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E. R. Rice, Wickenburg, Ariz. (communication to the Secretary*):—While this paper is primarily intended as a discussion of Mr. Riter's, I think it will be best to indicate my criticism by describing my own field-methods. It has been my experience that, for ordinary work, the regular transit-book is to be preferred to the card-system for recording notes. This is specially true when computations in the field are required, for it is then necessary to have at hand the total latitudes, departures, ancl elevations. Moreover, the transit-book is easier to carry and manipulate in wet or cramped places, and is not as liable to damage as the loose leaf or card. I use a regular transit-book in the field, and then copy my notes, sketches, etc., in an o5ce-book, entering also the latitudes, departures, and other reductions. These values are then copied into the field-book, securing a duplicate record, in case either book should be lost or mislaid. In the field-book, the notes are entered on the left-hand, and the sketches and remarks on the right-hand page. The next two pages are left blank for the latitudes, departures, bearings, reduced distances, etc. Of course, the notes for the different parts of the mine are entered in the field-book in the order in which they are surveyed; but in the they are entered systematically. It has been my experience that the system of keeping notes used by a surveyor, is particularly adapted to the needs and temperament of the individual. Otherwise, he would not be

Jan 1, 1912

By R. L. Templin

IN TREATING a cast metal by any working process such as rolling, drawing or forging, variations in the conditions present in the remelting, casting, chilling and preheating of the initial ingot will certainly have some effect on the physical properties of the final product. In considering the effects of cold working on the physical properties of metals, however, it will be assumed that these factors, being controlled according to best practice, will remain constant and therefore may be neglected. Starting with such a uniform metal ingot, the next operation in the production of wrought metal involves hot working by rolling, forging or extrusion so as to produce a slab, billet or bloom. This working must be sufficient to produce substantial grain refinement and minimize any defects occurring in the initial ingot. Even such a hot-worked product is not suitable as a starting material for determining the effects of cold working because it contains internal strains analogous to those resulting from cold working. It is necessary, therefore, to supplement the hot working with a considerable amount of cold working, followed by a proper annealing in order to obtain a material suitable for use in defining the effects of cold working on the physical properties of a metal. That is, if the effects of cold working are to be evaluated accurately it is necessary to have other effects at least constant if not absent. Such material, unfortunately, cannot always be obtained in commercial practice but the requirements just indicated certainly represent the desired goal; this goal has been attained in the treatment of some metals, one being aluminum.

Jan 1, 1929

By A. W. Hale

IN a work published in 1838, De Morgan, the author of the article on "Probabilities,' in the Encyclopedia Metropolitana, says " The method of least squares is not yet introduced into the affairs of common life,….that many things which are demonstrable only by the higher branches of mathematics are looked upon as useless." And he mentions an instance in which "a method was suggested for estimating the relative importance of boroughs, by considering their population and contributions to the revenue com-

Jan 1, 1881

By H. R. Peterson

The control of autogenous grinding circuits is very similar to the control of conventional grinding circuits. In both circuits the classifier must be operated to achieve the required degree of mineral liberation. Crude ore grade and grinding mill density are important in both circuits. The biggest difference between the control of the two circuits is the pronounced effect that crude ore changes have on autogenous circuits. The importance of crude grade, weight recovery, size and hardness is greatly magnified because the crude ore in the autogenous circuit is also supplying the grinding media. Crude ore sizing is a particularly critical factor in achieving efficient primary autogenous milling. Because of the above, computer control is advantageous for autogenous circuits. Changes in crude ore may necessitate rapid changes in the entire circuit control strategy, and only a computer can facilitate these changes. Also, the techniques of control are very different for conventional and for autogenous grinding. Set-point control is usually satisfactory in conventional circuits, but the multiplicity of varying conditions in an autogenous circuit usually require some type of computer optimizing search routine. Autogenous mills can be separated into two general types. In primary autogenous mills the media is obtained from the mill feed, and in pebble mills the sized pebble media is added separately from the material being ground. PRIMARY AUTOGENOUS MILL CIRCUIT CONTROL - FIGURE 1 Power Draw Primary autogenous mills are usually run at full motor loading so production will be at maximum. Therefore, power draw must be closely controlled; this is done by adjusting feed rate. The versatility of computer control is extremely valuable for power control, especially during starting and stopping. To bring the mill power up as fast as possible at

Jan 1, 1982

By V. R. Degner

The trend in both the metallic and nonmetallic mining industry is toward processing increasingly higher tonnages of lower grade ores, thereby resulting in a growing interest in progressively larger volume individual machines in the flotation circuit. Because of the relatively high cost of large flotation machine development and evaluation, it is important to establish a rational basis by which the existing smaller flotation machine experience can be extrapolated to establish the configuration of the next larger family of flotation machines with a minimum of development modification in the field. This Paper reviews the R&D approach used in translating smaller flotation machine experience to the configuration of a 28.3 m3 (1000 cu ft) induced air machine. Internal cell hydrodynamic principles, which governed this extrapolation, and cell (liquid) surface and froth management considerations will be reviewed, and prototype machine mill tests will be summarized.

Jan 1, 1981

"INTRODUCTIONThe information compiled in this volume initially formed the response by the Generic Mineral Technology Center for -Respirable Dust (GTCRD) to a review of its research and technology transfer programs performed in 1990 by the Advisory Committee on Mining and Mineral Resources Research. This review for each mineral technology research center is accomplished, as required of the Bureau of Mines by the House/Senate Joint Conference Committee, through site visitation to the research institutions of the GTCRD and an in-depth questionnaire. The information provided by that questionnaire becomes an important factor in their recommendations concerning future directions of the program.The site visitations took place during January and February 1991 at the Milton S. Hershey Medical Center~ The Pennsylvania State University, West Virginia University, University of Minnesota, and Michigan Technological University, in addition to an in-mine visit conducted at the Loveridge Mine in West Virginia. The questionnaire was prepared and made available to the Advisory Committee and the Research Council for their review at the GTCRD annual project review meeting in Hershey, Pennsylvania, in April 1991.The comprehensive nature of the questionnaire and the scope of the information contained therein make it an excellent retrospective of the Center. Having a clear vision of where the Center has been and knowing where it is now helps to guide it into the future. It is believed that such a detailed view of the Center's facilities and research program will be of value to Center personnel and Advisory Committee members. Each aspect of the questionnaire was examined, answered in detail and documented thoroughly. With the completed questionnaire as a guide, this review of the Center's activities provides an update to Respirable Dust Center Research Program Review 1988, published in 1989 as the seventh of the Generic Mineral Technology Center for Respirable Dust volumes. As does that volume, this review presents the complete General Mineral Technology Center questionnaire, with the GTCRD's expanded responses and supporting documentation appended. An examination of the research program, Center personnel currently active on GMTC projects, the number of graduate degrees granted with GMTC supports GMTC publications, the degree of individual interaction, technology transfer activities, the reference center, GMTC equipment and facilities, and envisioned plans for future research directions provides updated information in these areas. In addition, this year, information has been included to demonstrate the interaction between the Center's goals and its research projects, with thorough consideration of actual research needs as specified by the National Academy of Sciences. This volume serves as a review of the years 1989 through 1990, the sixth and seventh years of the Center's operation."

Jan 1, 1990

By Howard N. Egan

The importance of coal as the major energy source has led to wider interest in the recovery of waste coal fines as a usable product. An additional incentive for fine coal recovery has been the increased emphasis on environ- mental pollution control and conservation of the nation's natural resources, Accordingly, a series of studies and tests were performed to investigate the feasibility of the recovery, concentration, balling and pelletizing of coal fines as a marketable adjunct to existing mining and beneficiation operations. These studies were conducted at the existing operations of the Eastern Coal Corporation at Stone, Kentucky, and the Metallurgical Laboratory of Arthur G. McKee & Company in Cleveland, Ohio. The purpose of the investigations was to recover the fines from the effluent waste waters of an existing preparation plant and transform them into a high carbon, low sulfur and ash product capable of being handled with a minimum of degradation and dusting problems. The fines were relatively high in ash content prior to processing, and flotation pretreatment served a combined function of beneficiation, recovery and water clarification, The minus 28 mesh coal concentrate containing 40 to 45 percent minus 325 mesh size material had an ash content varying between 5 and 7 percent and a sulfur content of less than 0.5 percent. Chemical and size analyses of the effluent and concentrated fines are presented in Table I for comparison.

Jan 1, 1967

By N. F. LeJeune, Earl C. Lane

This is the third of a series of reports on a survey of petroleum prod- ucts manufactured on the Pacific Coast from California crude oils. California crudes differ in many characteristics from the petroleum produced in the other parts of the United States, and the claim has been made that some of the present Federal Specifications for petroleum products tend to discriminate against Cali- fomia products. The purposes of the present survey are to determine what par- ticular specification requirements Califomia petroleum products characteristical ly fail to meet, how widely the products deviate from these requirements, and if possible to show whether the fault lies with the specifications or the products, or along what lines investigation to determine this question should proceed. The first report of the series gave the physical and chemical properties of the samples of gasoline and mineral spirits. A second report**, gave the physical and chemical properties of samples of lubricating oils. The present report deals entirely with burning and fuel oils. The refin ing companies have continued their very cordial and helpful cooperation. Seven samples of kerosene, four samples of Diesel fuel and eight samples of fuel oil were obtained. The methods of analysis used are those adopted by the Interdepartmental Petroleum Specifications Committee, published by the Bureau of Mines in Technical Paper No. 323. The specifications used for corparison are those officially adopted by the Federal Specifications Board for the use of the various Depart- ments and Independent Establishments of the Government, effective February 3, 1923, and published by the Bureau of Mines in Technical Paper No. 323, Part 1. Specific gravity, degrees A.P.I., viscosity and other special tests al- though not required by the specifications have been given for comparison. All temperatures are recorded in degrees Fahrenheit. Tables have been prepared giving data on physical and chemical propertios of the individual samples. Before each table the classification and specifica- tions for the particular class of oil considered in the table are given. Follow- ing each table, brief notes show wherein samples deviate from specification re- quirements.

Aug 1, 1923

By A. W. Hale

In a work published in 1838, De Morgan, the author of the article on " Probabilities," in the Encyclopedia Metropolltimn, says: " The method of least squares is not yet introduced intb the affairs of common life,.....that many things which are denlonstrable only by the higher branches of mathematics are looked upon as useless." And he mentions an instance in which "a method was suggested for estimating the relative importance of boroughs, by considering their population and ~wntributions to the revenue con)-

Jan 1, 1881

By J. P. Witherow

The plant of Messrs. Oliver Brothers and Phillips, the only one in operation until January, 1886, has not been available for any further experiments since those of Mr. R. W. Hunt, described in his paper on the subject, at the Chattanooga meeting. Continuous working has, however, led to important improvements in plant, and furnished valuable results in practice. The difference between the converter and plant of 1884, as illustrated in our Transactions, vol. xiii., p. 759 and following pages, and those of 1885, may be observed in Plates 1. and 11. accompanying this paper. Plate I. gives the elevation and plan, in half-section, of one of our latest 3-ton converters. Plate 11. gives a plan of the general arrangement of a plant adapted to turn out slabs, blooms, and billets for the general market. The letters on Plate I. refer to the following parts :

Jan 1, 1886

By Howard Willey

MINING operations of the Charcas unit at present are limited to the Tiro General mine at Charcas, in the State of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. The Tiro General mine was first operated during the Spanish occupation of Mexico for rich silver ores in an oxidized zone along the outcrop of the principal vein. In depth the ore is a complex sulfide with widely varying proportions of sphalerite, argentiferous galena and chalcopyrite; and until recent years, it was economically impossible to carry on mining otherwise than irregularly in sections of the veins richest in galena and chalcopyrite. The advent of selective flotation brought the orebody as a whole within the field of economic interest, and a flotation mill of 650 metric tons daily capacity was constructed in the year 1925. The mining of partly worked-out sections of the mine, as well as the very heavy ground in most of the stopes opened in virgin ore, presented an unusually difficult problem. This -paper describes the so-called "filled top slice" stoping method finally adopted as the standard system.

Jan 1, 1930

By Charles F. Ramseyer

The manufacture of iron and steel is one of the largest of our industries; and in point of size of single plant and equipment certainly the biggest of all industries. By the general public it is generally considered a prime example both of the marvelous technical advances achieved by modern science and engineering in the design and operation of equipment and of the efficiency of big business in the coordination of men and materials. Actually the operation of its basic processes has not changed significantly in either theory or fundamental design of equipment in the past 75 years. Though many other process industries have been born and developed, and not seldom completely revolutionized, during this period, the primary processes of making iron and steel are still carried out along the lines laid down, and in the equipment originated so long ago, by Bessemer, Siemens and Martin, and subsequently expanded to practically the modern scale by Carnegie, Schwab and Captain Bill Jones in the eighteen eighties and nineties. The application of the principles underlying the continuous counter-current physical and chemical interaction of solids, liquids and gases, which have been so successfully used in the rapid evolution of our chemical process industries, has been very largely lacking in the steel industry. In the days of the last-named giants, especially Carnegie, the steel industry made great and rapid technical progress. Carnegie's ever driving idea (as later with Ford in the production of automobiles) was the finding of new and better ways of making cheaper steel. Carnegie himself was a steelman, and so long as he dominated the industry its technical progress was rapid; and he, like Ford, was vastly successful financially as well, since his costs were continually being driven lower than those of his competitors by his advances in steelmaking technique.

Jan 1, 1935

By Charles F. Ramseyer

The manufacture of iron and steel is one of the largest of our industries; and in point of size of single plant and equipment certainly the biggest of all industries. By the general public it is generally considered a prime example both of the marvelous technical advances achieved by modern science and engineering in the design and operation of equipment and of the efficiency of big business in the coordination of men and materials. Actually the operation of its basic processes has not changed significantly in either theory or fundamental design of equipment in the past 75 years. Though many other process industries have been born and developed, and not seldom completely revolutionized, during this period, the primary processes of making iron and steel are still carried out along the lines laid down, and in the equipment originated so long ago, by Bessemer, Siemens and Martin, and subsequently expanded to practically the modern scale by Carnegie, Schwab and Captain Bill Jones in the eighteen eighties and nineties. The application of the principles underlying the continuous counter-current physical and chemical interaction of solids, liquids and gases, which have been so successfully used in the rapid evolution of our chemical process industries, has been very largely lacking in the steel industry. In the days of the last-named giants, especially Carnegie, the steel industry made great and rapid technical progress. Carnegie's ever driving idea (as later with Ford in the production of automobiles) was the finding of new and better ways of making cheaper steel. Carnegie himself was a steelman, and so long as he dominated the industry its technical progress was rapid; and he, like Ford, was vastly successful financially as well, since his costs were continually being driven lower than those of his competitors by his advances in steelmaking technique.

Jan 1, 1935

While the new Minister of Economic Development sends his apologies at being unable to speak at this Conference, I am delighted to present on his behalf. The Ministry of Economic Development is not only responsible for managing the Crown mineral estate, but also for developing initiatives and policies to promote regional economic development and for managing the GovernmentÆs broader economic development strategy. IÆd like to talk to you today about the critical links that need to exist between these three areas.   I am going to start with a question for all of you. What do these towns have in common? +        Waiuku, +        Thames, +        New Plymouth, +        Nelson, +        Greymouth, +        Arrowtown, +        Reefton, +        Palmerston, and +        Dunedin.   The answer is minerals. These towns were nearly all founded on the back of minerals and mining. In the case of Greymouth it was gold that brought the people to the mouth of the Grey River and it is coal that sustains the town.   In 1870 the town of Shortland had 20 000 people, 90 hotels and was twice the size of Auckland. We now know Shortland as Thames, and of course Auckland is considerably larger. One wonders whether the good folk of Shortland suffered from ætraffic jamsÆ with 90 pubs to navigate between. Gold mining in the Aorere River near Collingwood led early entrepreneurs to develop the land surrounding Nelson as a food basket to sustain the mining population. Nelson is still thriving on this legacy today. The town of Palmerston was founded in 1862 as a stopping point for gold miners heading into central Otago. The gold rush made Dunedin New ZealandÆs first highly industrialised city. Reefton on the West Coast was the first town in New Zealand to have electric lights and in the recent past we were wondering whoÆd be left to turn them off. New Plymouth, and Waiuku are still known as energy and mining centres.   By contrast once thriving towns like Capleston, Canvastown and Blackball are just names on a map now, and at the extreme you have places like Waiuta which has been reclaimed by the West Coast forest. Queenstown was built off the back of the gold rush, but by 1900 with the gold gone, only 190 people lived there yet Queenstown has managed to rebuild itself thanks to some other stunning natural assets. These examples help illustrate three key points that I am sure will each be extensively linked with our minerals and mining industries. First, NZÆs development and that of its regions has been, and continues to be, inextricably linked with our minerals and mining industries.   Second, things change. Sectors, regions and countries must continually adapt and improve if the are to avoid the fate of the Waiutas of this world. And third, the development challenges faced by NZ and its mining industry in the 21st century are vastly more complex than in the past. Governments and industry alike must balance and respond to a range of domestic and international environmental, cultural, economic and other interests and considerations. If you thought of your industry as æjust digging holes in the groundÆ then you may as well simply stick your head in one!

Jan 1, 2005

By Yinxiang W, Chunlai Y

In older to improve efficiency of surface pre--grouting in sealing off water in heavily water-bearing strata, such as sandstone,siltstone and limestone, several methods have been used in China, they are ; intermittent pre-grouting, adjusting pre-grouting parameters and stepwise repeated pre-grouting methods. The paper describes effect of deviation on water sealing in pre-grouting. Deviation correction measures, like mechanical, technological and changing hole position methods have been introduced with satisfactory results in practical engineering projects without increasing the volume of engineering project and without causing delay.

Jan 1, 1988

By George W. Maynard

In the death of Sir William Siemens, the Institute loses its most distinguished honorary member, one who, without exaggeration, may be ranked among the greatest Men of the century. In justification of this claim, I quote in part the words of two other men eminent in the walks of science. Professor Huxley, addressing the Royal Society, spoke of Siemens as "a marked example of vast energy, large scientific acquirements, and intellectual power of a high order," and as one " who had no superior in fertility and ingenuity of invention, while hardly any living man so thoroughly combined an extensive knowledge of scientific principles with the power of applying then] in a commercially successful manner. The value of his numerous inventions must be measured, not merely by the extent to which they have increased the wealth and convenience of mankind, but by the favorable reaction on the progress of pure science which they, like all such inventions, have exerted, and will continually exert." Dr. Wedding, in his address before the Verein zur Befarderung des Gewerbefleisses in Preussm, speaks of Siemens as being "so fortunate as to combine German erudition with British activity in such a manner that both nations, Gertnan as well as English, were equally proud of him; and, now that his rich life is ended, regret is expressed on both shores of the North Sea, first by the Germans that his entire life had not been spent in Germany, and his powers dedicated to Germany, and by the English that he was not born a Briton." Germany may well be proud of being the birth-place, not only of such a man, but of such a family; for where in history shall we find in a single family such a wide range of knowledge so successfully applied to the arts? The least distinguished name in the following list has added to the world's knowledge enough to satisfy the desire for fame of any ordinary man. This constellation is made up of:

Jan 1, 1884

By R. F. Sheldon

Largest uranium deposit in the Northwest is Dawn Mining Co.'s Midnite mine on the Spokane Indian Reservation. The orebodies lie along the contact of granite and metamorphosed sedimentary rock and are controlled by faults and shear zones near the granite contact. In the oxidized zone the deposits consist mainly of the secondary uranium mineral meta-autunite; sooty uraninite and primary uranium minerals are known to occur at greater depths. Elevations in the mine area range from 2500 to 3500 ft. The rolling hills and low, rounded mountains are covered with grass and evergreen trees. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT Original showings were discovered with a geiger counter in the spring of 1954 by prospectors Jim and John LeBret. High radioactivity in several schist outcrops was found due to scaly coatings of a greenish-yellow, fluorescent mineral, later identified as meta-autunite. Prior to this time autunite was not known to occur in the state of Washington, and no significant uranium deposits had been found in the Pacific Northwest. Outcrops in the area were few, and most of the ground was mantled with 2 to 10 ft of overburden, but three other radioactive zones were discovered by prospecting the ridge southward along the strike of the schist near its contact with granite for three quarters of a mile. Midnite Mines Inc. was formed

Jan 1, 1960

By Albert Mendelsohn, Charles F. Jackson

The system of stoping described in this paper was first introduced at the Champion mine of the Copper Range Co., Painesdale, Mich., in 1929, and since that time has been developed to a high state of efficiency. The method was devised to overcome some of the objections to the system of horizontal cut-and-fill stoping formerly employed at this mine and has done so successfully. The objections to the old system became more pronounced as the depth of mining operations increased and a change became a matter of necessity. While the combination of conditions encountered at the Champion mine is rather unusual, it is believed that the sublevel system developed there could be employed advantageously at other mines, though certain modifications might be necessary. This paper describes the method and the results obtained through its use, and suggests modifications for making it applicable under quite different conditions from those at the Champion mine. Champion Lode The lode being mined at the Champion mine is the heavily brecciated top of what is known in the district as the Baltic lava flow. The brecciated portion of the lode varies from 6 to 50 ft. in width. Under this breccia is the thinner, tighter, amygdular portion of the lode; under the amygdular portion is the trap footwall. Native copper is found deposited in the rock fragments of the breccia, in the cementing material of the breccia, in the amygdules and in the trappy rock under the amygdular part of the lode. In some places masses of copper many tons in weight extend far into the footwall of the lode. The Baltic lode on Champion property is 8000 ft. long, very straight along the strike, and dips uniformly 70' to the west for 3000 ft. in depth, at which point the dip begins to flatten slightly. The width of the copper-bearing portion of the lode varies from 10 ft. to as much as 80 ft. in a few places; the average width now mined is 17 ft. The lode rock is hard—the standard one-man drilling machines used in the mine drill from 10 to 14 in. per minute when mass copper is not

Jan 1, 1932

Jan 1, 1903

F. C. LANGENBERGW.*at 8ertoivn,M ass. (written cliscussiont).-I am inclined to the view that the change in physical properties encountered in the material with which the authors are working is due to the relief of internal strains. The statement, on page 1.098 of their paper, calling attention to the fact that this phenomenon disappeared when the material was rolled into 1 7/8 -in. square billets is of particular interest. It is certain that the internal strains set lip by cooling in a small billet of this size would be much less than those produced in a billet having a larger cross-section cooling under the same conditions. The statement that the physical properties of a given test bar were materially changed by standing has been brought to my attention in connection with the testing of gun forgings. I have made a number of observations on forgings produced at Watertown Arsenal to ascertain whether any change in ductility was produced by the aging of the test specimens. The results were always negative, but this can be explained by the fact that ii gun forging is generally a forging that has been quenched and subsequently drawn at a relatively high temperature.

Jan 10, 1919