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By R. S. Fitzpatrick, P. Hegarty

"Gravity separation is a key technology in the recovery of a range of mineral ores including coal, tin, tungsten and tantalum. One of the problems associated with gravity concentration is that recovery is traditionally lower than for other separation techniques such as the flotation of base metals. Any improvements in recovery will, therefore, have a significant effect on the economics of operations of this type. More accurate, robust modelling of gravity separators is one means of achieving greater recoveries. Furthermore, better modelling can lead to more informed equipment selection and process design for potential economic deposits.Previous models for gravity separation equipment have typically relied on simple metal mass balances from samples of the separated products. However, with advances in technology there is a ready availability of analytical instruments for the automated quantitative determination of mineralogy. Instruments such as the Mineral Liberation Analyser and QEMSCAN make it possible to estimate particle size and density (related to mineral liberation and association) which are the primary factors in gravity separation. Models produced using quantitative mineralogy of feed streams will be potentially superior to those produced historically.This paper describes test work undertaken on a wet shaking table using a synthetic ore. The objective of this test work was to develop a model to predict the effect of changes in feed ore characteristics on shaking table performance by measuring quantitatively the mineralogy of the feed material. Particles were divided into size/density classes based on the results of QEMSCAN analyses.It was found that it was possible to use data from QEMSCAN to predict the recovery of size/density classes and to predict the effect of changes in the relative abundances of these classes on the separation. This model can potentially be used to adjust operating variables to maximise grade and recovery by monitoring the input feed. Care was needed when utilising QEMSCAN data to ensure representivity."

Jan 1, 2016

By K. R. Coulter

"Good morning gentlemen. I am very pleased to have this opportunity to tell you a few of the things that happen within a completely unrelated activity, the electroplating industry, except that it does consume metals and has some slight similarity of problems so far as cyanide is concerned.First, just a few general terms about the industry. It is a relatively unsophisticated industry technically, and in many instances there are serious problems in obtaining staff that can operate the various systems that are currently available for destroying cyanide or precipitating metals.I would suggest to you that if you are investigating any system that you consider very seriously the personnel that are actually going to run it. The installation people; probably have some idea what it is all about but the operators must be chosen for their ability and not because they just happen to be available.We perhaps have another area in common. There is very little money for capital expenditures that produce no immediate return or even eventual return on the investment.The industry is largely made up of ""Jobbers"" who are strictly electroplating. There is another group in which the electroplating is captive as in large companions where it is a convenience operation. Also there are specialists, who do other things besides plating but it is a very major part of their operation. This applies to the automotive parts industry.Cyanide applications in the plating industry will be for copper, zinc, cadmium, silver, brass, and gold. Cyanide waste solutions come from those solutions adhering to the plated parts, and from the occasional discharge of the plating bath solutions. Also, in a related industry, the heat treating people with cyanide case hardening have some high concentrations of cyanide to dispose of. Concentrations of cyanide that we treat are 2500 parts per million or higher especially in wastes from heat treating. Solution volumes might be as low as 100 gallons per hour in a well run, carefully operated rinsing system. It may be as high as 3000 gallons per hour where dilution occurs."

Jan 1, 1973

By B. Dubreuil, J. -M. Lalancette, D. Lemieux

A gold bearing pyrite concentrate was treated at the pilot scale for the extraction of gold. Mineralogical analysis of the concentrates identified gold to be mainly present in the form of a solid solution in pyrite. Gold distribution resulted in a poor extraction yield of 55 % by direct cyanidation. A piloting campaign including an oxidative pre-treatment by roasting in a fluid bed was followed by treatment with halogens for gold extraction and has led to a gold extraction yield of 94%. Sulphur removal during the oxidation was very efficient at >99.5% and gold extraction by the halogens was completed within a 1 hour contact time. The piloting was performed on a 300 kg sample and used a diluted solution of hypohalites as the oxidizing agent for gold extraction. Sulphuric acid was injected in the reactor during the halogens treatment to lower pH to 2. The diluted solution of hypohalites (1-3%) was generated by electrolysis during the piloting campaign in a diaphragm-less electrolysis cell. The extracted gold was recovered via adsorption over silica and the gold depleted brine was treated for impurities removal. This brine was recycled for further gold extraction. With the recycling of water and brine, the regeneration of hypohalites and with a barren solid that is inert and stable, the Nichromet Extraction technology is a green process where the protection of the environment does not preclude profitability.

Jan 1, 2014

By Lloyd Rowson

??Several factors have led to a review and reoptimization of the Midwest uranium deposit by AREVA Resources Canada Inc., the project operator, on behalf of the owners ??The current proposal is to mine the deposit using open pit methods and then transport the ore by truck on a dedicated road linking the Midwest site with AREVA?s McClean Lake Operation (JEB mill) for processing ??A decision has been made to begin mining the deposit by 2010 (pending regulatory approvals)

May 1, 2008

By Alireza Entesari

Removal of metal ions from effluents represents a significant technical challenge. As a consequence several industries, including mining, are faced with issues relating to removal of contaminant cations and anions from solution. This study evaluates three natural mineral materials referred to as basalt, scoria, and calcined shale for treatment of metal contaminated effluents by adsorption. Adsorption tests were conducted to asses the possibility of removing cationic and anionic metal ions from prepared solutions and mine water effluents. Sustainable production of industrial minerals requires that a diverse range of added value products be introduced.

May 1, 2006

By J. A. L. Henderson

THE potential oil-and gas-bearing area with "which this paper deals is the large undefined Carboniferous basin, roughly triangular in shape, occupying about 10,000 square miles of southern and eastern New Brunswick. Its base, about 135 miles long, lies on the gulf of St. Lawrence and embraces the whole eastern coast-line of the Province, while its apex lies in the south-west corner of the Province, near the International boundary (see map, Figure 1). The Carboniferous basin may be divided roughly into two areas-the Northern basin and the Southern basin-by a structural feature represented by a ridge of low hills running north-easterly from the Saint John river, near Saint John, on the southwest, to Indian mountain, about eight miles north of Moncton, in the northeast. Within the Northern basin, all evidence regarding the presence or attitude of the older Mississippian Albert Shale series, the only oil-bearing rocks known in New Brunswick, is for the greater part obscured by a thick and practically horizontal blanket of Pennsylvanian strata and, although evidences of oil and gas have been reported, none has been positively identified. Five parallellines of gentle folding, running to the northeast, occur in the Pennsylvanian rocks, within a distance of 100 miles from north to south. This folding is reflected in the courses of the rivers, which lie within the synclines. The relationship of the folding in the younger rocks to structures in the uncomfortably underlying older rocks is unknown, but should now be possible of clarification by means of a geophysical survey accompanied by drilling. Independent geological examinations have yielded no evidence of value in this respect, nor have five exploratory boreholes drilled by per-cussion tools to a maximum depth of 3,645 feet been of assistance, as only one inconclusive hole completely traversed the beds which normally overlie the Albert shales.

Jan 1, 1940

By G. Vibert Douglas

THE prospecter and geologist in the field, in the search for gold, are very often faced with a real difficulty. The: mineralized rock _frequently contains gold which is so finely divided or associated with sulphides that it is not recognizable in the gold pan. In recent years, the practice has been to take samples, send them to an assay office, and sit down and wait for results. This paper describes a method of solving the difficulty of proving the presence of this fine gold. The investigation is still in an experimental stage; but certain results have been obtained which would seem to justify publication. We do not consider that the method outlined is quantitative, but we believe that qualitative results are assured. The procedure has the great merit of simplicity. A sample of approximately two pounds of the mineralized rock should be taken and powdered as fine as is practicable. This powder is theo panned and the heavy minerals concentrated. Approximately two grams of these concentrates are taken for the test (one gram can be roughly gauged in the field by heaping up the powder on a Canadian twenty-five cent piece). The material is placed in a test-tube and 6 c.c. of a 10 per cent solution of iodine in alcohol are added (one-third of a test-tube full is approximately equal to 6 c.c.). Heat gently for about ten minutes over a spirit lamp, but without actual boiling. Allow to stand undisturbed until the sediment has settled to the bottom. Remove the clear iodine solution with an eye dropper. Allow it to fall, drop after drop, on a warmed pyrex watch-glass (the drops should be of equal size), taking care that the successive drops fall in the same place and that each drop evaporates before the next drop falls. Heat is applied to the lower side of the watch-glass by means of a spirit lamp. If gold is present in amounts of $2.00 or more per ton, a gold mirror will be formed on the watch-glass. This process of dropping and evaporating should be continued until no clear solution remains. If no mirror has appeared when all the solution has been used, another 6 c.c. of the iodine solution should be added to the powder and the process repeated. The absence of a mirror after the double treatment denotes an amount of gold less than two dollars per ton at the present price, or that the ore contains no gold. The mirror obtained must be washed with nitric acid ( 1: 1) to remove any copper, silver, lead, zinc, and iron. The yellow mirror remaining is pure gold.

Jan 1, 1937

The Boleo project is located in Mexico close to the town of Santa Rosalia on the Baja Peninsula. The Boleo deposit contains copper, cobalt, zinc and manganese values as oxides with minor sulfides. The Boleo deposit is metallurgically challenging due to: 1) the requirement to recover four separate metals; 2) the presence of high levels of clay in the deposit resulting in difficult solid-liquid separations, and; 3) the need to use seawater for the bulk of the processing. Baja Mining, Bateman Engineering and SGS Lakefield Research have collaborated to develop and test a process flowsheet to recover copper, cobalt, zinc and manganese products at Boleo. The key steps in the flowsheet are: ? Feed preparation (scrubbing and ball milling of oversize) in copper raffinate ? Ore leaching using oxidative and reductive leaching ? CCD washing using high rate thickening technology ? Copper SXlEW ? Treatment of a bleed solution for cobalt, zinc and manganese recovery The process for cobalt, zinc and manganese recovery involves iron and aluminum removal followed by cobalt/zinc bulk extraction using CSIRO's DSX solvent extraction system and selective zinc and cobalt stripping. The zinc strip solution is evaporated to produce zinc sulfate monohydrate crystals to market and cobalt is recovered via a further SXlEW process as high purity metal. Manganese is precipitated as manganese carbonate from the DSX raffinate solution. This paper will review the Boleo process flowsheet and provide detailed results from the 2006 pilot plant operation conducted at SGS Lakefield in Canada.

Jan 1, 2007

By Peter M. Watt

The objective s of this paper are: (a ) to examine and discuss the burdens we place on our extractive industry; (b) to compare the levels of taxation in Canada with those in other countries; and ( c) to suggest certain broad parameters within which our taxation policies may be made more rational and stable. Among the burdens identified are taxation, the ownership and use of our resources, environmental issues and the rather emotional issue of so-called 'super profits'. Finally, the paper will address certain broad but key areas of policy which need attention and agreement if our tax system is to be made more rational. Such areas include: whether and if so why the extractive industry should be given incentives;. what circumstances, if any, justify a 'higher' than normal' level of taxation, and, ?if the concept of economic rents is a justifiable one, how might a basis for them be established which recognizes the fluctuating value of much of the industry's output. Note: The paper was written before the 1977 Federal and Provincial budgets were presented. Consequently, the paper does not reflect any changes proposed in these budgets.

Jan 1, 1977

By François Robert

"The Eastern Abitibi Sub province (Quebec segment), contains two main types of gold deposits: the common quartz-vein type and the rare pyritic type. Both occur in areas dominated by volcanic rocks and are spatially associated with major fault zones.Quartz-vein gold deposits consist of simple to complex networks of quartz-carbonate-pyrite veins in reverse shear zones and extensional fractures. They occur in areas dominated by mafic volcanic rocks and are commonly associated with small syn- to late-tectonic porphyritic felsic intrusions. Associated alteration, which postdates peak metamorphism, is dominated by carbonatization, sericitization and pyritization of the wallrocks. These deposits formed late in the geologicalevolution of the Abitibi.Pyritic gold deposits range from deformed massive sulphide lenses to zones of syntectonic pyrite-rich veinlets and associated pyrite disseminations. These deposits occur in environments dominated by felsic volcanic rocks that are typically converted to sericite schists near the deposits. The associated pre-metamorphic aluminous alteration is now characterized by metamorphic sericite, andalusite, kyanite and chloritoid, overprinted by a late retrogression of alumino- silicates. These deposits probably represent deformed volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits, but the timing of gold introduction in these is not fully understood.The differences in geological attributes reflect significant differences in the genesis these deposits: the pyritic deposits probably have a multistage genesis, including a pre-tectonic stage, in contrast to a single stage late-tectonic genesis for the quartz-vein deposits.RESUMELa partie Est de la Sous-Province de l’Abitibi( segment québécois) renferme deux types de gites d' or: ceux de type ""veine de quartz"" et ceux, plus rares, de type ""pyriteux"". Ces deux types se trouvent dans des secteurs particulièrement riches en roches volcaniques et mantrent une association spatiale avec des zones de failles majeures.Les gites de type ""veine de quartz"" correspondent à des réseaux de complexité variable de veines de quartz-carbonate-pyrite se développant dans des zones de cisaillement inverse et des fractures de tension. Ils se concentrent dans les régions dominées par des roches volcaniques mafiques et s’associent fréquemment à de petites intrusions porphyriques felsiques syn- a tardi-tectoniques. L’altération associée ace type de glte est postérieure à la phase majeure du métamorphisme et consiste en une carbonatisation, une sericitisation et une pyritisation des épontes. La mise en place de ces gites est tardive par rapport à l'évolution géologique de l'Abitibi.Les gites d' or de type pyriteux consistent en des lentilles de sulfures massifs déformes, des zones d' abondantes veinules pyrite uses syntectoniques, et des zones de pyrite disséminée. Ces gites se retrouvent dans des empilements contenant surtout des roches volcaniques felsiques qui sont transformées en schiste à séricine pres des gisements. L’altération a l’umineuse pre-metamorphique associée a ce type de glte a donné naissance, lors du metamorphisme regional, a la sericite, a 'andal ousite, a Ia lcyanite et au chloritoi""de; par la suite, les alumino-silicates ont été affectes par une alteration retrograde tardive. Ces gites representent probablement des depOts de sulfures massifs volcan gènes déformes, mais la chronologie de la mise en place de l'or dans ceux-ci est encore mal comprise.Les caractéristiques géologiques propres à chacun de ces types de gites reflètent des conditions de formation différentes: le type ""pyriteux"" montre une histoire génétique polyphasée, incluant une étape pre-tectonique alors que le type ""veine de quartz"" s’est développe au cours d’une seule phase tardi-tectonique."

Jan 1, 1990

By Kathryn L. Neale, Derek L. Mulligan, Robin E. Goad, Norman A. Duke, A. Hamid Mumin, W. John Camier

"Abstract - The NICO and Sue-Dianne deposits are being explored and delineated by Fortune Minerals Limited in the Mazenod Lake District of the Northwest Territories, using an Olympic Dam model. The deposits were discovered in the south part of the Great Bear magmatic zone (GBMZ) within the Proterozoic, Bear Structural Province of the Canadian Shield. They are the only known significant Canadian examples of Proterozoic iron oxide-hosted polymetallic deposits. Worldwide, this class includes such deposits as Olympic Dam and Ernest Henry in Australia, Kiruna-Aitik in Sweden, and Salobo in Brazil. Their considerable size, up to 2 billion tonnes, and polymetallic ore assemblages make them highly attractive targets for exploration. Common characteristics of this class include their Early to Middle Proterozoic cratonic settings with extensional rifting evolving from collisional tectonics. Deposits typically occur along major structural lineaments within the aureoles of a distinctive suite of anorogenic potassium-rich "A-type" granite intrusions. Although hosted by diverse lithologies, deposits of this class are characterized by a number of other diagnostic regional- and deposit-scale features, which may be recognized in reconnaissance- and propertyscale geological and geophysical surveys.The southern GBMZ in Canada has several characteristics (age, tectonic setting, geology and geophysical attributes) similar to those of the Olympic Dam deposit and its other significant global analogues. Airborne and ground geophysical surveys carried out in the GBMZ identified coincident potassium, uranium, magnetic, resistivity, chargeability, and gravity anomalies centered over the NICO deposit. The nearby Sue-Dianne deposit is characterized by coincident uranium, potassium, magnetic, resistivity and chargeability anomalies. Both deposits occur within a regional, northweststriking, arcuate trend of volcanic and sedimentary rocks characterized by significant positive Bouguer-gravity and magnetic responses and are believed to represent a major basement discontinuity. The NICO anomalies are at the intersection of this regional trend with a major transverse fault through Lou Lake. Regional and local geophysical data indicate the presence of significant concentrations of iron oxide within a broad area of intense potassium metasomatism. Geological mapping identified cobalt, gold, bismuth, and copper mineralization in biotite-magnetite-amphibole-sulfiderich ironstone and schist. This mineralization is localized within altered wackes of the Snare Group, which are unconformably overlain by potassium feldspar- (±hematite ±magnetite) altered rhyolite of the Faber Group. The Sue-Dianne deposit is a hematite-magnetite-Fe-silicate-cemented diatreme complex enriched in copper, silver, gold, and uranium within a broad zone of potassium, iron, quartz, and epidote metasomatism. The diatreme is located at the intersection of two major faults at the north end of the basement discontinuity and is hosted in rhyodacite ignimbrite marginal to the Faber Lake rapakivi-granite pluton. At both deposits, diatreme- and maar-facies iron oxide-cemented breccia straddle the regional metasedimentary-volcanic unconformity, suggesting that mineralization formed in a near-surface environment synchronous with the onset of volcanism."

Jan 1, 2000

By Xiaoqiong Wang, Daobing Wang, Fanbao Meng, Jianbo Wang, Hongkui Ge

"Shale gas has become an important unconventional oil and gas resources. Its effective development relies on comprehensive and accurate understanding of shale gas reservoirs. Rock mechanical properties is one of the important components of reservoir evaluation. Two adjacent black shale samples, which are cored from the depth of 1145 meters in Chongqing, southwest China, are subjected to acoustic emission(AE) test under uniaxial stress and compared with coarse grained granite. The results of synchronous AE, stress-strain and ultrasonic velocity experiments show that shale has weak anisotropy. Compared with granite sample, two shale samples are similar, but their strength, velocity and brittleness are quite different, indicating that shale has strong microscopic heterogeneity. TOC, XRD, SEM microstructure analysis show that total organic content, mineral composition and natural fractures are the main impacting factors for mechanical heterogeneity. INTRODUCTIONShale gas is a typical low-grade marginal resource, which is characterized by ultra-low matrix permeability and small single well control volume. In order to enable commerical development, complex hydraulic-fracture networks must be created in the shale to allow gas to escape from the micro/nano-pores and natural fractures where it is trapped in the rock (C. Clark et al.,2013; Ge et al., 2013). The development of shale gas requires accurate evaluation methodologies to evaluate shale reservoir properties and predict production. (Jarvie et al., 2007). Rock mechanical properties are an important part of the reservoir evaluation. It is significant for efficient drilling, completion and hydraulic fracturing to understand mechanical behavior of shale gas play (John, 2011; Wei, 2013).Rock mechanical properties mainly include heterogeneity, anisotropy, brittleness and acoustic emission activity (Lockner et al., 1992; Jerome et al., 2009; He et al., 2010; Liang et al., 2012). Shale mechanical properties are evaluated from laboratory tests following a complex workflow that covers tasks from sampling to testing (Md. Aminul Islam et al., 2013). It is common to include various experimental methods such as stress-strain curves, ultrasonic velocity and acoustic emission when evaluating the mechanical properties (Rao et al., 2006). Because of the presence of organic-rich matter, mineral composition orientation and natural fractures, shale tends to have strong anisotropy and heterogeneity (Deng et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2013; Hathon et al., 2013)."

Jan 1, 2015

By A. D. Hunt

THIS PAPER will review Canada's fossil fuel situation as we understand it today and indicate some of the options available to meet our energy requirements during the next 15 years. It would therefore be helpful to examine Canada's total energy requirements and discuss the un certainties of the data base on which we must base future energy investment decisions. On the world scene, Canada is at the top of the energy-consuming nations, using about 49 bbls of oil equivalent per caput/ year. This appears to be slightly ahead of the U.S. and of course much higher than that of many countries. It is generally accepted that there is a more or less direct relationship between energy consumption and material standard of living. However , as we know, Canada, when compared with other industrialized countries on a GNP, an individual-income or some other standard basis, is lower in the list. This situation may be explained by our more severe climate and a relatively small population distributed over a land mass second only to that of the Soviet Union.

Jan 1, 1977

By J. L. Bowlby

OWING to the pressure of routine analyses at the laboratory during the past year, work of an investigational nature on water problems has been greatly curtailed. Favourable reports by the boiler inspectors indicate that the operators are giving satisfactory attention to feed-water treatment at the several . power plants. Some of the operators prefer lime and soda, others the phosphate and soda treatment. Springhill is still on the same commercial treatment as they were using last year, and satisfactory results are being obtained. This individual preference for a particular treatment, although it may be different for feed waters of similar nature, indicates that so long as proper conditions of alkalinity and concentration are maintained within the boiler, it is immaterial what chemicals are used in the treatment. This statement refers, of course, to the low-pressure boilers. In high-pressure boilers, a treatment such as lime and soda cannot be satisfactorily employed, on account of the precipitated calcium carbonate unduly increasing the amount of suspended matter. Only one case of impending trouble was reported during the year. That was at Seaboard, shortly after the new unit was placed in operation. Dissolved oxygen, considerably in excess of the permissible 0.030 cubic centimeters per liter, was detected at various points on the feed line. It was suspected that a de-aerating heater was being operated at too low a temperature, and chemical tests, made before and after the necessary adjustments, proved that this was the source of the trouble. While it has been impossible to give mine waters the attention they require, progress can be reported in the work carried out by the Mechanical Department. Past investigation of the action of mine water on various acid-resisting alloys is now bearing fruit, and it can safely be said that repair work on mine pumps has been reduced by nearly one-half.

Jan 1, 1938

By A. Ignatieff

This is the first in a series of Coal Technology Reviews being prepared in accordance with a recommendation voted by the Coal Division in session at the Jubilee Meeting, Vancouver, April, 1948, that the Department of Mines and Resources be requested to arrange for publication by the proper Government authority of a Quarterly Review' of Coal Technology, for distribution among those concerned in the production and use of coal in Canada. This recommendation was subsequently endorsed both by the Council of the Institute and by the Dominion Coal Board. Further reviews (or digests) will appear at intervals in the Bulletin, or will be published and distributed by the Board which, meanwhile, has undertaken to distribute reprints of Mr. Ignatieff's review.-En. * * * The fields in coal mining technology which are considered to demand most attention and study at the present time are reviewed under the headings appearing below. Mechanization In the light of the growing shortage of skilled miners and the necessity of mitigating constantly increasing mining costs, interest continues to centre in mining methods and applications of mechanization chat will produce the maximum reduction of man power. The growth of strip or open-cut mining, also, is a consequence of this trend. Mechanization at the face attracts most attention and the trend is toward developing and adopting machines capable of cutting and loading the coal in one operation instead of having the separate operations of cutting, drilling, blasting, and loading. In Great Britain, where longwall mining is? the general practice, the A.B. Meco-Moore machine still receives much attention, and accounts describing its performance over reasonably long periods have appeared in the technical press.

Jan 1, 1948

By Brad Hewitt, Jeff Belke

"Murrin Murrin Operations has not had a successful beginning. Numerous reliability and operability issues many of which are the result of design decisions have been addressed through mechanical and operational changes and the CCD circuit is no exception. Four design aspects of the CCD circuit that have caused and continue to cause operational problems are:1. the inclusion of solution neutralisation gypsum in the CCD circuit feed which was designed solely for HPAL residue without proper investigation of its impact on the achievable underflow density and resulting wash efficiency;2. the decision to construct the thickener base from thickened solids;3. the lack of redundancy in the overflow, underflow and tailings pipe work; and4. the lack of thickener operational flexibility in the central rake-lift and feedwell dilution system.In November 2002, the lack of operational flexibility in the rake-lift and the feedwell dilution system through mechanical modification as follows:•, CCD1 has a modified rake mechanism that now allows central vertical lift of 600 mm;•, CCD1 has forced dilution using the Outokumpu Turbodil® technology and replacing the E-Duc® technology of Eimco;The decision to install, the installation and the results of the CCD1 rake-lift mechanism and feedwell dilution system are discussed in this paper. The installation was justified on improved operational robustness and an increase in the in the underflow density of 1 per cent (per cent w/w). At approximately the same time process modifications in the solution neutralisation circuit were implemented and these changes altered the rheology of the slurry reporting to CCD1. Since the modifications to CCD1 and the solution neutralisation circuit, the CCD circuit has averaged a 2 per cent improvement in the circuit underflow density.The CCD1 modification was completed on time and mechanically has performed well. From a risk point of view, the central rake-lift and Turbodil®dilution system add a degree of freedom and robustness to CCD1 operation that has extended the range of operational confidence. In this respect, the modification has been a success and is complementary solution neutralisation improvements."

Jan 1, 2005

By H. Abdollahi

Cold rolling is one of the most important techniques in metal forming since the cold rolling products are almost finished product, The product quality of this process is widely influenced by friction in the roll gap; therefore, controlling the friction and other parameters affecting the cold rolling is very important in order to have a product with high quality, Among the cold rolling parameters, the pressure distribution or friction hill within the roll gap is known as the most significant one, In this study, a new software (Matroll), is introduced which can determine the coefficient of friction (COF) and plot the friction hills for an industrial mill, Besides, based on rolling equations, it offers about 25 rolling parameters as outputs. To verify the software operation, the real industrial rolling data was used as inputs, The results (outputs) are in good agreements with the findings of other researchers, The COF values are very reasonable, The friction hill shows that COF is not constant over the whole arc of contact.

Jan 1, 2005

By William E. Roscoe

"Valuation methods are well established for mineral properties with production or imminent production, and include discounted cash flow and comparable transactions. Valuation methods for non-producing mineral properties, however, are more subjective. Non-producing mineral properties include those at various stages of exploration, properties at the prefeasibility or feasibility stage, properties with currently uneconomic mineral resources, and past-producers. Different valuation methods may be appropriate for different types of mineral properties.Income approach methods such as discounted cash flow and option pricing are generally not applicable to properties at the exploration stage. The market approach is generally appropriate to all types of mineral properties, although it is difficult to find good comparables because of the unique nature of mineral properties and the small number of transactions. Cost approach methods, such as appraised value and geoscience factor, are commonly used for exploration stage properties.Canadian standards and guidelines for valuation of mineral properties are in the process of being finalized by a Special Committee of the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (CIMVal Committee). The CIMVal Standards are intended to be consistent with National Instrument 43-101, which sets regulatory standards of disclosure for mineral projects, and with International Valuation Standards. The intent of the CIMVal Standards and Guidelines is that mineral property valuation be carried out by appropriately qualified individuals and that all relevant information be disclosed."

Jan 1, 2003

By J. R. Goode

Rare earth elements (REE) and their compounds are critical ingredients in numerous necessities of modern life including: the permanent magnets used in electric motors, generators, speaker and hard drives; high performance automobile tires; catalysts; phosphors; optical glass; etc. World production of REE in 2014 was about 110,000 t with about 98,000 t/a being “Light” (LREE) and the balance “Heavy” (HREE). Unlike other mined commodities, the majority of the LREE produced in the world is a by-product and that from a single iron ore mine in China. The balance of the LREE production comes from four REE-only mines, two in China, one in Australia and one in the USA (now on Care and Maintenance basis). The LREE operations comprise very unusual flotation processes and complex hydrometallurgical plants. In contrast, most of the HREE come from a multitude of small in-situ leach operations exploiting a single, dispersed deposit in China using hydrometallurgy alone. All of the current REE operations produce an intermediate mixed REE product that must be separated to yield the high purity, individual, REE required by the market. This paper describes the processes being used to produce LREE and HREE intermediate products and the separation plants used to make the high purity REE compounds that are key ingredients in the magnets in earbuds, turbines, and automobiles; catalysts used in the production of gasoline, and so on.

Jan 1, 2016

By I. C. Edwards, D. C. Smith

THE milling plant of Bicroft Uranium Mines Limited at Ban-croft, Ontario, was one of the first in Canada to employ ion excl1ange for the selecti1•e recovery of uranium from acid leach liquors. The ion ex-change circuit started operating early in November, 1956, and by June 1 I959, had handled more than two million tons of pregnant solution containing I,830,000 pounds of U3Os. Each column had been saturated and eluted about 430 times. The ion exchange columns are the conventional fixed bed type. Uranium is eluted from the resin with a sodium chloride-sulphuric acid solution and is precipitated continuous-ly with magnesia. After filtering and drying, the precipitate, or "yellow cake," is packaged in drums for shipment to the refinery.

Jan 1, 1962