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By K. L. Ludeke

For many reasons it appears that deep-rooted, perennial shrubs offer potential for improved stabilization and provide maintenance-free vegetative cover to harsh sites where perennial grasses have not been successful. The very fact that a drought-adapted shrub has a massive root system that can use moisture from a greater volume of mineral waste soil materials suggests that long-range arid environment resource development may be greatly enhanced by utilization of desirable forage shrubs. An effort is underway to assemble information and plant materials of promising species from many arid regions of the world. Surprisingly, many of the better plants for arid sites are quite high in protein content, and with proper management, breeding, and selection may prove to be very desirable livestock feed. Advancements in arid-land solid waste stabilization hold favorable promise for many industries that mine and mill in arid regions for effective reclamation of disturbed areas. Particularly exciting is the possibility of establishment of high density maintenance-free vegetative cover of climax vegetation that reclaims the disturbed area back to its original land use. Because of high shrub productivity, stabilization potential, nutritional quality, and reclamation success, greater use should be made of shrubs in disturbed land reclamation associated with mining and milling operations in harsh arid environments.

Jan 1, 1984

By James R. Dunn

The mineral industry" has made and will continue to make important contributions to the growth of our economy. However, the industry is presently under continuous and increasingly severe attacks by organizations and individuals interested in the preservation of our environment. Yet neither the public interest value of preservation nor the public interest value of our mineral industry is known. In the absence of such values, judgments about best land use where minerals are involved are nearly always made on emotional grounds. An example of the sort of problem that has been created is in the New York Metropolitan Area. Because of institutionally-created shortages stemming largely from zoning decisions and building over deposits, the effective cost of fine aggregate delivered at dockside at Manhattan rose from $2. 65/cubic yard in July, 1969, to $4.10/cubic yard in May, 1970, this in spite of approximately ;l0,000 years of reserves on Long Island. The cost of fine aggregate for New York City alone has "Increased over $S million annually within one year, with the cost increase for the Tri-State Metropolitan Area (coastal Connecticut, New Jersey, and New York)" exceeding $10 million annually. The ab0ve situation has created a cost increase which is clearly the result of non-conservation of a mineral resource. That is, in readily measurable values, it Is costing the public about $10 million per year because good conservation practices were ignored-a public-interest loss. Admittedly, this is not the whole story because the public is simultaneously obtaining other values from the land surface that would otherwise have had to be dedicated, temporarily to be sure, to mineral recovery-a public-interest gain. However, the point is that we do not know where the balance lies-the net public interest value; it may lie one way for deposits zoned out of existence by a growing suburb, another for areas designed as permanent greenbelts, and still another for areas under new highways

Jan 1, 1971

By A. L. Hornbaker

Management of mineral resources through land-use planning procedures is not a new concept, particularly at the local level of government. Colorado may well be one of the first states, however, to vigorously attempt to evaluate on both the state-wide and regional basis, mineral resource potential and to make certain that potential for mineral resources is included as one of the primary factors considered in the local land-use decision-making process. Less than a decade ago the only consideration given to mineral resource extraction, particularly aggregate resources, was whether or not they could be produced at the particular time they were needed. This attitude has now shifted to the other extreme, not only in Colorado, but other states as well, so that other interests, especially housing projects, mountain subdivisions, recreational and wilderness areas are gaining prime consideration in land-use decisions. Ideally, in a more acceptable median position, mineral resource potential would receive definite consideration at the local level.

Jan 1, 1977

By W. E. Wrather

DURING the war the mineral industry, and metal mining in particular, extended itself more than any other to attain the limit of its productive capacity. Likewise, probably no other industry went quite so far toward jeop¬ardizing its own economic future through depletion of material reserves. Once we looked to Europe for most of the manufactured goods we needed. Our own limited mineral requirements were easily supplied from mines near the Eastern seaboard. With expansion and industrialization, our mineral needs increased in proportion, and the centers of mining activity moved westward to Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and the Tri-State district, where seemingly inexhaustible high-grade deposits of iron, copper, lead, and zinc ores were opened and rapidly developed.

Jan 1, 1946

By N. Thompson

The Right Hon. Viscount Long, late Secretary of State for the Colonies, in his inaugural address to the Empire Mining and Metallurgical Congress in London last June said: "I am more and more? convinced by every day experience that the development and strengthening of the Empire must depend upon individual effort and action, and that it is useless to look to Governments for assistance." I am inclined to agree with Viscount Long, to this extent, that the initiative must come from individual effort, but Government assistance is necessary to put the results of that effort and action into effect. It is perhaps fitting at a gathering of this kind to remind ourselves of the part the mining industry has played, not only in the development of the British Empire but in the world at large, in the promotion of modern civilization. We do know that all human progress has been coincident with the early discoveries in the recovery and treatment of metals and, as the centuries have passed, the human race has become more and more dependent on these sciences as factors of all progress, and no nation has ever become powerful and prosperous that has lacked adequate mineral supplies, or having these, has allowed them to be exploited by other nations.

Jan 1, 1925

By Ana Chiquini, Clayton V. Deutsch

The most common approach used in the mining industry for mineral resources modeling is to estimate the grades using ordinary kriging and report the recoverable resources based on this deterministic estimated model. Mineral resources calculated with kriging are a smooth representation of the actual distribution of grades and do not provide an assessment of uncertainty. Unlike kriging, simulation reproduces the variability of the grades in the mineral deposit and provides an assessment of uncertainty. Reporting mineral resources directly on high-resolution simulation results would assume perfect knowledge of the grade at the time of mining and selectivity at the scale of the data. There will always be uncertainty left at the time of mining, so assuming perfect knowledge of the grade in the future is incorrect. There are two concerns when geostatistical simulation is used for resources modeling: the information and the mining selectivity effects. A new framework for resource estimation is proposed with two separate modules to address those concerns. The information effect is accounted for by anticipating the additional production data that will be available at the time mining to guide the destination for the mined material. The mining selectivity effect is addressed by mimicking the grade control procedure to get mineable dig limits at a chosen selectivity, represented by a minimum mineable unit size. In addition to a prediction of recoverable resources that will be closer to the material mined in the future, the framework proposed provides an assessment of local and global uncertainty for risk management.

May 26, 2020

By P. L. Drake

This paper comprises a discussion of the role which mineral resources will play in Canada's future export trade and the growing demand for minerals in Canada.

Jan 1, 1979

By Phillip R. Moyle

In 1985 the U.S. Bureau of Mines evaluated the mineral resources of tie Bruneau River and Jarbidge River study areas, Owyhee County, ID, for the U.S. Bureau of Land Management. The study areas, separated by a narrow corridor, include 90,000 acres of the 107,020-acre Bruneau River Wilderness Study Area (ID-111-17) and 47,000 acres of the 75,340-acre Jarbidge River Wilderness Study Area (ID-17-11). They lie 26 miles and 55 miles, respectively, due south of Mountain Home, ID. Approximately 38 placer claims for gold and 182 lode and placer claims for jasper, agate, and limestone were located within and adjacent to the study areas from 1893 to 1981. Currently, there are eight mining claims for jasper at Indian Hot Springs along the corridor between the study areas.

Jan 1, 1987

By Michael S. Miller

In 1984, at the request of the Bureau of Land Management, the U.S. Bureau of Mines studied the 34,050-acre Cow Creek Wilderness Study Area (WSA) in order to evaluate its mineral resources. The WSA, located about 60 miles southeast of Havre, MT, contains sandstones, shales, clays, and coal of Cretaceous age. The Cretaceous rocks have been intruded by ultramafic diatremes. Quaternary glacial, stream, and landslide deposits overlie the older rocks. Claims are staked at five of seven sites favorable for diamonds within the WSA and at additional sites nearby. Although the ultramafic diatremes within and near the WSA contain minerals that are indicators for diamonds, no positive evidence of diamonds was found during this study. An abandoned coal mine, the Shellenberger, is inside the southwest boundary of the WSA. Possible petroleum and natural gas at depth are currently of interest; land within the WSA is leased or under lease application for oil and gas. The WSA contains subeconomic clays, zeolites, gold, silver, platinum group metals, and coal.

Jan 1, 1986

By Howard A. Meyerhoff

AS a source of mineral wealth, the larger islands of the West Indies have never had an enviable reputation. The Spaniards took possession of them in the sixteenth century hopeful that they would yield gold; but it was not long before they knew the rather rigid limitations of Antillean gold production and were seeking-and finding ---richer deposits of the precious metals in Mexico and on the west coast of South America. Although a great deal of wealth changed hands in the West Indian islands in subsequent years, the fact may be laid to the abundance of pirates and privateers and not to the richness of local ore bodies.

Jan 1, 1941

By M. Y. Williams

Introduction During the economic investigation of Pacific Great Eastern Railway subsidy lands, the P.G.E. Survey of Resources made a geological and mineral survey of a large part of the valley of the Peace river as included in the Province of British Columbia. The immediate valley of the Peace river was surveyed from the mountains to the Alberta boundary; the valley of the Pine river was surveyed throughout; and the Dominion block, 70 miles square and lying astride the Peace river, westward from the Alberta boundary, was very carefully surveyed. The writer was in general charge of the field work, and spent half the field season of 1929 and the field season of 1930 in the region . J. B. Bocock, however, did the major part of the work, spending two seasons, 1929 and 1930, in the area. General Conclusions The rock formations within the area discussed are all sedimentary and range in age from pre-Cambrian to recent. As might be expected, the minerals are in the main non-metallic, coal being by far the most important. Favourable conditions exist for natural gas occurrence, and suitable structures for petroleum concentration occur, although the high carbon ratio of the coals sheds considerable doubt upon the actual occurrence of oil in the area. Materials of minor interest are ochre, calcareous tufa, marl, limonite, gravel, and building stone.

Jan 1, 1934

By Terry J. Close

At the request of the Idaho Congressional Delegation, the U.S. Bureau of Mines Western Field Operations Center investigated the mineral resources of the 140,000-acre Red Mountain roadless area, located northeast of Lowman, in central Idaho. The area includes U.S. Forest Service Red Mountain RARE II area (4-063). The highly mineralized road less area is underlain mainly by granitic rocks which are transected by a northeast-trending fault system. Associated with the granitic rocks and fault system are gold and black sand mineral resources. At least 1,395 ounces of gold and 858 ounces of silver have been recovered from six lode and placer mines within the roadless area. A total of 525 tons of columbium-tantalum, 2,049 tons of euxenite, 83.5 tons of columbite, and 54,862 tons of ilmenite concentrates have been produced from a nearby black sand mineral placer. Mine workings and facilities in the roadless area consist of two dismantled mills, 15 open and caved underground excavations totaling about 2,900 ft of workings, seven large pits and quarries, over 166 smaller dozer-and hand-dug prospect pits and trenches, and in excess of 66 drill holes. The mineralized sites in the roadless area are covered by about 690 current (1992) mining claims. About 130 individuals are holding the claims. Also within the roadless area are four patented lode mining claims. Twenty-five of the 54 mineralized sites identified during the study of the roadless area have, or likely have, mineral resources. One has gold and three have black sand mineral resources that are marginal or subeconomic. There also are two hot springs with thermal water resources, some veins that could be sources of decorative quartz, and dimension stone which was quarried in the past and could be again.

Jan 1, 1993

By John R. Benham

The West Pioneer RARE II study area, No. 1-006 (fig. 1), has Figure 1.--NEAR HERE a high molybdenum resource potential. Two molybdenum-bearing areas are being explored by Utah International and by Cyprus-Moly Corp, Inc. using geophysical exploration and diamond core drilling. The study area also contains potential resources of gold and silver at six prospects: the Bear Paw (Ibex), Black Bear, Coeur d'Alene, Franklin No. 1, Martin, and Maynard. In addition, the Black Rear and the Martin contain possible copper, lead, and molybdenum resources. Most of the workings are caved.

Jan 1, 1981

By W. M. Brewer

Introduction This paper describes some of the mineral resources that are tributary to that portion of the Pacific Great Eastern railway included in the Western Mineral Survey District, No. 6, of British Columbia. This district extends 38 miles northerly from Squamish, the ocean terminus of the railway at the head of Howe sound, to Alta lake. Beyond Alta lake the railway continues northerly through two other mineral survey districts: the Central Mineral Survey District No. 3, and the Northeastern District No. 2. District No. 6 includes that section of the Coast Range from which the waters flow southerly towards Howe sound. The division between District No. 6 and District No. 3 is represented by an imaginary line across the summit between the headwaters of the Cheakamus river, flowing south into the Squamish, and the Green river which flows north and empties into the head of Lillooet lake near Pemberton meadows, about 20 miles from Alta lake. History: - The history of the route of the P. G. E. railway dates back to the old Cariboo days when a pack-horse trail traversed the country northerly from Squamish to the Pemberton meadows, and also south-easterly from Squamish to the head of Seymour creek, thence southerly down that creek to the north arm of Burrard inlet.

Jan 1, 1925

By H. L. Bourne

Not everyone understands the concept of mineral royalty. Mineral royalty is a fee paid to a landowner by someone who extracts a mineral commodity from the owners property. The royalty contract between the lessor and lessee contains clauses and conditions that are significant to both parties, e.g., annual m1n1mum, escalation factor, duration of the lease, reclamation and assignability. Comparison of royalty rates requires knowledge of many conditions that influence the value of a given deposit. People in several different professions benefit from shared royalty information.

Jan 1, 1989

By H. Foster Bain

AFTER all, mineral sanctions are not a measure of peace, they are a measure of war, and we must regard them as such. We have had two examples now in the world-first, Italy, and secondly, Japan-where we have applied sanctions. When we got ready to apply sanctions to Italy that would hurt, they went to war. In the Far East, when we applied sanctions against Japan, in the latter part of 1941, there was a quick reaction, and the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor.

Jan 1, 1944

By Thomas E. Garnar

Mineral sand products have been produced from beach sand heavy minerals for nearly a century. These minerals have specific gravities of 3.0 or higher and are extremely resistant to weathering. The most common economic heavy minerals are ilmenite, leucoxene, rutile, zircon, stauarolite, monazite, garnet, and the aluminum-silicate minerals. Of these, ilmenite is the most abundant. In some cases a deposit may contain only one or two economic heavy minerals whereas in others five or six may be present. Heavy mineral mining began in the late eighteen hundreds when monazite was mined for its thorium content. This was followed by mining activity on the North Florida coast just south of Jacksonville Beach - where ilmenite and zircon were first separated during the WW I (1,8). Modern heavy mineral mining began in Eastern Australia during the late nineteen-thirties and spread to the United States during World War II. It is the purpose of this paper to review the commercial heavy mineral products, their sources, and their uses.

Jan 1, 1985

By R Kjar

Globally, it is anticipated that the mineral sands industry will enter a period of short supply. Demand for both titanium dioxide and zircon is forecast to continue increasing, with new projects needed to come on-stream to fill the supply gap. Victoria is well placed under this scenario as a source due to the high quality of its mineral assemblage, its excellent resource grade and the globally significant size of its mineral sands resources.Australia’s mineral sands rich Murray Basin remains under-developed, especially at its extensive Victorian margins. Development to date has not progressed adequately for the reasons of technology difficulty, history of competition with other jurisdictions and the absence of a platform that requires development as a consideration for security of tenure. Victoria’s mineral sands potential is not just about the Murray Basin, in addition, there have been discoveries in the Gippsland Basin and prospective sites in the Gippsland Basin remain under-explored. Key problems included the lack of available ground for potential developers and the intellectual property of solutions to technological problems associated with the fine grained mineral deposits belonging to a previous developer (with patents now expired).As such, the timing is right to re-visit the potential of the Murray Basin as a site for long-term development with high returns based on current and predicted prices.In order to understand why Victoria’s earth resources in general, and mineral sands in particular, remain under-explored and undeveloped, the Department of Primary Industries initiated an internal review of its role in encouraging and supporting investment in the earth resources sector.As a result, the Victorian Government has committed to taking action to encourage effective ground turnover and acknowledges that a new focus on engagement with industry is needed to bring new investment to the State. The revision of the Mineral Resources (Sustainable Development) Act 1990 provides an opportunity for the government to better align its legislative processes with industry project lifecycles and facilitate access to valuable resources that currently remain undeveloped.Victoria has a track record in assisting projects reach development stage. Iluka currently has two operations in the State in addition to its mineral separation plant that is capable of processing HMC from its South Australian operations. Iluka is expected to ramp up its Murray Basin Stage 2 operations with the WRP mine scheduled to come on line in early 2012. Meanwhile, Astron is actively seeking partners for its Donald Mineral Sands project. The project is becoming increasingly attractive given the recent price hike in zircon; Astron has access to an estimated five to 6 Mt of zircon in its Donald WIM 250 deposit.Given its substantial and valuable mineral sands endowments, the State of Victoria should sensibly be the centre of future investment in project development. However, as previously mentioned this is currently not the case. The Government is therefore committed to implementing new measures that protect security of tenure but ensure that genuine companies can access endowments where they have a clear intent to work those resources.

Oct 5, 2011

By Lyman H. Hart

Some of the significant facts that will affect the supply and demand for metals during the next few decades are given in this presentation. This is important because the only hope for intelligent guidance of the national destiny depends upon presenting a consistent and accurate picture of basic problems. The metals problems now fomenting are only slightly less important than those precipitating the energy crisis. Admittedly, it is difficult to generate serious thinking on this subject when the world is enjoying easy access to all metals at modest prices. This is possible because of the current world capacity to overproduce, and United States credit standing, at least up to now, has permitted buying freely on world markets. Although both these vital conditions are subject to change, there is little doubt that if the U.S. financial house is kept in order, we can muddle along for a while on a generally expanding, metalbased economy. But should our credit standing be permitted to collapse, or should there be a tightening of world supplies of metals, the nation would immediately find itself in trouble. Unfortunately, clear signals indicate that both of these conditions are threatening.

Jan 4, 1973

By Lyman H. Hart

Some of the significant facts that will affect the supply and demand for metals during the next few decades are given in this presentation. This is important because the only hope for intelligent guidance of the national destiny depends upon presenting a consistent and accurate picture of basic problems. The metals problems now fomenting are only slightly less important than those precipitating the energy crisis. Admittedly, it is difficult to generate serious thinking on this subject when the world is enjoying easy access to all metals at modest prices. This is possible because of the current world capacity to over-produce, and United States credit standing, at least up to now, has permitted buying freely on world markets. Although both these vital conditions are subject to change, there is little doubt that if the U.S. financial house is kept in order, we can muddle along for a while on a generally expanding, metal-based economy. But should our credit standing be permitted to collapse, or should there be a tightening of world supplies of metals, the nation would immediately find itself in trouble. Unfortunately, clear signals indicate that both of these conditions are threatening. The metal age started many centuries ago, and with the exception of the noble metals, barely a dent was made in world reserves until the present century. Then, as a result of the pioneering ideas of D. C. Jackling and Paul Gemmel, and the willingness of the McNeals, Penroses and Guggenheims to back ideas with money, a virtual explosion of metal production was propagated throughout the world. It is important to examine the causes of this expansion to determine whether it is a trend that may be sustained or whether it is anomalous and therefore attributable to circumstances not likely to be repeated or continued. This period of plenty is a once only phenomenon. Vast metal resources have been sitting around here for eons, while the world was unaware of or unconcerned with their existence. But when population began to grow exponentially, and ways were discovered to use metals to develop machines to do the work of men and animals, the exploitation of raw materials increased at a staggering rate. And now the realization is dawning that minerals are a wasting asset and are beginning to present supply problems that should begin to be of concern. Two main factors have caused this condition; One is the population growth, and the other is the expanding demand for irreplaceable raw materials as nations become more developed. A group of systems analysts, at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in a book Limits of Growth, has warned that at present rates of population growth and resource consumption together with environmental constraints, a point will be reached within 100 years when the world population will become totally incapable of supporting itself. The authors conclude that this end result could be avoided if a planned equilibrium could be established at a lower rate of population growth and resource consumption. Fortunately, there is evidence that the population problem is moderating. The growth rate in the U.S. has decreased from 2.3% per year in 1900 to 1.1% in 1970. But, even at the lower rate, population will double in 70 years. The world rate is greater, and if it continues, world population will rise from 3.5 billion to nearly 10 billion in 50 years. All of these projections are questionable because the dangers of growing population are now being recognized. A marked decrease in growth rate has been noted in the more developed countries-in fact, it was zero in the U.S. in 1972. The other factor affecting consumption of raw materials is the increase in per capita use of most items as individuals become more affluent. Many economists believe that developing countries such as China and India represent a vast future potential market; but there are others, with whom the author agrees, who believe over-population tends to stagnate development. Nevertheless, it is a fact that vigorously developing societies increase consumption at a rate far above their population growth rate.

Jan 1, 1974