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By A Finch, C Pridmore

The Cosmo Project falls within the Archaean to Palaeo-Proterozoic Pine Creek Orogen, one of the major mineral provinces of Australia.The Cosmo Deposit is interpreted to be a series of steep north-west-plunging gold mineralised vein, breccia and shear systems within the tight Howley Anticline and hosted within interbedded siltstones, mudstones, banded iron, phyllites, dolerite sills and greywacke.A folded environment poses a number of technical challenges, particularly for estimation.Handling of tightly folded and in some cases narrow domains might include subdomaining for orientation, omni-directional three-dimensional (3D) estimation within constrained domains or software-enabled unfolding/un-wrinkling procedures (transformation of the data and estimate space into a two-dimensional environment). Each technique has its own unique set of advantages and disadvantages.A further method (one applied at Cosmo) is where the estimation parameters (specifically search and variography orientation) are modified in a frequent or ‘dynamic’ sense to suit the orientation of the domain whilst maintaining 3D space. Control of the resource estimation orientation can be done in several ways, including the use of sectional panels of a specific size or, alternatively, orientation sector divisions. The sector approach provides some significant reductions in processing time over the panel technique and could be applied in a number of software packages.Three-dimensional ‘dynamic’ interpolation reconciles well with production data from Cosmo, whilst the sector method provides a practical technique that can be executed without the complications of transformation or the need for labour-intensive orientation subdomaining and with acceptable resource estimation run time.CITATION:Finch, A and Pridmore, C, 2014. Dynamic interpolation – estimation in a folded environment at the Cosmo Deposit, Northern Territory, Australia, in Proceedings Ninth International Mining Geology Conference 2014 , pp 107–114 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 18, 2014

By Frank Rausche

The more widespread use of Augered Cast-in-Place (ACIP) Piles has generated increased demand for improved quality control measures. These deep foundation elements are often relatively long and slender and their structural quality depends on the experience of the installers, the adequacy of their drilling and pumping equipment, and of course, the properties of the soil. Since the concrete of ACIP piles is pumped under pressure into the borehole, the piles may achieve a very high unit shaft resistance if conditions are favorable and the piles are well constructed. Three types of methods can help assure that the piles are properly executed. During construction, monitoring the volume of concrete pumped and the pressure applied helps avoid structural defects. After installation, and once the concrete has hardened, the Pulse Echo Method allows for a check of the structural integrity of the shaft. Finally, a load test, performed some time after installation, yields a check of both bearing capacity and structural integrity of an individual pile. Because of their expense and associated construction delays, static load tests are normally done for only a few piles. However, at large construction sites, it may be necessary to perform many load tests either as a planned construction control activity or as a means of spot checking or verifying suspect piles. For smaller sites, however, static load testing may be prohibitively expensive. In such situations, dynamic load testing, originally developed for driven piles, has frequently been employed for drilled shafts and ACIP piles. In the latter case special consideration must be given to the ACIP pile slenderness and their often relatively low concrete design strength, which may not tolerate high dynamic loading stresses even though their unit resistance along the shaft is relatively high. Lately, the dynamic load test has become more feasible with the availability of loading systems that are custom tailored to this particular pile type. These systems produce a low velocity, low stress and high energy impact. Recent developments have also made the instrumentation process simpler: force measurements are now made on the ram rather than on the pile for increased reliability and simplicity. This presentation describes the requirements for successful dynamic load testing of auger cast piles and summarizes results from several projects where the new loading system and newly developed instrumentation was employed. A few cases are presented correlating static load test results with dynamic predictions, calculated by CAPWAP®.

Jan 1, 2001

By Paikowsky, Samuel G.

"Due to the way drilled deep foundations are being constructed, their structural integrity and geotechnical capacity are highly variable. Drop weight systems are increasingly being used to dynamically test the capacity and integrity of drilled deep foundations. Conventional pile driving hammers are often either inadequate or not economical to test these foundations and drop weight systems have therefore been developed to allow for dynamic testing.The advantages of the tests include high mobility, short testing time, low cost relative to static load tests (allowing multiple tests at a single site), and integrity/construction quality evaluation concurrent with capacity determination. The dynamic testing method for drilled deep foundations encounter several difficulties including: the need for a pre-testing analysis for matching pile, soil and testing system, adequate mass and drop height to reflect the mobilized capacity without structural damage, test interpretations for irregularly shaped and/or non-uniform piles, need for reliable dynamic measurements depending on the impact and the distance between the impact and the measuring point, and limited knowledge about the accuracy of the predictions.The principles of the tests are presented using simplified models and demonstrated via a case history. Drop weight systems are reviewed. Dynamic measurement principles are explained and the construction and testing quality effects are outlined and demonstrated via numerical modeling and case histories. A comparison of dynamic and static tests is presented via a database, case histories and finally a short review of relevant codes is provided.1 IntroductionTraditional static axial load test is performed by a slow application of a force produced against independent reaction, imitating structural loading. It is the most reliable method to determine the pile’s performance as commonly required under typical service conditions. The major limitations of this testing are: (i) high cost associated with set-up, test duration, interpretation and construction delays, and (ii) inability to obtain information about the pile-soil interaction along the pile without additional testing means (e.g. tell tales, strain gauges, etc.). These limitations are acute when high capacity foundations are involved."

Jan 1, 2015

By Thai Nguyen Ph. D

Dynamic Load Test (DLT) on driven piles has been performed routinely all over the world. In several recent projects, even 100% testing has become a norm where every single pile is dynamically load tested. In these cases, most piles are of uniform sections, making the field analysis (CASE method) straight forward. The CASE method, which has been used for the last 50 years, however, is only applicable to uniform piles to monitor pile driving stresses as well as pile capacities. Signal matching analysis can handle different configurations. However, the analysis used to require user inputs (i.e., non-automatic). Manual signal matching analysis, which can solve non-uniform solutions, traditionally takes hour(s) to complete for one blow. As such, the real-time pile driving stresses and resistances had traditionally been relying upon the CASE method, using typical range of CASE damping (JC). Until 2021, due to the lack of a rigorous instant signal matching analysis for non-uniform piles, no tool was available to help engineers evaluate non-uniform piles in real-time. An inexperienced field engineer may overlook this shortcoming when evaluating peak driving stresses. Furthermore, ultimate bearing resistances for non-uniform piles may require further evaluation to account for the non-uniformity of piles if relying on the CASE method. This paper highlights recent advances in instant Signal Matching Analysis on non-uniform piles, allowing field engineers to monitor stresses and resistances of non-uniform piles during driving.

Oct 1, 2022

By Weijian Yu, Jianbiao Bai, Jinlin Xin, Shiqiang Xu, Shuai Yan, Zizheng Zhang, Hai Wu

The retained roadway subjected to dynamic loading from thick and hard roof (THF) fracturing caused severe deformations in the thick coal seam (TCS). Understanding the dynamic loading mechanism of gob-side entry retaining (GER) in TCS with THF is the first step in determining the stability of the retained roadway. Characteristics of dynamic loading mechanism of gob-side entry retaining (GER) in TCS with THF are investigated through numerical simulation and field test of 150208 haulage gate in Sucun coal mine. To improve the reliability of numerical simulation, the double-yield model is used to simulate gob and the strain-softening model is used to simulate filling body; the dynamic module in FLAC3D is used to simulate the dynamic loading due to the THF fracture, and the global model are validated. Characteristics of surrounding rock convergence, plastic zone distribution, and vertical stress in the filling body after the THF fracture are reveled with respect to width to height ratio (W/H) of the filling body and the dynamic loading strength of the THF. The rational width to height ration of the filling body constructed with high-water materials is 0.57. Field monitoring results show that the GER with THF in Sucun coal mine could adapt the dynamic loading due to the THF fracture and meet the requirement. This study is helpful to better study the stability of GER according to the breaking dynamic load of THF and provides reference and guidance for the analysis of breaking dynamic load of THF under similar geological conditions.

Feb 23, 2023

By C. Steyn, J. D. le Roux

A dynamic model is used to represent the single-stage closed grinding mill circuit at Mogalakwena North Concentrator. The circuit consists of a ball mill closed by a hydrocyclone. The circuit is modelled according to a semi-mechanistic non-linear dynamic model available in literature. An algebraic routine is used to fit model parameters to steady-state process data. Preliminary validation results against dynamic data indicate that the model is capable of capturing the main dynamic trends of the plant. Since classical system identification techniques proved insufficient to produce accurate models; the non-linear model can be used as a reliable source for model-predictive controller design. Keywords: Grinding, modelling, process control, parameter estimation

Jan 1, 2020

By M. Karamoozian

Modelling and optimisation of the power draw of large SAG mills are important due to the large power draw which modern mills require (5~10 MW). The cost of grinding is the single biggest cost within the entire process of mineral processing. Traditionally, modelling of the mill power draw has been done using empirical models. Although these models are reliable, they cannot model mills and operating conditions, which are not within the model database boundaries. Also, due to their static nature, the impact of the changing conditions on the power draw, within the mill, cannot be deter-mined using such models. Despite advances in computing power, on-line modelling of large plant scale mills could be a time consuming task. On the other hand, using on-line parameters for model-ling, result in more reliable control of SAG mill without performing any more costly tests. In this paper, SAG mill power draw is modelled using neural network approach. Six inputs, namely: solid percent, two bearing pressures, noise, recycle and feed rate were used to model the power draw. The produced model shows an acceptable correlation coefficient, R2 =0.9623.

Jan 1, 2014

By Scott Webster

Dynamic pile Monitoring Services (DMS) have been used for testing of offshore piles for several decades. However, most of this testing was to measure hammer performance and pile stresses rather than pile capacity or soil resistance. As the need for more economical solutions for foundation support increases, the use of DMS has provided a better means of evaluating in-place pile capacity for offshore structures, and therefore a method of determining pile acceptance. The authors have been involved in several offshore projects where DMS has been the primary source of data for acceptance of the driven pile foundations. The use of DMS for evaluation of offshore foundations requires considerations quite different from land applications and these considerations are often necessary for the careful and thorough analysis of the collected data in nearly real time for determination of pile acceptance. Case Method capacity estimates are often of little use due to the non-uniform cross sections of the foundation piles and their deep penetrations. Therefore, capacity assessments should be made using CAPWAP which is a signal matching program whose utility and reliability has been proven on thousands of projects every year, both on land and offshore. Depending upon the soil conditions at a given location, capacity assessment after soil setup effects may be necessary. In addition, tension capacity is often critical when pile refusal occurs significantly before the design pile penetration depth. Evaluation of uplift capacity can be accomplished by a CAPWAP analysis, which results in a total capacity prediction and its shaft resistance component. The use of hydraulic hammers for driving of these piles also adds the requirement of controlling hammer energy such that over-stressing of the pile is avoided. The calculation of non-axial stresses such as bending or eccentric stresses may also be involved in order to prevent pile damage.

Jan 1, 2010

By G. G. Goble

Dynamic pile testing is now over 20 years old as a routinely applied tool for evaluating driven pile installation. The first test on a cast-in-place pile was performed more that 15 years ago. The research that produced the method began almost 30 years ago. But, questions still arise regarding the appropriate use of this technique so some review is useful. Today a number of methods including dynamic testing all depending in some way on the application of dynamics are in routine use. First, Wave Equation analysis can be used to predict pile driveability before going to the field. The same approach can be used during driving to estimate the bearing capacity based on the blow count observed in the field. Dynamic measurements, on the other hand, can only be used after pile driving has begun. They offer predictions of pile capacity as well as measurements of hammer, driving system, and pile driving performance characteristics. The first part of this paper will be devoted to discussing how the foundation engineer can use these tools. First, a brief review of what dynamic methods actually do. In Wave Equation analysis a numerical model of the hammer, driving system, pile, and the soil is created by the engineer. The hammer is dropped on the pile and using a discrete, dynamic analysis the motion of the individual pile elements is calculated as a function of time. Of course, input information must be supplied by the program user to describe the hammer, driving system, pile, and soil. In the current state of development, the primary problem in input data is with the hammer performance (efficiency) and the soil description. Research may be able to do a better job with the soil data, but hammer performance will always vary from hammer to hammer and is dependent on the affectiveness of the inspection process. Prior to beginning pile driving the Wave Equation analysis supplies the best available estimate of what will happen when driving begins. It gives an estimate of blow count during driving, driving stresses, both tension and compression in the pile, and for diesel hammers, stroke. The selection of the driving system can be checked with the results of Wave Equation analysis and modifications can be made if required. For example, if the blow count at the required capacity was deemed excessive by the contractor a larger hammer could be tried or if driving stresses were too high changes could be made in the cushion or the hammer selection could be modified. All of these modifications are possible with only the cost of a computer run. The primary questions regarding the accuracy and reliability of Wave Equation analysis at this time is with regard to the assumptions made to represent the soil characteristics and the difficulty in predicting hammer performance.

Jan 1, 1993

By Taghi Sherizadeh, Kutay E. Karadeniz, Dogukan Guner, Samuel Nowak

Seals and build-in-place (BIP) refuge alternatives (RAs) are two main underground structures to isolate an area from the active working zones with different purposes. While seals are used to prevent methane gas that seeps from coal seams and blast pressures from a possible detonation of the contained gas, RAs are used to provide a safe haven for miners who are unable to escape their working locations after an accident like an explosion or fire. The recommended BIP RA designs can be similar to seals constructed with steel-reinforced concrete. Both seal and BIP RA are constructed in different locations of the mines for a period of time, exposed to a certain convergence due to stress redistribution which can change their responses during an explosion. In this study, a steel-reinforced concrete wall to be used in such applications is simulated to examine the structural performance during an explosion for a coal mine model with different strata conditions using dynamic analysis by a 3D distinct element method (DEM) code. The main purpose of this study is to reveal any possible effects or trends on the wall deformation with changes in strata conditions by implementing different combinations of roof, seam, and floor material properties. The model is calibrated by the experiment conducted on a steel-reinforced concrete wall by the NIOSH researchers in the Lake Lynn Experimental Mine. The results show that strong adjacent rock and coal units are the least favorable condition for the survival of the wall subjected to a simulated explosion pressure. The results indicate that changes in the roof and seam conditions can have dramatic effects on the deformation characteristics of the wall when compared to the floor conditions. The results of this study might be enlightening for future BIP RA and seal applications.

Feb 8, 2023

By Zheng Shuangying

The vibration effect of the buried oil pipeline caused by tunneling blasting affects the pipeline safe transportation, tunnel construction schedule and its construction cost. The dynamic response characteristic of the buried pipeline under blast loads is the foundation of designing blasting scheme as well as the prerequisite to pipeline safety. Taking the blasting engineering of Xiannvyan tunnel passing through a buried oil pipeline of the high-speed railway from Xi’an to Chengdu as the background, according to the space relation between tunnel and pipeline as well as the charge structure of V-cut blasthole, the 3D non-linear dynamic finite element model of tunnel-pipeline was established in the light of the equivalent explosive. The vibration response of the ground surface over pipeline resulting from V-cut blasting was simulated by LS-DYNA finite element program. Comparing with the measured vibration velocity waveforms in site, the accuracy and reliability of the numerical model are well verified. On the base of the simulation method, the coupling dynamic response characteristic between buried oil pipelines and soil was further studied and the Von-Mises stress distribution of pipeline wall was obtained. The safety of buried oil pipeline was quantitatively analyzed through the inside stress data of pipeline given by the simulation calculation above. The analytic results show that the maximum vertical vibration velocity of pipeline on the interface between pipeline and soil is 1.62~5.07 times as large as that of soil. When the buried pipeline is located over the tunnel and 13 m (42.6 ft) away from tunnel, the maximum vertical vibration velocity of ground surface caused by V-cut blasting with charge weight 17 kg (28.6 lb) is 3.17cm/s (1.25 in/s) and the vertical peak vibration velocity of pipeline top is about four times as the ground location directly above the pipeline. Meanwhile, the peak dynamic stress of the buried pipeline caused by blasting vibration is only 2.35% of the allowable stress of steel pipeline. The maximum superimposed stress of the blasting dynamic stress and the hoop stress produced by the pipeline internal pressure is 242.56 MPa (35 180.36), which implies that the buried oil pipeline is completely safe under the conditions of the given tunnel blasting scheme.

Jan 1, 2015

By S. A. Saki, J. F. Brune

"INTRODUCTION Longwall coal mining leaves large areas where the coal has been made removed and the roof rock strata collapse, forming a zone of broken rock rubble called the gob. Figure 1 shows a typical longwall gob area along with the gate roads. The ventilation pattern for progressively sealed longwall panels follows a simple “U” pattern where fresh air is coursed inby to the headgate, flows along the face and exhausts through the outby tailgate as shown in figure 1(a). An important variation of this pattern is the back return (BR) arrangement where the exhaust air from the face is drawn inby and around the nearest open cross cut before it turns in the outby direction towards the exhaust fan. Figure 1(b) illustrates the use of back return. This arrangement moves the point of low pressure from the tailgate corner up to 60 m inby and thus maintains fresh air in the tailgate region that could otherwise be contaminated with gob air.The gob area may contain remnants of unmined coal or parts of overlying coal beds that continue to release methane, eventually filling the gob area with methane in concentrations far above the explosive range of about 4.5 to 15%. Many gob areas must be equipped with gob ventilation boreholes (GVBs) to extract methane, and GVBs often exhaust methane at concentrations from 50% to 90% (Saki, 2016). Due to oxidation processes occurring in the gob, the oxygen content is reduced to a low level, with nitrogen and CO2 making up the major remaining components of the gob atmosphere. FORMATION OF EXPLOSIVE GAS ZONES IN GOBS Since the longwall face area is ventilated with fresh air below 1% methane and the face and gob areas are not separated, an explosive fringe will form where the methane content lies within the explosive range and oxygen content remains above 12%. Figure 2 shows a typical development of such an EGZ. This figure is based on a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model developed by CSM researchers to analyze gas concentrations and flow patterns in longwall mining. Figure 2(a) shows the formation of EGZ in the gob with a U type ventilation scheme, where EGZ lies right behind the shields in the tailgate corner. Figure 2(b) shows the formation of EGZ in the gob combining U type ventilation scheme with BR, where EGZ is pushed away from the face deep into the gob. The CFD modeling parameters and boundary conditions have been verified with field data from two cooperating, active longwall mines (see Worrall 2012, Marts 2015, Gilmore 2015 and Saki 2016). Other mine geometries, methane inflow rates and gob permeability distributions can be modeled to establish representative gob atmospheric conditions. Two GVBs were operating in the model, extracting 0.165 m3/sec each. The methane in the working areas and returns was kept below 1%. Methane flowing into the model from a rider coal bed above the mined seam was at the rate of 0.55 m3/sec."

Jan 1, 2017

The adoption of new technologies is accompanied by risks that the stakeholders will wish to understand and minimise. The process of developing a dynamic simulation and the plant it will be used in provides a discipline and attention to detail that highlights and provides an opportunity to mitigate risks that will exist in a production environment. The simulations will enable investigation of what the outcome of process failures will be and the impact maintenance. Enumerating this information will enable designs to be optimised and operating and control strategies to be tested.The success of new technology is dependent on the operators and their understanding of it and the machines that use it. In this context dynamic simulations can provide training and experience without risk to personnel, equipment or production. This experience will include situations that would not be induced in a production plant for training purposes. This paper outlines a generic template for a dynamic simulation that can be used to evaluate the introduction of an emerging technology into an operating environment. It includes process flows and surge capacity, breakdown and maintenance, operator interactions and availability, push and pull production scheduling and system control.

Sep 26, 2011

By P Navarra, R Kuhne

Dynamic simulation (discrete event simulation) is the preferred methodology to evaluate the impact of dynamic aspects of processing plants on the overall plant capacity. This tool can be used to: identify bottlenecks in the plant,justify upgrade and expansion projects by evaluating their impact, oroptimise maintenance and operating practices without disrupting the operation. Iron Ore Company of Canada's (IOC) pelletising plant is a complex operation because of multiple products, varying equipment capacity and shifting bottlenecks. Furthermore, with extensive capital requirements for projects and long lead times, a high level of confidence in project outcome is required. Therefore, a model of IOC's pelletising plant in Labrador City was constructed in 2007 by a joint IOC and Hatch team. The model includes both operational and metallurgical aspects in order to better capture the complexity of IOC operation. In this paper, the justification, boundaries, and functionality of the model are described. A comparison of simulation results to historical plant operation is given. It is observed that projects have interactions and that the benefits of combined projects are not equal to the combined benefits of the individual projects. Projects can have synergies that result in greater benefits when combined or can have overlapping benefits that result in lower benefits when combined. The power of the proposed modeling exercise lies in the ability to assess the impact of projects on overall performance.

Jan 1, 2009

By D. Berkley

Off-gas systems often become the limiting factor in production increase and environmental projects. Any upgrade or new off-gas project needs to address control instability issues, instabilities that can result in safety hazards, significant loss of system capacity and/or emissions to the environment [1]. In addition, the design engineer must optimize system configuration and equipment size for the new operating conditions, to have a technically feasible and economically viable project. Dynamic simulations can be used for addressing both the control stability and the design optimization issues. This paper illustrates how the dynamic simulation of transient processes and of their control system can be used in "real life" situations for these purposes, presenting the example of an electric furnace off-gas system design.

Jan 1, 2005

By P. G. Kovalchik

Recent research conducted by NIOSH, Pittsburgh Research Laboratory showed that electrical current levels permitted under present regulations may not limit cable temperatures to less than 90°C in reeled trailing cables. Reeled cables, tightly wrapped with many turns, all carrying current in an enclosed space, can become overheated due to poor heat transfer. This overheating can cause the cable insulation to soften and become easily damaged. The damaged insulation reduces the life of the cable and can lead to shock, electrocution, and mine fires. This paper describes a method of measuring the conductor temperature of mine trailing cables during normal operation. The temperature is measured using a 50/125 micrometer Graded Index Multimode Optical Fiber located in the center of the metallic conductors. Distributed temperature measurements are made using an Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR). This system is capable of measuring temperature with an accuracy of plus or minus one degree centigrade over a length of 4 km at 1-m intervals. With this unique way of measuring temperature, tests can be conducted simulating actual mine conditions and provide important data to allow MSHA's Approval and Certification Center to develop approval criteria for cyclically rated reeled machines.

Jan 1, 1998

By Justin Cardwell, Alyson Cartwright

"Grade estimation is the cornerstone of longrange mine planning. Pit designs, metal recovery, mining costs, reserves calculations and reporting are all dependent upon a reliable grade model. If the geology is poorly understood or the interpolation methods and parameters have been haphazardly constructed, then massive financial losses will be the inevitable outcome. Therefore, a properly trained geologist must use all of the appropriate tools available including deposit knowledge and advances in modeling technology to construct the most geostatistically and practically sound long-range block model.Certain deposits, such as the sedimenthosted deposits at Tenke-Fungurume, require an interpolation method that best suits the style of mineralization. In 2014, Hexagon Mining developed a tool in MineSight called dynamic unfolding (MSDU) that has the potential to improve upon previous Euclidean-based interpolation methods. MSDU utilizes the nonstationarity of a folded grade trend to more accurately construct variograms and improve interpolation results based upon a modeled three-dimensional surface.Geology overview. The sediment-hosted Tenke-Fungurume mining district is located in the southeastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Fig. 1). The rocks within the district are primarily dolomites and shales from the lower half of the Roan Supergroup that were mineralized by ascending pregnant copper and cobalt rich brines within a massive sedimentary basin (Cailteux et al., 2005) (Fig. 2). These oxidized brines likely found a fluid channel in the porous RSC unit. The surrounding rock units provided a redox boundary for copper and cobalt precipitation along organic rich beds, forming a massive stratabound deposit that was later broken up by several subsequent tectonic events (Dewaele et al., 2006)."

Jan 1, 2015

By A. Cartwright, J. Cardwell

"Complex geology requires innovative approaches to confidently and appropriately model grade and geologic trends. Local Anisotropy Kriging (LAK), by Isaaks and Company, and MineSight® Dynamic Unfolding (MSDU) from Hexagon Mining are advanced interpolation methods designed to best estimate grade along deformed three-dimensional grade trends at sediment-hosted deposits. While LAK works in Euclidean space for the construction of variograms, kriging weight assignment, and non-linear local interpolation search ellipsoids, MSDU is far more dynamic and can utilize a modeled three-dimensional undulating surface representing a folded grade trend to construct the above mentioned. MSDU was implemented at the sediment-hosted, stratabound Tenke-Fungurume mining district and revealed major block-to-block differences in interpolated copper and cobalt grades compared to LAK. INTRODUCTION Grade estimation is the cornerstone of long-range mine planning. Pit designs, metal recovery, mining costs, reserves calculations and reporting are all dependent upon a reliable grade model. If the geology is poorly understood or the interpolation methods and parameters have been haphazardly constructed, then massive financial losses will be the inevitable outcome. Therefore, a properly trained geologist must use all of the appropriate tools available including deposit knowledge and advances in modeling technology to construct the most geostatistically and practically sound long-range block model. Certain deposits, such as the sediment-hosted deposits at Tenke-Fungurume, require an interpolation method that best suites the style of mineralization. In 2014, Hexagon Mining developed a tool in MineSight called dynamic unfolding (MSDU) that has the potential to improve upon previous Euclidean-based interpolation methods. MSDU utilizes the non-stationarity of a folded grade trend to more accurately construct variograms and improve interpolation results based upon a modeled three-dimensional surface. Geology Overview The sediment-hosted Tenke-Fungurume mining district is located in the southeastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Figure 1). The rocks within the district are primarily dolomites and shales from the lower half of the Roan Supergroup that were mineralized by ascending pregnant copper and cobalt rich brines within a massive sedimentary basin (Cailteux et al., 2005) (Figure 2). These oxidized brines likely found a fluid channel in the porous RSC unit. The surrounding rock units provided a redox boundary for copper and cobalt precipitation along organic rich beds, forming a massive stratabound deposit that was later broken up by several subsequent tectonic events (Dewaele et al., 2006). Layering and Block Orientations To capture the bedding-controlled nature of the Tenke-Fungurume copper and cobalt mineralization, each lithology type must be subdivided into individual layers with a uniform thickness (Figure 3). The thickness of each layer is determined by the user, but should equal the bench height to achieve maximum resolution within each lithology type. Composites are back coded from the model to achieve layer codes that match block locations."

Jan 1, 2016

By Ingvar Ymén, Anders Sandc, Jan Rosenkranzc, Lisa Malma, Ann-Sofi Kindstedt Danielssonb

The understanding of particle surface properties is essential for the study and evaluation of froth flotation phenomena, particularly in the investigation of various chemical or reagent effects. Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS) is a method used for the analysis of surface properties of powders for instance in the pharmaceutical industry. To the knowledge of the authors, it has however not been used before in applications related to mineral processing. The DVS technique involves measurement of the water uptake of a relatively small amount of sample as a function of the relative humidity (% RH) in a temperature-controlled environment. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the method and investigate how it can complement existing techniques for surface characterization in mineral processing. Four samples (feed, CuPb concentrate, Cu concentrate and Pb concentrate) from the Cu – Pb flotation process in the Garpenberg concentrator, Sweden, were analyzed by DVS and the traditional capillary absorption technique (Washburn capillary rise). This enabled comparison between the two methods and evaluation of their respective advantages and disadvantages. Both methods give the expected ranking of the hydrophobicity for CuPb concentrate, Cu concentrate and Pb concentrate, but a discrepancy was observed for the feed. Washburn gave a value for the contact angle which was in the same range as for the CuPb concentrate, whereas DVS gave a value for the moisture uptake which was much higher than for the CuPb concentrate. Thus, DVS ranks all samples correctly, but with an unexpectedly high value for the feed whereas Washburn gives good ranking for three samples out of four. Potential reasons for the discrepancies are discussed.

Jan 1, 2018

By M Kolbe

Co-Cu exhibits a metastable miscibility gap in the region of the undercooled melt. Specimens have been undercooled and solidified containerlessly into the metastable miscibility gap in an electromagnetic levitation facility (EML) and in drop tube (DT) experiments. Due to the high undercooling the velocity of the solidification front is very high and the microstructure is frozen in instantaneously. The microstructure of samples processed in the EML is influenced by the electromagnetic stirring due to the induction of electrical currents into the melt. A variety of microstructures has been observed. After undercooling below the binodal the liquid melt separates into the Co-rich L1-phase and the Cu-rich L2-phase. Two basic morphologies of the L1-phase can be observed, they can be attributed to the transition in dendrite growth from diffusionally and thermally controlled to only thermally controlled growth. Transient microstructures are observed after solidification in the vicinity of the binodal. Drop tube experiments, which lead to a rapid solidification of a distribution of droplets under reduced gravity conditions, in contrary allow for the observation of the early stages of demixing: the microstructure shows a homogeneous distribution of spherical particles of the minority phase in the droplets. The cooling rate of the droplets and its dependence on the droplet radius has been calculated. The solidification velocity as a function of undercooling has been measured in the EML for the composition Co-lB.Bat%Cu. The data are analysed in the framework of the LKTlBCT model with a velocity-dependent distribution coefficient as well as within a model of Galenko and Danilov using a kinetic growth coefficient of u=0.22 m/Ks.

Jan 1, 2002