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Jan 1, 1981

By Homer J. Ballinger

"SUMMARYDuring December 1945, the Bureau of Mines began churn drilling the Winchester zinc deposit, 11 miles south of Joplin in Newton County, Mo. The deposit lies in a virgin area northwest of the Seneca fault. It is one of several deposits partly proven by drilling but never developed.Logs of 28 privately drilled holes had indicated a substantial tonnage without delimiting the deposit. It appeared that additional drilling might increase this reserve sufficiently to justify mining. A, total of 6,33 feet of churn drilling was completed in 17 holes drilled by the Bureau of Mines. Twelve of the holes penetrated minable ore extending the length of the known deposit and materially increasing its estimated tonnage.INTRODUCTIONDuring May 1943, the Winchester property in Newton County, was visited by an engineer 3/ of the Bureau of Mines, accompanied by Dr. A. N. Winchester, owner, and Charles Keith, lessee of the property. At the request and with the assistance of these gentlemen, examination of the property was undertaken. Logs of 28 churn-drill holes were collected, hole locations were surveyed, and available historical data were obtained. It was concluded that although existing drill holes indicated considerable reserves, additional drilling might increase the tonnage substantially. In addition, it was believed that better knowledge of this ore deposit could be obtained by drilling further, and this knowledge could, in turn, be applied to other less proven deposits in the same field."

Jul 1, 1947

By C. M. Wright

Siendo la veta principal San Cristóbal, una de las estructuras que atraviesan el Anticlinal Chumpe en la provincia de Yauli, su explotación ha sido limitada a las rocas volcánicas y filitas en el flanco sur-oeste del anticlinal. Por tal motivo, el texto señala que el análisis de la distribución de los metales y minerales dentro de la veta, revela un zoneamiento horizontal bien definido, que es compatible con el origen de las soluciones hidrotermales en el centro del anticlinal. Asimismo, este estudio cuantitativo determina las características de las partes ricas de la veta, trazando líneas de contornos de los cuatro tipos de metal en secciones longitudinales, como los controles de la distribución de metal y relaciona las áreas ricas de la veta con su medio geológico. De otro lado, en San Cristóbal, la distribución del metal presenta una característica zonal donde la paragénesis y el zoneamiento están íntimamente relacionados. Concluyéndose que con la aplicación de los resultados de este estudio, se permitirá una mejor exploración y desarrollo de las áreas ricas de la Veta Principal San Cristóbal y se proporcionará una guía útil para la exploración y desarrollo de vetas paralelas en esta área.

Aug 20, 1963

By George. Petersen

"El trabajo refiere algunos aspectos del depósito de estaño en el yacimiento de Condiriquiña (Puno), como en zonas de Apurimac, Lima, Pasco, Ancash, Cajamarca del Perú. Se conoce que los principales depósitos de estaño provienen de los ramales cordilleranos de Bolivia, abarcando una serie de yacimientos. En vista de una posterior demanda del producto, fue necesario que el Perú inicie una exploración de este metal en territorios adyacentes a Bolivia. Sin embargo, las exploraciones no se concretaron más que a las inmrediaciones del lago Titicaca. Posteriormente se descubrió minerales de estaño en diversas partes de nuestro territorio,aunque que ningún depósito explorado tenga un resultado de valor económico-industrial considerable. El aspecto geoquímico del estaño no tiene relaciones con el fierro, cromo, silicio, careciendo de estaño en los depósitos líquidos magmáticos y en las rocas ígneas de naturaleza básica. Durante los procesos metalogenéticos el estaño se concentra y constituye un elemento característico de la cristalización residual; presentándose tanto en el alcance neumatolítico ácidocomo en el hidrotermal. En consecuencia, los depósitos de estaño son de origen neumatólítico, cuyas masas y filones de catiserita están asociados con un batolito de granito, de edad oligocénico. Así, las rocas encajonantes consisten en pizarras y cuarcitas de Ordovicito, se transforman en rocas greisen o ígneas. Finalmente, los depósitos estanníferos se clasifican según sus alcances genéticos en depósitos supergenos e hipogenos, los cuales se dividen en depósitos pegmatítico, neumalotílicos, de transición neumatolíticos-hidrotermales y los depósitos hidrotermales."

Jul 20, 1959

By Leonardo de Carvalho Vidal

O Alto-Forno 3 da CSN, Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional, iniciou-se sua 3ª campanha no dia 07/08/2001. Chama-se cadinho à região localizada na base do alto-forno cuja finalidade é armazenar, por um período de tempo controlado, o ferro-gusa e a escória. Esta região é altamente crítica para a operação do equipamento, pois o contato permanente do fluxo de ferro-gusa líquido torna esta área altamente suscetível a desgastes. A construção do cadinho é realizada de modo a minimizar este efeito, utilizando-se blocos de carbono de alta resistência em suas paredes internas. Assim, o cadinho determina a vida útil de um alto-forno. A preservação do desgaste dos blocos do cadinho com titânio é de vital importância, visto que, existem diversos riscos da não monitoração, tais como: identificação de possíveis pontos quentes, desgaste acentuado dos blocos de carbono, por temperatura elevada, rompimento do cadinho com vazamento de gusa líquido com conseqüente risco de atingir pessoas e grandes danos ao equipamento e parada operacional do Alto-forno 3 por longo período. O sistema de injeção de titânio possibilita a mitigação dos pontos quente preservando o cadinho e estendendo a campanha do Alto-forno. O sistema de injeção de titânio mostrou sua funcionalidade e aplicação na injeção de llmenita, pó de coletor, plástico e outros sólidos granulados injetados nas ventaneiras do Alto-Forno 3, através de um novo sistema de automação, incluindo: PLC, balança de pesagem, novas malhas de controle inéditas. Trata-se de um processo inédito nas Américas. Com este desenvolvimento, a vida útil do cadinho do Alto-Forno 3 poderá ser expandida elevando sua atual campanha para mais que 20 anos.

Aug 1, 2018

By William Naville

Produtos de consumo em massa causam um grande impacto ambiental, destaca-se que as empresas podem se beneficiar com ações, como a inclusão de objetivos de redução de impacto ambiental e sustentabilidade, nas etapas de desenvolvimento, projeto e seleção de materiais sem aumento nos aspectos econômicos. Três produtos de consumo em massa foram estudados: escova de dentes, embalagem de marmita e blister de medicamentos. Por meio de estimativas e simulações, utilizando-se a ferramenta de energia incorporada do software Eco Audit ®, determinou-se o consumo de energia incorporada e as emissões de CO2 para o uso de alguns materiais em potencial. Simultaneamente, considerou-se nos requisitos funcionais e geométricos a preocupação com o meio ambiente na etapa de projeto. O resultado foi que estes produtos de consumo em massa geram um grande impacto ambiental e a seleção de materiais em conjunto com os requisitos funcionais e geométricos, tendo como objetivo adicional uma redução do impacto ambiental, gera redução do gasto de energia incorporada e consequentemente a redução nas emissões de CO2.

Oct 30, 2017

By Wolfram Schnabel

Recently Lurgi has succesfully commissioned Peru's first direct reduction rotary kiln at SIDERPERU?s Chimbote works. The order included comprehensive engineering services and supply of special equipment to modify three existing cement kilns according to the SL/RN process. The kilns were cut to 62m length and installed with a slope of 2.5%. A new heating system, including shell burners, was supplied and inlet and outlet ends of the kilns completely renewed. Figure 1 shows the kilns after modification.

Jan 1, 1981

By Michael H. Inglis

The Technology Application Center, in conjunction with the U.S. Bureau of Mines Liaison Program, is studying the use of Landsat data for the monitoring of coal surface mine reclamation activities. Landsat may provide sufficient information to reduce the number of on-site inspections now required. The focus of the project has been the Navajo Coal Mine located in north- western New Mexico and operated by Utah International, Inc. On October 15, 1977, a field team recorded spectral measurements at the mine during the time of Landsat's overpass and a corresponding aerial photographic flight. Training sets were selected from the ground and aircraft data representing vegetated, graded, ungraded and natural environments. A supervised classification of the data was performed by the Stanford University Remote Sensing Laboratory then correlated to aerial photos and mine maps. The results, to date, have been very encouraging.

Jan 1, 1979

By Albert W. Deurbrouck

This report describes preparation characteristics of significant coalbeds in Tazewell County , Va . In 1961 Tazewell County produced 933,110 tons of clean coal from six coalbeds ; the Lower Banner , Raven , Jawbone , Upper Seaboard , and Pocahontas No. 3 and No. 5. Samples from all of these beds , except the Lower Banner , were included in this study plus a sample from the Pocahontas No. 4 bed . Of the samples collected , only one would require upgrading to be of metallurgical quality . The coals ranged in rank from high- volatile -A to low- volatile bituminous .

Jan 1, 1963

By Nathaniel Arbiter

A fully-instrumented driving mechanism has been constructed to study the power, aerating and solid suspension characteristics of several laboratory flotation machines. Machines operating over normal flotation speed ranges give constant power numbers in liquid' systems indicating that they operate under fully baffled turbulent flow conditions. Owing to lack of geometrical scaling, power numbers for different sizes of cells of the same make are different. Even larger differences occur between cells of different manufactures. For a given impeller, varying the tank size did not significantly affect the power consumption. Tank geometry and baffling has a slight effect on power consumption with shrouded impellers. For a given impeller speed, suspension height decreases while power increases with increasing mass of solids in suspension. While power consumption is hardly affected by particle size and clearance between the impeller and tank bottom, the suspension height significantly increases as clearance increases and as particle size decreases. Aeration was found to affect not only power but also the suspension characteristics of the machine. For closely sized particles drastic sedimentation occurred when a critical value of the air flow number was exceeded. The critical air flow number decreased with increasing particle size. This effect was less marked with a wide particle size range. The self-aerating capacity of flotation machines increases with cell size at a given speed for the same impeller-shroud system, but decreases in the presence of frother and solids. Equations have been established for correlating all of the studied variables. Data taken from the literature were also correlated with these equations.

Jan 1, 1968

By Frederick W. Horton

With large deposits of low-grade molybdenum ore and a latent market for molybdenum, which with development might perhaps equal that for tungsten, the United States has for years made no pro- duction of molybdenum ore worthy of mention. In fact, during the decade previous to 1914, there was no output of molybdenum ore in this country except in 1905, 1906, and 1907, when a few small lots of molybdenite and wulfenite were marketed." To ascertain why this possible source of economic wealth should remain undeveloped, the United States Bureau of Mines undertook an investigation in 1914, with a view of assisting the establishment of a molybdenum industry in this country. A preliminary review of the situation showed the following conditions: Briefly there was a lack of any considerable demand for molyb- denum for the one known use that might consume any large tonnage of it, that is, for the manufacture to certain alloy steels to which molybdenum imparts properties roughly similar to those produced by tungsten. It was at once evident that the market for molybdenum in alloy steels must be developed, or that extensive new uses for the metal must be created, before the demand would be sufficient to war- rant any extensive mining of molybdenum ore. Investigation showed that one of the chief factors in retarding the development of any demand for molybdenum by the alloy-steel trade was that manufacturers who might use, or might investigate the possibilities of using, the metal were kept out of the market by the fear of not being able to obtain steady supplies. On the other hand, those who might be interested in the development of some of the extensive low-grade molybdenite or wulfenite deposits in this country were prevented from doing so by the small visible demand and the fear that any large production would glut the market. Owing to these conditions the mining of molybdenum has in the past been confined almost entirely to small-scale operations on high-grade streaks of molybdenite ore, and the methods of recovery have been limited largely to cobbing and hand picking.

Jan 1, 1916

By Carlos Del Río S

Se presume que el valor de los concentrados en tungsteno es afectado por un alto contenido de impurezas, generando considerables multas en el mercado minero. Por ello, el presente estudio señala la eliminación de estos sedimentos, a través de tres sistemas como el "leaching", la flotación y la separación magnética, donde además de obtenerse limpio el producto a costo de operación pequeña, se valoralizan los concentrados, evitando el pago de multas. Al tiempo que muestra la flotación de los sulfuros metálicos como el sistema más adecuado para separarlos de la hubnerita de los preconcentrados de la mina Pasto Bueno.

Jun 20, 1954

By Silvana Flores, Nora Flores, Carlos Aliaga, Janet Flores, Edison Zegarra

Financiado por el Programa Nacional de Innovación para la Competitividad y Productividad, este estudio propone la implementación de una tecnología limpia para tratar los activos mineros y pasivos ambientales mineros (PAM) de las relaveras de todas las regiones del país y, específicamente, de la relavera de cerro El Toro, en la región La Libertad. Mediante el método integral de remediación químico activo MRTI-SLFCH se lograron reducir los valores de concentración de metales pesados o parámetros inorgánicos, sometiéndolos a un retratamiento metalúrgico de flotación y/o concentración gravimétrica y adecuándolos a la regulación del Estándar de Calidad Ambiental del Suelo (ECA Suelo). Los relaves detoxificados se convierten en agregados de construcción para fabricar ladrillos ecotecnológicos.

Dec 31, 2017

By Carlos Alberto Alves Nunes Filho

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de traçar o panorama atual das exportações de minério de ferro e a logística integrada desde a jazida, extração, empilhamento e transporte para uma área de armazenagem próxima ao Terminal Portuário do Pecém para posterior embarque no navio e entrega ao cliente final. Optou-se por uma pesquisa exploratória descritiva para identificar as dificuldades na logística que dificultam o escoamento do minério pelo Terminal. Utilizando dados coletados de empresas que atuam na região e que utilizam o Porto do Pecém como saída de sua produção, demonstrando também os estudos de custos e de produção, tipos de modais mais utilizados os navios e suas especificações que fazem o transporte do minério a granel, os equipamentos pertinentes a operação portuária de embarque, bem como os tipos de minério existentes e os que são encontrados nas áreas de mineração no Estado do Ceará e as suas características. O Terminal Portuário do Pecém possui uma estrutura de acostagem preparada para esse tipo de operação proporcionando facilidades aos exportadores.

Aug 17, 2017

By O. C. Blade

This survey report, the first for this type of fuel, is issued to provide information on the characteristics of the burner-fuel oils now manufactured for sale. Reports of surveys of diesel fuel, conducted under a cooperative agreement between the American Petroleum Institute and the Bureau of Mines, United States Deportment of the Interior, have been published annually since 1950.2/ This survey of burner-fuel oils is similar to the diesel-fuel surveys In pattern and has been conducted under an extension of the same agreement at the request of the Oil-Heat Institute of America and the petroleum industry. It is not intended to conflict with the diesel-fuel survey but rather to supplement it. Burner-fuel oils, also specifically referred to as heating oil, range oil, furnace oil, "Bunker C," and fuel oil, are sold in increasing volumes for use in this country and for export. Sales of all grades of fuel oil in the United States have increased from 340 million barrels in 1926Y to over a billion barrels per year. 4/ Distillate fuel oil sales, in proportion to total fuel-oil volume sold, increased from 42 percent in 1950 to 50 percent in 1954. Sales of distillate and the heavier residual oils during recent years are shown: [ ] It must be realized that the data given are not accurate indications of the use of these materials as burner fuels. Some burner fuel, used as range oil, is kerosine, which is not included above. A large volume of fuel oil--approximately 30 percent of the distillate type and some residual fuel oil--is sold as diesel fuel. Smaller

Jan 1, 1955

By J. T. Kline

This paper will present a review of the underground leaching of remnant copper mineralization left as a result of the block cave mining operation at the Lakeshore Mine in Casa Grande, Arizona.

Jan 1, 1985

By H. E. Rowen

I hope my title is not confusing; even more so that I am not. Actually pelletizing and sintering, meaning both the formation of pellets and the hardening of them, are closely related to each other and to phenomena of nature. Figure. 1 This many-celled porous structure, frozen as it was at the fusion temperature and was being frothed by fast-moving gases, may be considered a typical piece of sinter. The same structures have been found in natural ores.

Jan 1, 1962

By James N. L. Lukanuski

Three porphyry copper districts in southern Arizona are partly overlain by post-ore fanglomerates which share certain physical and petrologic characteris¬tics and which may comprise a distinct and significant class of rock. These units are the Locomotive fanglomerate of Ajo, the Helmet fanglomerate of Twin Buttes-Mission-Pima, and the Cloudburst formation of San Manuel-Kalamazoo, termed "Locomotive-type fanglomerates" herein. Post-ore units at Poston Butte and Lakeshore, Arizona, and Sar Chesmeh, Iran, also appear to fit this class. "Locomotive-type fanglomerates" are composed of poorly sorted conglomerates, lenticular sandstone beds, andesitic to rhyolitic flows and tuffs, and unique monothologic landslide breccias. They contain fragments of holyokeite - - a rare oligoclase lava of porcellaneous appearance. Their basal contacts are considered to be depositional and overlapping, sometimes complicated by later low-angle faulting. They arc quite different than the younger Cila, Pantano, and most "Whitetail" alluvial beds, and the older Amole, Recreation, Claflin Ranch, etc. elastics; in particular they are thinner and less widespread. Their ages are Eocene to late Oligocene. "Locomotive-type fanglomerates" may be genetically related to porphyry coppers as products of subsequent differentiation and volcanism, and sedimentation in short-lived basins of restricted area and extreme relief. They might be utilized as reconnaissance guides to target areas and as structural guides within target areas in the southwestern U.S., Northern Mexico, and elsewhere.

Jan 1, 1975

By Charles Vaught, JON VOLKWEIN, ROBERT PETERS, ERICA HALL

Since 1999, the CWP level among miners with 25 years or more experience, for instance, has risen from slightly more than 4% to 9% (See Figure 1). While it is obviously necessary to protect all miners’ lungs, there is now a technology to improve the chances that new miners’ lungs will be protected from the day they begin work.

By R. G. Dressler

The Federal Bureau of Mines designed, constructed, and operated a demonstration plant at Louisiana, Mo., to produce gasoline, liquid fuels, and organic compounds from coal by a modified Fischer-Tropsch gas-synthesis process. Satisfactory equipment was developed to produce and purify synthesis gas and convert it into the desired products. Coal or coke was gasified with oxygen and steam to make a gas consisting essentially of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. Dust in the raw gas was removed by cyclone separation, water scrubbing, and electrostatic precipitation. Carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and organic sulfur were removed with diethanolamine, iron oxide, and activated carbon. The gas was passed over iron catalyst and was converted into synthetic liquids, which were then separated and fractionated into gasoline, diesel oil, other liquid fuels, and oxygenated organic compounds. A 39-day continuous run demonstrated the feasibility of the process. Addition of 3 milliliters of tetraethylead per gallon of upgraded (or finished) gasoline gave a product with an octane rating up to 90 by the research method. After a caustic wash, the diesel oil was of a superior quality; its cetane number was 60 or above.

Jan 1, 1961