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By T. J. Lutz, G. T. Homce

A standard Ford1 4600 agricultural tractor was converted to remote control to perform ASAE/SAE field upset tests (rear rollover and side rollover). This paper discusses the engineering process to develop a remote-controlled tractor in determining the critical parameters of operation, to choosing appropriate actuators, designing the circuitry to control them, installing the actuators on the tractor, testing the system for functionality and then conducting numerous overturn tests. The system uses off-the-shelf components for simplicity, replaceability, and economic concerns. The remote control system has withstood 21 tests to date with no failures and will continue to be used for at least three more years of testing.

By T. R. Waters, F. Li, R. L. Huston

This paper describes the development of a multi-body biomechanical model that can be used to assess the risk of low back disorders due to occupational exposure to jarring and jolting from operation of heavy mobile equipment (e.g., trucks, haulers, graders, tractors, etc.) The four-element dynamic spinal model is capable of providing estimates of the force and acceleration responses of the head/neck, upper, lower, and middle torso resulting from vibration input collected in field studies. The paper also presents a method for using the model output to assess an individual's risk of low back disorder due to a specific jarring and jolting exposure.

Underground and strip mining (6,7) produce different hydrologic environments. Many underground mines are below the zone that is completely saturated with water and the mine openings may cause new and continuous contact between sulfurous material and water which flows from the saturated zone to the workings. Strip mines are usually above the zone of continuous saturation and contact between sulfurous material and water is generally restricted to periods of precipitation. A full appreciation of the problem of water pollution caused by drainage from deep mines requires a basic understanding of occurrences and movement of water in the ground and the modes of ground water entrance into mining areas.

Jan 1, 1970

By H. C. Ko

Heats of solution of calcium carbon-ate (calcite) and calcium oxide in hydrochloric acid were determined by solution calorimetry. Combination of these two heats yields a value of 42.643±0.024 kcal/mole for the enthalpy of calcination of calcite at 298.15 K. Literature data on ?H°298.15 of calcination of calcite were reviewed and compared. Thermodynamic properties for the calcination process were calculated from 298.15 to 1,500 K using Gibbs energy functions. This research was undertaken by the Bureau of Mines as an effort to provide thermodynamic data for the advancement of minerals technology, energy conservation, and environmental preservation.

Jan 1, 1982

By Jon C. Volkwein

The industrial sand industry has been exploring new techniques to reduce dust. One company was experimenting with adding water during bagging operations to the surface of the hag, and into the product as it flowed into the bag. The Bureau of Mines, using instantaneous dust sampling instruments, measured the effectiveness of three methods of adding water. Results indicated that various types of water sprays applied in carefully controlled amounts could reduce dust up to 50% at worker locations at the bagging machine and inside a railroad boxcar. This report also discusses constraints such as product handling, customer acceptance, cold weather problems, dust collector performance, and other areas.

Jan 1, 1981

By Donald R. Johnson

Apparatus developed by the Bureau of Mines for thermal analysis of oil shale was used to determine the thermal properties of shortite. Dissociation of shortite near 470° C occurs as an endothermic reaction that could consume significant quantities of heat in the oil-shale retorting process that produces shale oil. The shortite dissociation products undergo other thermal reactions that would not affect the retorting process. These reactions include crystal inversions near 365° C and 425° C and melting and decomposition endotherms above 500° C. Two separate reaction route for fusion and decomposition of the shortite decomposition products are dictated by the presence or absence of CO2 around the sample.

Jan 1, 1974

Efficiently clear ice and frozen materials from ore-handling equipment. Approach Compressed air-propane torches that develop a high energy flame jet were used instead of ordinary propane torches. How it Works A high velocity high temperature stream of gases impinges on the ice and frozen materials to both melt and blast them away. This hot gas jet is at 3,000°F temperature and moving at 3,000 feet per second. In the photograph below, the jet is being used to clear frozen taconite from a grizzly. The functions of the compressed air-propane torch are as follows. The air heater assembly, which is mounted on a wand, con-

Jan 1, 1980

By Alfred E. Schwaneke

The surface tension from 240° to 844° C and the density from 236° to 583° C of 99.999 percent purity liquid tin has been measured using the maximum-bubble-pressure method. Results for surface tension (y) show y (dynes/em) = 566.84 -4.76 X 10-2 T (° C) with a standard error of 1.9 dynes/cm. Results for density (p) show p (g/cm3) = 7.16 -6.3 X 10-4 T (° C) with a standard error of 0.012 g/cm3. Comparisons with other data found in the literature are discussed. The experimental results are considered to be as good as any data presently available.

Jan 1, 1970

By Judith A. Eisele

The possibility of improving the volatilization of gold through the formation of a metal-gold chloride vapor complex was investigated. Gold-silica mixtures, containing ferrous and nonferrous minerals and salts as additives, were treated in a laboratory tube furnace with a flow of chlorine gas at various temperatures. The addition of pyrite (FeS2) to a charge of gold-silica increased the volatility of the gold from 3, 20, and 62 percent of the total gold to 62, 93, and 100 percent at 200°, 300°, and 400° C, respectively. Chemical analyses of the condensate indicated the volatile species to be FeAuCl6.

Jan 1, 1971

By B. E. Davis

As part of its program to increase the domestic availability of critical minerals, the Bureau of Mines conducted characterization and beneficiation studies on a St. Johns County, Fla., phosphate ore that was mined by borehole mining. Results revealed that the ore from this test mine was mostly sand-size carbonate-fluorapatite and quartz and contained 24.6 percent P205. Concentration by various flotation techniques produced phosphate concentrates that ranged, in percent, from 30.0 to 31.4 P205, 0.73 to 0.80 MgO, and 2.8 to 7.2 acid insoluble. Recovery of the phosphate from the ore ranged from 89.4 to 96.3 percent.

Jan 1, 1982

By L. B. Pankratz

Low-temperature heat capacities, high-temperature enthalpy increments, and the enthalpy of formation at 298° K were determined calorimetrically for vanadium subnitride (VN0.465). The low-temperature investigation gave S°298.15 = 6.379 ±0.005 cal/deg mole, and a combustion calorimeter investiga¬tion provided ?Hf°298.15 = -31.80 ±0.60 kcal/mole. The two quantities were combined with the high-temperature data to give standard values of enthalpies of formation and free energies of formation above 298° K. These and related thermodynamic functions were tabulated to 1,800° K. Similar data are included in the range of 298° to 1,600° K for the mononitride, VN.

Jan 1, 1971

By Paul B. Harder

Round Mountain Gold (RMG) in central Nevada, reports that over a nine-year period and a million operating hours, its fleet of 150-ton and 190-ton haul trucks has averaged better than 93% availability, with some of the trucks approaching 70,000 operating hours. Repair costs have been far below industry averages. Mine operations manager Pete Kesl credits the high availability and low repair costs to a succession of Product Support Agreements between RMG and Caterpillar dealer Cashman Equipment. He adds that good equipment and a high level of trust and co­operation between all parties to these agreements have been essential to their success at Round Mountain.

Jan 1, 1998

By Robert R. Stein, Roy C. Bartholomae, William W. Aljoe

This Bureau of Mines report describes in detail the design and operation of a test apparatus for measuring the sound power levels of drills used by the mining industry. The two major components of the test apparatus are a computer-controlled automated drill test fixture (ADTF) and a large (45,000-ft3) reverberation chamber that houses the ADTF. Design specifications and performance capabilities of the ADTF and the reverberation room are given. Initial test results for three types of drills--a pneumatic percussion drill, a hydraulic percussion drill, and a pneumatic rotary drill--are given to illustrate the types of experiments that can be conducted with the test appartus.

By Paul B. Harder

Round Mountain Gold (RMG) in cen­tral Nevada, reports that over a nine-year period and a million operating hours, its fleet of 150-ton and 190-ton haul trucks has averaged better than 93% availability, with some of the trucks approaching 70,000 operating hours. Repair costs have been far below industry averages. Mine operations manager Pete Kesl credits the high availability and low repair costs to a succession of Product Support Agreements between RMG and Caterpillar dealer Cashman Equipment. He adds that good equipment and a high level of trust and co­operation between all parties to these agreements have been essential to their success at Round Mountain.

Jan 1, 1998

By Alton B. Cook

Data are presented to show oil vaporization resulting from the passage of natural gas through a sand-packed tube saturated with synthetic reservoir oils. The Bureau of Mines performed 13 experiments, using reservoir oils synthesized with base crude oils of approximately 22°, 35°, and 45° API, at 100°, 175°, or 250° F and 1,100, 2,600, or 4,100 psia. It has been determined that the amount of vaporization is significant if proper conditions exist. These experiments show that oil vaporization depends on pressure, temperature, volatility of the oil, and amount of gas cycled. Increases in each of these conditions increase the volume of oil vaporized.

Jan 1, 1969

By John C. Edwards

The Bureau of Mines has developed a time-dependent droplet vaporization model (in the absence of forced convection) that can be applied to the vaporization of liquid Halon 1301 droplets (vapor pressure at 300 K = 14 atm) sprayed from an extinguisher. It was found that rapid surface vaporization quickly lowers the droplets' surface temperature very near to the boiling temperature, and the vaporization becomes diffusion controlled. Although the lifetime of the droplet is proportional to the square of the initial radius of the droplet, the elapsed time prior to complete droplet vaporization is not proportional to the square of the droplet radius, as an equilibrium model would indicate.

Jan 1, 1982

By J. E. Chilton, Jr. Dubaniewicz

Many mines rely on toxic gas sensors to help maintain a safe and healthy work environment. This report describes a prototype monitoring system developed by the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) that uses light to power and communicate with several remote toxic gas sensors. The design is based on state-of-the-art optical-to-electrical power converters, solid-state diode lasers, and fiber optics. This design overcomes several problems associated with conventional wire-based systems by providing complete electrical isolation between the remote sensors and the central monitor. The prototype performed well during a 2-week field trial in the USBM Pittsburgh Research Center Safety Research Coal Mine.

Jan 1, 1995

By J. D. Dixon

The Bureau of Mines has developed structural design data for unreinforced concrete tunnel linings in the form of stress and deflection coefficients from which bending, axial, shear, and boundary stresses, moments, thrusts, and shear forces, and structural deflections can be determined at any point on the lining. Results were obtained by structural analyses of nine concrete-lined tunnel configurations subjected to 22 biaxial load conditions. The tunnel configurations include three basic shapes, circular, rectangular, and horse-shoe, with dimensions based on designs evolved by the mining industry. These analyses were made by the direct stiffness matrix method, a computer-oriented procedure. Numerical results agree closely with those obtained experimentally.

Jan 1, 1969

By E. Chin

Natural gas was the only economically significant mineral produced. A significant amount of the gas output was consumed in the production of nitrogen fertilizer and electric power. Proved reserves of natural gas were abundant and at least sufficient to supply most of the country's industrial and domestic needs for many decades to come. Other mineral production was of little importance to the Bangladesh economy, although there were prospects for developing some of the nonmetallic minerals. The flat river-delta terrain comprising nearly all of Bangladesh made the potential for discovering major, economically exploitable mineral deposits poor. The deep sediments, however, have good potential for crude oil or additional natural gas discoveries.

Jan 1, 1985

By Nicholas P. Kripakov

The U.S. Bureau of Mines examined the applicability of existing material models to solve practical geotechnical mining-related problems by solving a yielding pillar stability problem considering confining effects on strength. Numerical difficulties normally encountered with modeling strain softening behavior were eased with a simplified computational procedure using a quasi-elastic approach to account for residual strength after initial failure. Although in agreement with a confined-core pillar design method using actual mine conditions that include mine layout geometry, overburden geology, and rock properties of the deposit and surrounding structure, the results cannot be verified because measured field data are not available at this writing.

Jan 1, 1981