3 from secondary aluminum dross was studied. Factors including alkali dross ratio, salt dross ratio, smelting temperature, smelting time, leaching temperature, leaching time, and the solid-liquid ratio, which possibly influence the transfer of Al into water were studied, and the feasibility of using seed precipitation as a treatment technology of the leachate was discussed. The optimum condition of the process was determined as: alkali dross ratio 1.3, salt dross ratio 0.7, smelting temperature 500°C, smelting time 60min, leaching temperature 60°C, leaching time 30min, solid-liquid ratio 1:4. The results show that using the seed precipitation method, the leaching of aluminum reaches 92.71%, demonstrating the technique as a feasible and effective treatment technology of the leachate.

Jan 1, 2011

By G. Winkel

Safety conditions in industry have greatly improved over time. However, around the world, in Canada, and in each province or territory, people are still the victims of serious industrial accidents. The increasing safety of people at work then continues to be an imperative in industry today.<p> So how do we achieve a workplace where no one gets hurt? Well, in simple terms, folks need to be protected from unplanned exposures to equipment or energy sources that can do harm. If you think about it, all of our efforts in loss management and safety should then be directed toward avoiding these uncontrolled events. And it works! Our safety performance over the years has enjoyed tremendous improvement due to this support for loss management and safety. We now explore best practices toward achieving that next step in safety improvement.<p> As shown following, a large combination of loss management activities act together to support safety performance. Many of these activities are interrelated and some people have described them as the ?inputs? into an approach or program for achieving safety. Using this description, it follows that the ?outputs? of the program are some of the advertised measures of safety we see around us today, such as injury frequency rates. <p> It is asserted that a leadership focus to regularly measure safety and loss management activites (so-called ?inputs?), as a basis for taking supportive actions to ensure their effectiveness, is the basis for safety results (so-called ?outputs?) that consistently achieve high standards of excellence.<p> The concept of managing input activities, as enabled by effective measurements, can significantly act to transform our focus and priorities in the workplace. Supporting input activities like strategies, plans, or procedures with our best efforts will get us to our intended goals. Tracking outputs alone will not.<p> Safety and production have traditionally been cast as competing objectives. When both objectives are mutually supported and considered, however, people will invent ways of doing work that support both safety and production, and any other business parameter. When done right, innovation through meaningful involvement of affected people in the workplace will support safety excellence in a manner that in turn improves business efficiency overall.<p> For a workplace to be safe, it then requires everyone?s help and participation to make it happen, a collaborative effort by management, leaders, and frontline folks with the power and responsibility to take appropriate action at every level in the organization. In this way, everyone becomes a leader in safety.<p> The achievement of commitment to loss management input activities by folks in the workplace is the basis for attaining safety excellence. A workplace founded on commitment supports a safety culture with a vision for safe work performance at outstanding or world-class levels of achievement.<p> One may ask if injury incidents will be eliminated with this commitment and focus on workplace safety? Well, despite our best efforts in this area, there is never a guarantee that things can?t go wrong. We are simply not perfect. There remains in our workplace complexities and unanticipated risks that can have disastrous consequences if not managed at every moment. And when it goes wrong, we need to know we?ve truly tried our best, and now we have more to learn so we can get even better. <p> That?s the challenge represented by the safety imperative, a challenge to take safety performance that next step, a fulfillment of our commitment to the moral obligation we have to each other?s safety. It?s an effort that will continually raise the bar of world-class safety performance achievement for future generations. It?s a legacy we can be proud to be part of.

Sep 1, 2004

By H. Hejny

Given the current status of political discussion in Europe about raw materials issues, the sustainable development of the extractive industry and the reduction of its environmental and societal footprint are among the key topics in this discussion. In this context, the European Commission approved the EO-MINERS project (Earth Observation for Monitoring and Observing Environmental and Societal Impacts of Mineral Resources Exploration and Exploitation). The overall aim of EO-MINERS is to bring into play EO-based methods and tools to facilitate and improve interaction between the mineral extractive industry, authorities, and the society in view of its sustainable development while improving its societal acceptability. Developing generic, standardised and reliable EO-based products to monitor the environmental and societal footprint of mining projects is the way chosen by EO-MINERS to improve this interaction, along with the organisation of tripartite meetings gathering all relevant stakeholders. The project uses existing EO knowledge and carries out new developments on three demonstration sites (Sokolov lignite mining area, Czech Republic, Witbank coal field, South Africa, Makmal gold mine, Kyrgyzstan) to further evaluate and demonstrate the capabilities of integrated EObased methods and tools in monitoring the environmental and societal footprints of the extractive industry during all phases of a mining project, from the exploration to the exploitation and closure stages. It contributes providing reliable and objective information about affected ecosystems, populations and societies, to serve as a basis for a sound ?trialogue? between corporate stakeholders, governmental organisations and societal stakeholders. The project already developed a set of consolidated indicators based upon previous knowledge about mining-related issues along with interviews of national, regional, and local stakeholders. These indicators reflect known environmental and societal issues at mining sites as well as the interest of various relevant stakeholder groups. The process described in the EO-MINERS project ? policy assessment > indicator identification > choice of suitable EO tools able to serve monitoring task > monitoring by EO tools > making available objective information for fair dialogue among stakeholders ? is generally applicable to all stages of a mining project. The key to success will be the right choice of indicators addressing the problem and subsequently the right choice of suitable EO tools and finally the willingness of all stakeholders to find a common solution. To this end, the EO-MINERS project organises site-specific ?trialogue? workshops at each demonstrations site, which aim to provide relevant information in adequate quality to the stakeholders as common ground for discussions. Local stakeholders, including mining companies, regulatory bodies, and community representatives are invited to participate in these workshops where the relevance of the developed EO-based products to environmental and societal impact assessment will be discussed. The presentation will discuss results obtained during these trialogue workshops, as well as the success and difficulties and reluctances encountered. The project will further indicate ways and means how the EO products and other project results may be used for monitoring purposes in all phases of a mine.

Aug 1, 2013

By S. R. Gilbert, C. O. Bounds, R. R. Ice

"Many ores are upgraded to produce auriferous sulphide concentrates (principally pyrite) which are not amenable to direct cyanidation. Often these refractory gold-bearing concentrates contain undesirable elements such as arsenic, antimony, etc., which present environmental and/or processing problems. The pretreatment techniques most often considered for processing these concentrates prior to cyanidation include roasting, pressure oxidation, chemical oxidation, pre-aeration, and recently, bacterial oxidation. In this paper, the technical performance and economics of bacterial pre-oxidation vs the classical roasting approach for treating a specific auriferous pyrite concentrate are compared. The results provide flow sheets, preliminary operating and capital cost estimates, and rates of return for the two processes and demonstrate the potential advantages of bacterial pre-oxidation. IntroductionThe increased attention that gold has received in the last ten years has prompted mining companies to look for lower grade orebodies. Many of these low-grade ores do not respond well to conventional direct cyanidation recovery techniques. As free-milling ores decline, gold is sought in refractory environments which, ultimately, drive up the treatment costs.There are a number of reasons for a gold ore to be termed refractory, most of which can be identified by thorough mineralogical examination. The mineralogical occurrence of gold can, to a great extent, impact the method by which the ore is treated and, consequently, the capital and operating costs. Gold in a refractory ore can often occur as discrete particles locked in a host of silicate or carbonate gangue, or associated with sulphides or sulphosalts. Depending on its particle size, gold can be liberated and recovered by mechanical size reduction such as regrinding. This approach is most effective for gold in the 10 - 50 micron range. Gold can also be associated with clay, iron hydroxides, or other minerals which tend to coat the gold surface and inhibit the penetration of the cyanide solution, resulting in poor plant recovery. Because of their resistance to cyanide dissolution, gold tellurides and other refractory gold minerals are also responsible for losses to the tailings. For these reasons, it is paramount that the mineralogical occurrence of the gold be thoroughly and accurately determined before selecting a final process flowsheet."

Jan 1, 1988

By Rob Barber

This paper shares the experience of the Alberta Energy and Utilities Board (EUB) Field Surveillance Branch over the past few years in building relationships with Aboriginal communities. Our goal is to provide and encourage best practices that may benefit you and your organization and result in strong, mutually beneficial relationships with a focus on Aboriginal communities. Historical information provides insight that aids in establishing effective working relationships with Aboriginal communities. An important component is appreciation of the perspective of these communities, which is achieved through awareness training. The use of local Aboriginal resource people as part of the training is recommended. A plan that is supported by management and staff is essential and lays the foundation for successful relationships. However, the plan must be flexible enough to change as circumstances warrant. The concept of having local people in communities address local issues is essential. This ?grass roots? approach, combined with the goal of exceeding a community?s expectations with respect to addressing issues, will go a long way to establish trust and credibility. Measuring the effectiveness of this work is the final building block to complete the picture.

May 1, 2004

By John A. C. Fortescue

There is a need for better communication between scientists who plan and carry out mineral exploration research in glacial terrain and the exploration geologists who look for mines. In this paper, four ways in which workshops could be used to close this communication gap are described and discussed in relation to the solution of this problem in Canada.

Jan 1, 1973

By J. Lobel, M. Bourassa, J. A. Kozinski, B. Peng

Non-isothermal kinetics studies of the reduction phenomenon of electric arc furnace (EAF) dust generated in stainless steelmaking have been carried out. The dust was mixed with carbon as a reducing agent and dolomite as a binder to form pellets. A Thermo-Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA) was used to determine the weight loss of pellets heated at an average rate of 40 K/min. up to a temperature of 1500°C. The degree of metal reduction was calculated by considering the pellet weight loss, and evaporation of moisture, dust, zinc and lead at high temperature. The reduction process was divided into three different steps. The first covers the 300°C to 760°C temperature range (from 7 to 18 min.), the second step ranges between 760°C and 980°C (18 to 24 min.), and the third covers temperatures above 980°C. Each step is characterized by different chemical reactions. Non-isothermal reduction kinetics equations were set up to describe each step. The kinetics parameters such as apparent activation energies and frequency factors were established. It was found that the first step was chemically controlled, while the second step was diffusion-controlled. Reduction behaviour in the third step was strongly dependent on the initial carbon content in the pellet. Chromium oxide (CrO) could only be reduced in this last step. High temperatures and higher initial carbon content favoured the reduction of CrO.

Jan 1, 2001

By Mory Ghomshei

As fossil fuels become depleted over the next century, it is imperative that Canada and other countries examine ways to transition to other sources of energy, particularly renewable resources. A critical obstacle to developing Canada?s renewable energy resources is the scarcity of infrastructure to wheel the generated electricity to a viable market. For each megawatt of renewable electrical power, a maximum of 1 km of connecting power line is typically feasible. This means that hydropower, geothermal, and wind power projects with capacities up to 100 MW must be located within a maximum of 100 km of a main power line in order to be economically viable. With a total length of about 1200 km, the proposed Northern Gateway oil pipeline project creates an excellent opportunity to become a corridor that can seed renewable energy projects in Northern British Columbia and Alberta. Utility companies must build new infrastructure to provide the electricity for constructing and operating the proposed pipeline. The pipeline and linked power line infrastructure therefore, should be designed and built with consideration to create an energy highway to the significant renewable energy resources, such as hydro, wind, and geothermal, in the vicinity of the proposed pipeline. Some of the important renewable energy resources in northern British Columbia can be developed in connection with the proposed pipeline. It is estimated that close to 2,500 MW of commercially viable wind, geothermal and run-of-river power resources are present in the proximity of the proposed pipeline corridor. While oil flows westward from the Alberta bitumen fields, the generated green power can flow eastward to help the Canadian oil sand industry to offset as much as 10 Megatons of carbon emissions per year. The generated carbon credits are equivalent to 75% of the emissions associated with extraction of the 525,000 barrels per day of oil from oil sands, intended to be carried by the pipeline.

Aug 1, 2013

By Wael Abdellah

Mine haulage drifts are the primary access to the mining blocks of an orebody in a multilevel mining system of a tabular ore deposit. The stability and functionality of haulage drifts are thus crucial to the success of a mining operation. Drift instability could lead to serious consequences such as injuries, production delays and higher operational cost. In this paper, the performance of the haulage drift stability is evaluated on the basis of the primary rock support system comprising 1.8 m resin grouted rebars in the drift walls and 2.1 m long bolt in the back. Two failure criteria namely the extent of Mohr-Coulomb yield zones around the drift, and linear elastic brittle shear failure are adopted and compared, with respect to lower level and same-level mining and filling sequence in the vicinity of the haulage drift. The case study is one of the #1 Shear East zone of the Garson Mine in Sudbury, Ontario. Random Monte Carlo (RMC) technique, which has been previously established to assess the haulage drift stability, is employed in this investigation. The RMC technique is used in conjunction with finite difference modelling software FLAC for random assignment of model input parameters in the FLAC grid. Deterministic model results reveal the drift behaviour in terms of deformation (convergence) and mining-induced stress distribution. Comparison between the two different criteria is carried out to determine which method is most suitable in evaluating unsatisfactory drift performance. The results are presented in terms of probability of instability and categorized with respect to failure condition and mining step. It is shown that the brittle shear failure condition based on linear elastic response calls for enhanced support system at a later mining step than what Mohr- Coulomb yielding condition does. The paper presents a detailed discussion of the stochastic analysis results.

Jun 1, 2012

By D. R. Griffiths

"Oxidation of pyrrhotite prcxiuces sulphuric acid which in turn leaches out heavy metals, resulting in acidic contaminated seepages. The establishment of a marsh on top of the pyrrhotite would result in an anaerobic sediment, which should prevent further oxidation of the pyrrhotite. Initial data indicates that concentrations of sulphates and heavy metals in the seepage water are greatly reduced. Further hydrogeological studies are required however, to determine if metal and acidic loadings to the environment have increased.L'oxidation du sulfure de fer produit de l'acide sulfurique qui a son tour attaque les métaux ayant pour resultat une contamination d'acide et de métal des eaux d'infiltration. L'etablissement d'une couverture faite de boue et de vase au-dessus du depot du sulfure de fer réduit les effets de l'oxidation.Les données initiales indiquent que les concentrations de souffre et de métaux dans les eaux d'infiltration sent grandernent réduites.Des études plus poussées sent nécessaires pour déterminer si les quantités de souffre et de métaux dans les eaux d'infiltration ont augmentées.INTRODUCITONPyrrhotite tailings are readily oxidized through a combination of precipitation and atmospheric oxygen causing acidification of the unsaturated zone above the water table. This reaction is usually catalyzed by the bacteria, Thiobacillus ferooxidans. As the pH decreases, heavy metals become more soluble resulting in contaminated seepages to ground and surface waters.By creating a marshland on top of the pyrrhotite, an anaerobic intermediate layer should form between the organic covering and the tailings, preventing the oxidation process from progressing.In September 1986, Falconbridge Limited implemented a tailing reclamation project that involved creating a marshland on top of pyrrhotite tailings. The following paper will discuss and illustrate the preliminary results obtained during the sampling period of May to September 1987."

Jan 1, 1988

By X Dai

This paper investigated the loss of cyanide via oxidation in CIP or CIL processes by relating the cyanide oxidation to its major oxidation product, cyanate. The results showed that the oxidation of both free cyanide and copper cyanide complexes are substantially enhanced by the presence of carbon. The rate of cyanide oxidation was found to occur in the order: Cu(CN)32- > CN- > Cu(CN)2-. The cyanide oxidation rate in the presence of copper and carbon increased significantly with increasing dissolved oxygen concentration, typical of CIL vs. CIP conditions. Cyanide oxidation rate of iron, zinc or nickel cyanide complexes was minimal.

Jan 1, 2011

By P. Pyykkö, E. Peuraniemi, J. Järvi, P. V. Latostenmaa, V. Törölä, S. Junnikkala

"Nickel concentrate smelting started in Harjavalta in 1959. First, flash smelting - Peirce-Smith converting route was applied, and the high-grade converter matte was further refined to nickel cathodes. In 1995 the original smelter flow sheet was simplified with the novel DON (Direct Outokumpu Nickel) technology. In Harjavalta with the DON technology, high-grade nickel matte with low iron content is produced in flash smelting furnace directly without subsequent converting stage. The metal values in the smelting slag are recovered in an electric furnace as an iron containing bottom alloy. Main special features in Boliden Harjavalta nickel smelter are smelting of high-magnesia concentrates, the high recoveries of nickel and copper, as well as those of PGM`s and cobalt.Sulfur and dust emissions to air can be seen generally as one main disadvantage of nickel smelting operations. In Harjavalta continuous improvements in environmental performance has been rewarded by minimum sulfur and dust emissions to the environment and working atmosphere. Today Boliden Harjavalta’s nickel smelter is presenting state-of-art-technology at nickel smelting.This paper describes the nickel smelter process and includes recent production and emission data. It describes features required to achieve environmental and occupational hygiene goals and compares environmental performance data to that published on other smelting operations. General description of New Boliden Way is presented and a case example of production stability project is also presented."

Jan 1, 2014