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By Sara Jane Boles

In recent years the interest in rare-earth compounds as refractory materials has exceeded the available literature on the subject. While some basic properties, such as density and melting point, of the more readily available rare-earth compounds have been reported in the literature, relatively few papers can be found that deal comprehensively and primarily with high-temperature refractory properties and applications of rare-earth oxides, carbides, sulfides, and nitrides. Therefore, this bibliography has been pre-pared for the use of the ceramic industry as a guide for locating and utilizing the scattered and frequently fragmentary information available. The term "rare earths", as applied in the literature search for this bibliography, is understood to include the following elements: cerium, dysprosium, erbium, europium, gadolinium, holmium, lanthanum, lutetium, neodymium, praseodymium, samarium, terbium, thorium, thulium, uranium, and ytterbium. (On the periodic chart, these elements appear as numbers 57 through 60, 62 through 71, 90, and 92.) It is emphasized that many of the abstracts included are from papers in which the rare-earth compound or compounds are treated along with several other ceramic materials, are mentioned only secondarily, with primary interest placed on a more commonly used refractory material, or are used as part of a mixture of materials formed experimentally and reported on in the paper. As the better known rare-earth materials, such as the oxides of uranium, thorium, and cerium, appear more frequently in the literature, they also appear more frequently in this collection. Articles abstracted include only information on the basic properties that are of interest to the refractories investigator. References to crystal lattices and related topics are generally excluded from this publication. The temperature 1,500° C. has been set arbitrarily as the lower limit for reported data on thermal properties. However, because of the scarcity of information, some reports are included in which data are limited to those obtained at lower temperatures. Many of the articles abstracted include lists of references that will be of additional assistance in pursuing specific lines of investigation.

Jan 1, 1962

By Terry S. Cory

This report covers magnetic field strength measurements vs range and frequency In low-medium coal mines. Both quasi-conductor-free and conductor-proximity areas were Investigated. The program covered 5 mines, 4 seams, 6 measurement sets, and 3 geographic areas, The results have been summarized In terms of maximum communication range expected per seam and noise condition. Scatter gain Is further explored as a simple measure of energy coupled to conductors.

Jan 1, 1978

By C. E. Brechtel

A testing program was conducted to design a cemented backfill fur hydraulic placement in underhand cut and fill mining of a steeply dipping coal seam. The testing evaluated the use of three different backfill aggregates, locally available at the coal mine, with Portland cement and five different pozzolans, including a Class F fly ash, a Class C fly ash, a cement kiln dust and ground smelter slag. Both viscosity and uniaxial compressive strength of backfill mixtures with different pozzolan and Portland cement contents were used to evaluate their suitability. Based upon the results of preliminary testing, an optimum mixture of alluvial sand with six percent Portland cement and ten percent Class F pozzolan was chosen for further compression testing.

Jan 1, 1985

By R. V. Ramani

Procedures have been developed which permit determining in either existing or new mines the optimum diesel equipment deployment schemes and the effect of. diesel exhaust on mine-air quality. Specifically, the following areas are covered in the report: 1. Description of diesel deployment schemes in four underground coal mines that were visited is provided. 2. Description of the analysis procedure to determine the number of shuttle cars required to maintain maximum theoretical continuous miner (or loader) production rates in typical room-and-pillar mining systems and of exhaust contamination resulting from the deployment of diesel powered shuttle cars are provided. Sensitivity analyses to determine the effect of changes in input variables on production and contaminant concentrations are also discussed. 3. Description of the analysis procedure to develop the locomotive operating parameters is provided. Assessment of both production performance as well as estimates of the magnitude of diesel exhaust contamination of the mine air are also made. 4. Recommendations for extensions of this research are outlined and include developing and testing procedures for 1) determining equipment duty cycles for the diesel equipment, and 2) studying the exhuast contamination of mine air on the basis of these duty cycles.

Jan 1, 1978

By Raja V. Ramani

The potential usefulnuss of reclaimed surface-mined land has received much attention in recent times. This attention is partially due to the establishment of federal environmental reclamation standards but concern for achieving better land uses has also been shown by interested members of the mining industry. In an effort to develop a procedure for evaluating postmining land use potentials, specific mines in various regions of the U. S. were studied to determine the extent of current mined-land planning and to discover characteristics that are regional in nature. As part of this investigation, a 430-acre surface mine in Clear-field County, Pennsylvania has been studied. Established site planning principles have been applied to the case study site including formation of a data base, development of alternate land use plans, and evaluation of the economic, environmental, and social impacts of the land use alternatives. Key factors affecting site realization have been identified along with positive suggestions for applying land use planning processes to mined-land planning.

Jan 1, 1983

By Louis Schaffer

A literature review concerning dredging hazards and dredge safety practices and an examination of MSHA accident and injury statistics on dredge mining in the United States provided the background for an analysis which was completed by visiting 31 dredge operations, dredge manufacturers, and dredging experts. The principal hazards are discussed and countermeasures are suggested in several areas. Drowning is the single largest fatal injury category. Special emphasis is given to the design, care and use requirements of personal flotation devices.

Jan 1, 1984

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Jan 1, 1979

The safety analysis of shaft-sinking operations included a review of accident reports from coal and metal-nonmetallic mine shaft-sinking projects in the United States, a review of foreign and domestic shaft laws, and discussions with shaft contractors and Federal mine inspectors. Accident data were studied to identify the most common and the most severe types of shaft accidents and to determine their immediate and contributing causes. Additional factors such as worker training and experience, equipment and sinking procedures, regulations and enforcement practices were also investigated to determine their impact on shaft safety. The results of the study are summarized in recommendations for improved training of shaft miners and clarification of Federal shaft-sinking regulations. A guide to assist mine inspectors in examining shaft-sinking projects is also included.

Jan 1, 1977

This document is Volume II of a two-volume report on underground and surface coal mine fires occurring between 1950 and 1977. Volume I discusses the methods of data acquisition, data analysis procedures, results and conclusions. This volume contains (1) a master list of all fire incidents obtained from MSHA reports, (2) an annotated bibliography of all MSHA reports, journal articles on selected incidents, and non-reportable fires (appendix), and (3) indexes to be used in accessing incidents in the master list and annotated bibliography. These three types of information provide the reader with a complete summary of coal mine fires during the period from 1950 through 1977 and a convenient means to locate incidents of specific interest. The body of this volume is organized around two tables and a series of indexes. The two tables are master lists of underground and surface fire incidents. They are followed by 14 indexes keyed to the master list and annotated bibliography. The appendix contains three different parts: o The annotated bibliography of MSHA fire reports (one section each for underground and surface mine fires) o The annotated bibliography of journal articles about selected fires from the MSHA bibliography o A listing of non-reportable fires (one section each for underground and surface mine fires) Descriptions of the contents and use of each of the three major components of this volume (i.e., master list, indexes, and appendix) are presented in Section 2.0.

Jan 1, 1979

By Steve C. Albrecht

The objective of this study is "to assess the impact of surface mining on soil compaction in the Midwest". The study revolves around a unique field sampling program targeted at four mine sites utilizing four distinct types of soil movement of midwestern prime land. Through the preparation of a final report for use as a guidebook, an assessment is made of the degree to which surface mining operations contribute to the soil compaction problem. The final report is formulated through the use of field study data as well as information gathered in an intense literature review. The final report centers on applying collected data to practical field applications. Soil sampling on the four mine sites centers on a comparison of natural and replaced soils for moist bulk density. This characterization evaluates changes in density and texture throughout the soil profile to a depth of 48 inches. Fertility of the topsoil is also assessed for natural and replaced soils. During field sampling and observations, a base of information has been gathered to compile a case study on each mine site. The report accesses the regulations in the prime farmland areas through the use of a matrix. The regulatory matrix allows easy access of mining personnel to State and Federal regulations.

Jan 1, 1982

By Henry P. Chandler

[Diamond, because of its extreme hardness and abrasion resistance, has an important function in precision engineering and automation. With the increasing; requirements of modern production for fine tolerances, interchange-ability, and speed, it has become even more important. In spite of the supply of other abrasive and hard materials and of ultrasonic, electrospark rued other substitute grinding, methods, world industry seams likely to absorb large quantities of diamond for industrial purposes. An increasing part of the world's needs will be supplied by manufactured diamond, which was introduced commercially by General Electric Co. in 1957. Use of diamond for glass cutting roes bark several centuries, mid diamond drilling of rock became important to the mining industry M the 1870's. Today, diamond drilling is the most extensively used method of exploring the world's ore reserves; diamond drills two also used to determined the nature of bedrock below the foundations of buildings, dams, and bridges. Diamond drill bits are now used extensively in the petroleum industry, and replacement or steel rock bits with diamond drill bits in hard rock formations has affected substantial savings.]

Jan 1, 1964

By Eldon C. Pattee

Reconnaisance samples of reported beryllium occurrences in Idaho, Washington, Montana, and Oregon were chemically and spectroscopically tested in a mobile laboratory. The two predominant types of occurrences were green beryl associated with Cretaceous intrusions and disseminated aquamarine associated with Tertiary intrusions. Although the beryllium content of known deposits in the Northwest is too low for economic development at present, total submarginal-grade beryllium resources in pegmatites are estimated to be 570,000 to 1,870,000 tons containing 0.024 to 0.167 BeO. A potential source of 500,000 to 700,000 tons of beryllium-bearing tactite in Idaho and Montana averages 0.033 to 0.080 percent BeO.

Jan 1, 1968

By Henry P. Chandler

[Diamond, because of its extreme hardness and abrasion resistance, has an important function in precision engineering and automation. With the increasing; requirements of modern production for fine tolerances, interchangeability, and speed, it has become even hors, important in spite of the supply of other abrasive and hard materials and of ultrasonic, electrospspark rued other substitute grinding methods world industry seems likely to absorb large quantities of diamond for industrial purposes. An increasing part of the world's needs will be supplied by manufactured diamond, which was introduced commercially by General Electric Co. in 1957. Use of diamond for glass cutting goes bark several centuries, mid diamond drilling of rock became important to the mining industry M the 1870's. Today, diamond drilling is the most extensively used method of exploring the world's ore reserves; diamond drills two also used to determine the nature of bedrock below the foundations of buildings, dams, and bridges. Diamond drill bits are now used extensively in the petroleum industry, and replacement or steel rock bits with diamond drill bits in hard rock formations has effected substantial savings.]

Jan 1, 1964

By Joel N. Van Sant

An investigation was conducted to study possible sources of Utah refractory and structural clays that could be used for the manufacture of refractories and light or buff burning heavy-clay products. A field study was made and the clay samples tested to determine their firing characteristics. Results of the Bureau's work indicate many small noncommercial deposits of hypogenic clay occur in igneous rocks. Commercial hypogenic deposits are mostly halloysite clay developed by hydrothermal replacement of limestone. The high firing shrinkage of halloysite precludes its use as a refractory, however, halloysite produced at the Dragon Mine south of Eureka, is used for making oil catalysts. Clays and shales suitable for low heat duty refractory products are found in the Manning Canyon shale, in shales associated with coal bearing rocks, and in the Dakota formation. Some of the clays from the Dakota formation are also suitable for high-duty refractory products.

Jan 1, 1964

Phase I of U.S. Bureau of Mines contract H01220S3, "Improved Sensors and Fire Control Systems for Mining Equipment, II was an investigative effort involving study of the fire problem and preliminary design of a fire protection system. Overall contract objectives included three basic efforts: * Identify problems * Develop a design * Demonstrate a system The first two efforts were conducted during the period June through November, 1972. Phase II will involve testing of system components; construction and testing of a mockup; and demonstration of the system on a truck to prove its effectiveness under actual operational and environmental conditions.

Jan 1, 1972

By John C. Machisak

THIS PUBLICATION presents injury experience and employment data for the nonmetal mining industry in the United States for 1960. Data for the mines and mills are presented separately, as shown in the list of tables. The Bureau of Mines is authorized to send questionnaires to the nonmetal mining industry for their voluntary submission of injury and employment data. As the information submitted contributes largely to the promotion of safety in the industry, special effort has been made to make these questionnaires as complete as possible.

Jan 1, 1963

By James R. Kerr

This study reviews the sulfur and suliuric acid industries in Eastern United States with emphasis on patterns of consumption and marketing. Output of sulfur in the East is relatively small, and most of the area's sulfur requirements are met by gulf coast Frasch sulfur. Over the long ten recovered elemental sulfur from sour natural gas and petroleum may become the East's major source of sulfur. In 1958 sulfuric acid manufacture consumed over 80 percent of the area's sulfur requirements. The leading uses for sulfuric acid were the manufacture of superphosphates and chemicals. Over the years, unit requirements for sulfur and acid in many major markets have been reduced through improved technology, but new markets always have been developed to keep the industry vital and growing.

Jan 1, 1965

Coal, America's most abundant fossil fuel, is expected to play a key role in our pursuit of energy independence. A substantial increase in coal exploitation will be required if we are to fulfill our future energy needs. It is essential that new developments continue if stable coal prices are to be achieved and maintained. The challenge of the mining industry is to continue these developments in the face of problems related to increasing labor costs, inflation and environmental restoration. With expectations of increased activity in surface coal mining, the U.S. Bureau of Mines has authorized this study to determine the preliminary economic and technologic feasibility of underspoil haulage in area strip coal mines and to identify geologic and geographic areas where such a system could be used. These objectives were met by literature search, data-gathering visits to several active area strip mines and by analyzing various haulage systems that were superimposed on three model mines. Potential advantages of such a system include: 1) improved mine design; 2) lower mine operating costs; 3) improved land reclamation; 4) lower manpower requirements; 5) lower mobile equipment requirements; and 6) smaller, less sophisticated maintenance facilities.

Jan 1, 1975

By James R. Kerr

This study reviews the sulfur and suliuric acid industries in Eastern United States with emphasis on patterns of consumption and marketing. Output of sulfur in the East is relatively small, and most of the area's sulfur requirements are met by gulf coast Frasch sulfur. Over the long ten recovered elemental sulfur from sour natural gas and petroleum may become the East's major source of sulfur. In 1958 sulfuric acid manufacture consumed over 80 percent of the area's sulfur requirements. The leading uses for sulfuric acid were the manufacture of superphosphates and chemicals. Over the years, unit requirements for sulfur and acid in many major markets have been reduced through improved technology, but new markets always have been developed to keep the industry vital and growing.

Jan 1, 1965

By S. K. Mathur

This report identifies all the possible activities, variables and factors that contribute to the surface subsidence process over room and pillar workings. These factors are responsible for mine instability and collapse that ultimately transforms into surface subsidence. Such a failure mechanism is initiated by the failure of the mine floor bed and or the failure of the pillars or the failure of the roof after second mining, which eventually brings down the roof. The individual responses of the pillar, floor and roof rocks to the mining induced stresses and the complex interaction between these components can't be attributable to any single factor. Also, no attempt has been made to quantify the significance of each of these factors and relate to the ground subsidence due to the lack of field data. The discussion here is centered primarily on the first mining though second mining is mentioned very briefly,

Jan 1, 1982