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By Peter K. Eriksson

Nanofiltration is very efficient in separating heavy metals from water solutions, even if they contain strong acids. Desalination System, Inc., has many years of experience in this area, and this paper deals with three different such cases. The first case deals with concentrating the heavy metals in the pregnant leach solution from a copper dump leaching site with a surplus water problem. The increased copper concentration in the pregnant leach solution increases the capacity of the following copper extraction stage. The nanofIltration permeate is polished with a biomass adsorption column to remove the small amounts of remaining heavy metals, before being discharged. This method eliminates sludge handling and disposal, which are quite costly with the alternative precipitation process. In the second case, a complicated precipitation method was used to remove heavy metals from the waste stream of a specialty metals manufacturer. Nanofiltration was installed to increase the metals concentration four times, which greatly simplified the precipitation process. The chemical consumption and sludge production decreased by more than 80 percent, and the labor cost decreased by 66 percent. In the third case, nanofiltration was used to purify waste sulfuric acid solutions containing heavy metals, to meet the specifications for technical grade acid. Sulfuric acid concentrations above 30 weight percent were successfully purified in a multiple pass membrane system.

Jan 1, 1996

By Versiane Albis Leão

This work aims at the selection of an appropriate eluant for cyanide recycling using ion exchange resins. Based on a literature review as well as on experimental results, the elution of resins loaded with copper and minor amounts of iron and nickel is discussed. The resins Imac HP 555s, Amberlite IRA 900 (Rohm&Hass) and Purolite A860S (Purolite Co) were eluted using either NaCI, zinc and nickel cyanides, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or acid thiourea solutions. The results indicate that saline solutions are effective only with polyacrylic resins (Purolite A860S), failing to desorb the metals, specially the nickel cyanocomplex, loaded on polystyrene-based resins. Cyanide solutions of both zinc and nickel are capable of eluting over 90% of the loaded metals. In contact with pure acid' solutions, iron precipitates onto the resin beads, as Cu(II) ferrous cyanideCu2Fe(CN)6.xH20. Thiourea is able to elute all the three metal cyanocomplexes owing to the increased solubility of copper cyanocomplexes in the presence of this complexing agent. The results demonstrate that a universal eluant is not available and the selection of the most appropriate resin-elution procedure should be based on the specific features of the system under consideration

Jan 1, 1998

By A. Yudiarto, M. Z. Mubarok

At the present paper, synthesis of magnesia from ferronickel smelting slag is discussed. The first stage was extracting magnesium from the slag by leaching in HCl solution. Magnesium extraction of 97% was obtained from the slag leaching with HCl 8 molar, solid:liquid ratio 1:40 (g/ml) and temperature 80 °C after 24 h. Solution purification was performed by adjusting solution’s pH at 95 °C with addition of MgO powder. At pH range range of 3–4, co-dissolved iron was removed as akagenite (b-FeOOH) precipitate. Dissolved nickel precipitation was detected at pH range of 4–6, while dissolved Mg and Al started to precipitate in the forms of pyroaurite (Mg6Fe2CO3(OH)16∙4H2O) and hydrotalcite (Mg6Al2CO3(OH)16∙4H2O) at pH range of 8–9. High purity of brucite (Mg(OH)2) was obtained by Mg precipitation at pH range of 11–12, under stirring speed of 300 rpm and stirring time of 4 h. Calcination of brucite at temperature of 1000 °C completely converted brucite to periclase (MgO) powder after 240 min.

Mar 1, 2017

By Guo Xueyi

The reaction mechanism for the manganese dioxide reductive dissolution in acidic chloride media in the presence of ferrous/ferric ions are based on theoretical delineation and dual cell experiments. In terms of the Buttler-Volmer equation and chemical kinetic principles, a electrochemical kinetic equation was deduced, which successfully provided a theoretical basis for describing the role of Cl-, Fe2+, Fe3+ and H+ in solution, as well as their interrelationship in manganese dioxide reductive dissolution. Dual cell experimental studies indicate that the increases of Cl- and Fe2 in solution are helpful to accelerate the couple process; while, Fe3and Mn2+ hinder the coupled reaction to some degree. Higher acidity in solution is beneficial to the dissolution of MnO2. All the dual cell experimental results are consistent with the theoretical deduction. This study will be useful to understand the mechanism for the leaching of manganese nodules from the deep ocean, as well as the leaching of manganese dioxide ore from land.

Jan 1, 2003

By Laurentiu Nastac

"The importance of investigating solute redistribution during the unidirectional solidification of multi-component alloys is broadly discussed in the literature. A previously developed analytical model that was experimentally validated for Al-Cu, Sn- Bi and Fe-Si dilute binary alloy systems is used in this article to study in detail the solute redistribution, the liquid/solid interface stability based on an extended transient constitutional undercooling criterion and the size of the initial transient region during the unidirectional solidification of Ti-6-4 and Ti-17 alloys. A comparison between Ti-6-4 and Ti-17 alloy systems with respect to interface stability and the size of the initial transient region is also provided. The effective partition coefficients of the alloying elements in these alloys were determined based on specially designed experimental measurements.IntroductionThe importance of investigating solute redistribution during alloy solidification is broadly discussed in the literature [1-5]. One of the relevant applications of this study would be the mathematical modeling of equiaxed and columnar solidification of multicomponent alloys. This includes the instability of the solid/liquid interface. There are several mass and heat transfer processes that involve the calculation of solute redistribution during directional solidification such as industrial directional solidification processes, continuous casting, remelting processes, Czochralski crystal growth technique, floating zone techniques, etc."

Jan 1, 2012

By Chen Song

In the experiments of purifying the solution of chlorine leaching from nickel concentrate with N235, the effects of organic phase composition on purifying efficiency have been studied. From the results obtained, the optimal organic phase composition is found to be 25%N235+12%isomerous alcohol +63%sulfonic kerosene (VIV) and the saturated content of cobalt in organic phase is7.95 g*dm3. And then the serial experiment is carried out. The results show that at the given organic phase composition, the purified solution contains p(Ni) >200 gm dm3, p(Ni)l p(Co) >50000 and the contents of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn meet the technical criterion of standard nickel electrolyte. The cobalt chloride solution contains p(Co) >I10 g L-1, p(Co) lp(Ni)>50000 and the enrichment of cobalt has been achieved.

Jan 1, 2006

Lead removal has been problematic in nickel production by electrowinning from chloride solutions, as developed by Falconbridge. The C12 leach liquor needs to be diluted by electrolyte to allow precipitation of the lead prior to electrowinning. This results in higher solution purification costs and an aversion to consider lead contaminated (secondary) feeds. In this paper, the electrowinning of nickel chloride is carried out in a membrane equipped electrolytic cell. When lead containing nickel solutions are fed into the anode compartment and the anolyte is separated from the catholyte with a cation exchange membrane, lead remains in the anolyte due to the presence of a negatively charged chloride complex. The positive nickel ions migrate preferentially through the membrane to the catholyte, allowing a lower lead nickel cathode to be produced. Lead concentration in the catholyte and the cathode product has been tested as a function of lead concentration in the anolyte. Results are presented and discussed.

Jan 1, 1998

By Senlin Xie, Wanlin Wang, Lejun Zhou

"The innovative development of multiphase slag in hot-metal treatment has attracted considerable attention due to the reduction of CaO consumption and minimal environmental emission. In order to improve the efficiency of dephosphorization and to reutilize the waste-slag as an alternative source of phosphate ores, it is important to increase the distribution ratio of P2Os between the solid solution (2CaO· SiO2-3CaO· P2O 5) and liquid slag. An investigation was carried out to study the effects ofNa2O and B2O3 on the distribution ratio of P2Os, the results indicated that the increase ofNa2O would enhance the distribution ratio of P2Os with the formation of solid solution (2CaO·SiO2-Na2O·2CaO·P2Os), while B2O3 has the opposite function, and changes the morphology of solid solution. The study would provide an instructive way for the design of multiphase slag and re-utilization of waste-slag.IntroductionIn order to meet the increasing demand for high quality low-phosphorus steel, it requires a high efficient hot metal dephosphorization process. The current slag system for hot metal treatment contains large amount of solid CaO dispersed in liquid slag, which introduced a large amount of CaO consumption due to its low solubility, especially when CaF2 was restricted due to the environmental concerns. Therefore, new refming method to improve the utilization efficiency of CaO by using a solid/liquid coexisting multiphase slag was proposed, and the studies regarding to solid solution formation mechanism, mass transfer behavior of phosphorus and the phase relationship for multi-phase slag have been conducted. [1-6]Normally, hot metal dephosphorization slag consists of CaO--SiOz-FeO--P2O 5, and it has been approved that 2CaO·SiO2 forms a solid solution with 3CaO·P2Os at the hot metal treatment temperature over a wide range of compositions. [7] Kitamura et al [8] pointed out that the (2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O 5) solid solution plays an important role in dephosphorization, and it has been regarded as an absorbents for phosphorus to lower the phosphorus content in liquid phase, which makes it more capable for future dephosphorization. l Besides, the multiphase slag has the potential to be recycled as a source of phosphorus, if the (2CaO· SiO2-3CaO· P2O 5) solid solution could contain high phosphorus content, and it can be separated from FeiO matrix 8hase due to the large difference of their magnetic properties under the strong magnetic field. [10, 11]"

Jan 1, 2014

By Junji Shibata

It is important to recover and reuse the metal values contained in various industrial wastes in a viewpoint of environmental preservation. Most of industrial products are made through the processes to separate impurities in raw materials, solid and liquid wastes being necessarily discharged as industrial wastes. Chemical methods such as solvent extraction, ion exchange and membrane, and physical methods such as heavy media separation, magnetic separation and electrostatic separation are considered as the methods for separation and recovery of the metal values from the wastes. In this paper, some examples of the application of solvent extraction to the treatment of wastes are introduced. The treatment of solid wastes such as Ni-Co alloy scrap, Sm-Co alloy scrap, fly ash and flue dust, and liquid wastes such as plating solution, the rinse water, etching solution and pickling solution are accomplished using solvent extraction technique.

Jan 1, 1996

By Donna L. Bodine

The ability of oxidized Upper Freeport bituminous coal to adsorb Cu2+, Cd2+ and Mn(VII) from very dilute aqueous solutions has been studied. Low-rank coal is known to adsorb heavy metal ions from dilute, aqueous solutions, probably by ion exchange and/or chelation by acidic functional groups on the coal surface. However, it would be advantageous to use higher rank coals for water treatment. Coal samples were oxidized thermally or by 30% H202 to increase the surface concentration of phenolic and carboxylic groups, then portions were shaken with Cu2+ and Cd2+ solutions. Acidic KMnO4 was also used to oxidize coal, with concurrent sorption of the resulting Mn(IV) and Mn(ll). The effect of oxidation treatment, metal ion concentration, and solution pH on metal uptake kinetics was investigated. Potential applications for treating effluents, especially those containing oxidizing ions, are discussed, along with possible flowsheet options.

Jan 1, 1995

By Wentao Guo, Xuefeng She, Qingguo Xue, Jingsong Wang

By the coke gasified reaction device and online measurement high-temperature compressive strength apparatus, the variation of pore structures of coke after gasified reaction with CO2 and H2O was investigated. Research illuminating the influences of solution loss rate, temperature, and carbon species on compressive strength of coke was also carried out. The results showed that the total compressive strength was higher than for the reaction with CO2. The high-temperature compressive strength of coke decreased with the increasing of solution loss ratio or temperature after reacting with CO2 and H2O. At the same solution loss ratio, the damage of pore structure to coke strength after gasified reaction with H2O was relatively smaller and the deformation resistance was stronger when compared with that in CO2.

Jan 1, 2016

By V. D. Tathavadkar

Natural chromite mineral is a solid solution of spinet end members namely: chromite (FeCr2O4), hercynite (FeA1204), magnetite (Fe3O4), magnesio-chromite (MgCr2O4), (MgA12O4), and magnesio-ferrite (MgFe2O4). A phase transformation in chromite minerals occurs in oxidising conditions during the soda-ash roasting reaction. This phase transformation plays an important role in improving the extraction efficiency of Cr3+ from mineral phase. The extraction efficiency of chromium (Cr3+) from chromite to a water¬soluble sodium chromate (Cr6+) salt depends upon the decomposition kinetics of the spinet phase. An investigation of the phase changes in chromite ores in the absence of sodium carbonate was carried out in air, argon, and in argon +5 % hydrogen gas mixture. The thermodynamics of phase transformation reaction in chromite solid solution phase is discussed using the solution model proposed by Sack and Ghiorso [1]. The microstructural changes and the changes in elemental compositions of different phases were examined by SEM and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) respectively. The experimental results indicate that the solid solution spinet phase in chromite mineral undergoes spinodal decomposition under the influence of oxygen partial pressure and temperatures. The structure of phases formed and their morphologies suggest that the phase decomposition may be similar to those observed by Burkert et. a]. 121, although the scale of phase separation in chromite appears to be strongly dependent on oxygen partial pressure.

Jan 1, 2001

By Nobuaki Sato

For the recovery of uranium from spent nuclear fuel, sulfide reprocessing process, which consists of voloxidation, selective sulfurization, and magnetic separation or selective dissolution steps, are proposed. In this paper selective sulfurization of rare-earth oxides in the presence of uranium oxides was studied by thermogravimetry and X-ray diffractometry. In case of the mixture with UO2, the rare earth oxides R2O3 (R=Nd, Eu, etc.) were preferentially sulfurized by CS2 formingoxysulfides and sulfides, while UO2 remained at temperatures lower than 500 °C. When R2O3was mixed with U3O8, first, the reduction of U3O8 to UO2 occurred at low temperatures followed by the sulfurization of R2O3. The separation of rare earth elements from UO2 in suspensionsolution by the use of permanent magnet was examined. The advantage of the proposed process was also discussed by compared with current process.

Jan 1, 2006

By Ludovic Charpentier

Production of metallic wires directly from liquid jets would avoid drawbacks of extrusion (space needed, damaging, cost?) and enable recycling. But liquid jets tend to break, due to capillary instabilities, unless a solid layer (coating or start of solidification) surrounds it. We recently developed a process to produce tin wires, cooled by water flow parallel to the jet. Superficial oxidization of tin produces a glass coating around the jet. Studies showed the length of wires increased when increasing speed of tin jets, and that water average speed should be the closest possible to the jet one to have smooth fibers. Producing 1 mm diameter wires is possible. The length of wires is limited by the experimental setup, which does not provide possibilities to coil the wire. Most of other metals do not generate glass-like oxides. The lack of coatings makes it necessary to reduce the capillary instabilities to obtain fibers.

Jan 1, 2006

By Raj P. Singh

Lewatit TP207, a chelating resin with iminodiacetate functional group, is used for the purification of cobalt hexammine chloride solution for divalent cationic impurities (US Patent No. 5,154,757). The method is employed at commercial scale in OSRAM SYLVANIA Inc. cobalt chemical production since 1992. It is observed that after long use in the purification of cobalt hexammine chloride solution, a large number of resin beads tum black from their original beige color. The purpose of this paper was to characterize these black-colored resin beads for their ion exchange behavior. The resin sample used in this work was an exhausted production TP207 resin containing large number of black-colored beads. The results indicated that blackened resin beads can be regenerated to almost full capacity and' their ion exchange behavior for the purification of cobalt hexammine chloride solution was comparable to the new resin.

Jan 1, 2001

By Zhen Zhang, Jiang Diao, Tao Zhang, Yi Ren, Lu Jiang, Xiao-Man Yan, Bing Xie

The precipitation behavior of phosphorus enrichment phase was investigated by slag modification with Al2O3. The mineral phase of the original slag and modified slags were measured by mineral phase microscope, SEM+EDS and XRD. The mechanism of Al2O3 modification was discussed according to the thermodynamic theory analysis software (Factsage version 6.3). The results show that the high phosphorus solid solution (nˊ2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O5) was generated by the continuous reaction of nC2S-C3P (nˊ＜n) solid solution and Al2O3 under 1350℃. The amount of initially precipitated solid solution (nC2S-C3P) was reduced and even disappeared with the increasing of Al2O3. If the addition of Al2O3 is enough in the slag, the high phosphorus solid solution (nˊC2S-C3P) that generated by the above mentioned reaction will continue to react with Al2O3 to produce Ca2Al2SiO7 and even C3P, which was demonstrated that the addition of Al2O3 has a positive influence on the precipitation of phosphorus enrichment phase.

Jan 1, 2015

By Jianxin Zhang

A process, in which arsenic in the residue is transformed directly into scorodite and copper dissolves into the solution simultaneously, was studied. The process was carried out in acidic ferrous sulfate solution under oxygen pressure. The optimum conditions of the process were determined as follows: the initial H2SO4 concentration of 10 g/L; liquid/solid ratio of 10; Fe/As molar ratio in the feedstock of 1; the addition of calcium lignosulphonate was 1% of sludge; oxygen pressure, temperature and reaction time were 1.5 MPa, 150 °C and 6 h, respectively. Under these conditions, arsenic transformed to crystalline scorodite in size of 5–10 μm, and the transformation efficiency reached 97.60%; meanwhile, the copper was leached with a high efficiency of 93.34%. The stability of the leaching residue was evaluated by TCLP testing, and the results indicated the concentration of arsenic in the leaching solution was extremely low as 0.04 mg/L and met the standard of safe stockpile.

By Akram Alfantzai, Farzad Mohammadi, Maysam Mohammadi

"Degradation of lead anodes has always been a major concern among the electrowinning industries. In this study, the effect of agitation of the zinc electrowinning solution on the integrity of lead anodes was investigated. Galvanostatic experiments were performed at 37±0.5°C using 0,600 and l000rpm magnetic stirring rates for 24 hours. The Pb02 layer formed on the anode surface was reduced to PbS04 (discharged). The discharge information was used to calculate the amount of Pb02 present on the surface. Weight loss measurements along with the discharge calculations revealed that the degradation rate of the lead anode increased as the solution was stirred more vigorously. Furthermore, the amount of remaining Pb02 on the surfaces was decreased as a function of solution velocity. Therefore, it may be concluded that, degradation rate oflead anodes is controlled by detachment of the corrosion products from the surface rather than by electrochemical reactions. IntroductionElectrowinning is one of the extraction stages of zinc, in which pure zinc is deposited from acidic solution after froth flotation, roasting and leaching processes. The anode electrode materials play important roles in the electrowinning process. Their electrocatalytical capacities determine the oxygen evolution overpotential, and consequently the cell potential and energy efficiency of the zinc electrodeposition [l]. Purity of the zinc deposited on the cathode is affected by the solubility and corrosion resistance of the anode materials. Using insoluble materials as anode in the electrowinning leads to the higher purity of the deposited metal on the cathode[2]. Lead (Pb) and its alloys have been used as the anode in the zinc electrowinning because of its special properties such as relatively low cost, low melting point, insolubility in solutions containing sulphuric acid and high conductivity in both states of metallic and oxidized [3, 4]. In zinc electrowinnig, zinc reduction occurs on the cathode (reaction 1) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) (reaction 2) is the main anodic reaction [5, 6]."

Jan 1, 2013

By A. Rawat

The removal of oxyanions of arsenic present in mine process water and drinking water to a regulatory level is a challenging problem. Recently a patented adsorbent lanthanum oxide has been developed which has shown strong specificity for the anions of arsenic. In this paper the kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of arsenic adsorption on to lanthanum oxide are discussed. Adsorption tests were performed at different temperatures using synthetic solutions of arsenic of varying concentrations. From the kinetic data and adsorption isotherms thermodynamic properties such as Gibb's free energy, standard enthalpy of adsorption, standard entropy, isosteric heat of adsorption and activation energy were determined. The results showed that temperature had a positive effect on the rate and degree of adsorption:The activation energy decreased with increase in the initial concentration thus indicating solute-solute interactions in the system. Also, the isosteric heat was found to decrease with increase in the adsorption density implying a heterogeneous adsorbent surface.

Jan 1, 1998

By Toshiharu Hayashi

We prepared the water dispersed with Au particles ranging from 10 to 20 nm size by a novel wet chemical synthesis; generating seeds of Au cluster by adding a borane dimethylamine complex into chloroaureic acid (gold salt) solution, and then growing simultaneously with aminoalcohol included in the solution. As-prepared Au nano-particles with chemical surface modification were found to have some attractive performances, i.e., showing a high dispersiveness in an aqueous solution in a long time, sintering nano-particles at low temperature, and having low resistivity in the film prepared from nano-particles. In the case that smaller Au nano-particles were removed from as-prepared colloid, especially, Au thin film formed on the surface of Si plate showed the excellent value of 7.0x10-6ohm cm (reference peculiar resistance: 2.35x10-6 ohm cm).The sintering temperature was dependent on the elimination of 2-aminoethanol that modified on the surface of Au nano-particles.

Jan 1, 2006