Search Documents

By NA NA

Copyright © 2020 International Society of Explosives Engineers

Feb 1, 2020

By J. S. Ross

The significance and role of industrial minerals in Canada differ from those in the United States, The smaller Canadian industry has recently become well diversified and self-sufficient in most commodities, However, it depends on exports, principally to the United States, for much of its market, Imports are small, but imports of several basic products manufactured from industrial minerals are large. This nation is a leading world producer of asbestos, gypsum, sulphur, nepheline syenite, titania slag, potash and barite. It has reserves in asbestos for at least 30 years enough potash to supply the current world's needs for 2,000 years and sulphur reserves for 40 years of current world demand, One of the ilmenite deposits contains enough titania to supply the current world demand for at least, 25 years.

Jan 1, 1964

By S. Paul Singh

Rock is a heterogeneous medium, a fact often ignored during blast design. In reality, the rock mass characteristics have a controlling influence on the outcome of a blast. If the optimum blasting results are to be achieved over a range of rock mass conditions, it is prudent to understand the role played by the geological features of a rock mass in producing overbreak around the periphery of an excavation. The field work was performed in a drift located in a geologically dominant rock mass and also included observations and assessment of blast damage at several operating mines. The blast damage was estimated on the basis of the half cast factor. The effect of rock strength, rock quality designation, orientation , frequency and aperture of joints, number and thickness of layers and hydrogeological conditions on blast damage has been described.

Jan 1, 2000

By Irina A. Pulyaeva

Hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts are ubiquitous in the ocean basins and play an important role in marine mineral-deposit research because of their widespread occurrence and high concentrations of valuable and rare metals. Directed research, which started in the last quarter of the 20th century, has provided significant results, with substantial amounts of data produced on Fe-Mn crusts structure, composition, and distribution in the global ocean. Detailed study of several seamounts has given confidence about the scale of Fe-Mn crust development and their characteristics. Now, commercial interests gain more and more attention. However, at the same time some theoretical questions related to Fe-Mn crust history including controls on metal sources and concentrations have not yet been answered. Here, we present the overview of age, composition, distribution, and geological setting of hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts from Pacific and Atlantic seamounts and discuss the geological evolution and conditions that led to the formation of potentially economic concentrations of metals. The age, composition, and distribution of Fe-Mn crusts in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans were determined by using a Fe-Mn deposits database compiled from our original data, published papers, published databases, and other international sources. Comparative analysis of Fe-Mn deposits from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans shows that there are similarities in basic characteristics of crust formation in both oceans. Simultaneously, there are significant differences in the scale of Fe-Mn crust distribution and composition that can be explained by differences in geological settings and characteristics of the deposition environment.

Jan 1, 2011

By Masahiro Eguchi, Giuseppe Granata, Chiharu Tokoro, Hiroki Fukuda, Yuichiro Toba, Shungo Hobo

"Currently, large amounts of wastewater containing boron are discharged from industries like coal-fired power plants. Although coagulation-sedimentation is widely employed for their treatment, only a little consideration has been given to its mechanism. An additional problem is that the produced sludge has poor solid-liquid separation. This study is focusing on coagulation-sedimentation using magnesium, examining the mechanism and improving the solid-liquid separation. First, the co-precipitation with magnesium hydroxide was conducted against high-concentration boron wastewater with 500 mg/dm3as B. Second, in order to improve the solid-liquid separation by maintaining high reactivity, low-crystalline magnesium oxide was synthesized from magnesium carbonate by calcination at 400–700°C. It was tested as an adsorbent of boron and compared to co-precipitation with magnesium hydroxide. Co-precipitation showed high removal capacity. X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the sludge revealed the presence of other compounds besides magnesium hydroxide. This result suggests that other processes play a role other than simple adsorption on to magnesium hydroxide, and provides a plausible explanation for the observed high separability. As for the adsorption, the synthesized magnesium oxide immobilized as much or more amount of boron than co-precipitation. Furthermore, the results of fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) suggested the residual magnesium carbonate improved solid-liquid separability due to its poor solubility.INTRODUCTIONBoron is used in various industrial applications. In glass industry, the addition of a little amount of boron into glass products can enhance heat-resistance and chemical-resistance. Semi-conductor industry also employs boron as dopant for silicon. From these industries, large amounts of wastewater containing boron have been discharged. Additionally, coal-fired power plants have been recently discharging highly concentrated boron wastewater because the amount of boron contained in coal has been increasing due to a gradual decrease of the quality of coal. Since boron is partially proved to be toxic for animals, plants, and human beings (WHO, 1998),the guideline of the World Health Organization limit the boron concentration in drinking water to 2.4 mg/dm3(WHO, 2009).Because boron does not precipitate from solutions by simply changing the pH, the removal could be carried by operations such as adsorption or ion exchange. However, since ion exchange is an expensive operation with relatively low capacity, it is not suitable to treat the large amounts of wastewater produced by heavy industries like the coal-fired power plants. Therefore, coagulation-sedimentation method is still widely used as a suitable alternative way."

Jan 1, 2017

By James Mackie

The Vancouver Stock Exchange (VSE) has been providing venture capital for start-up companies since 1907. Ninety years' experience in the junior mining industry has enabled the VSE to develop policies and procedures tailored to the unique needs of start-up companies. Policies and procedures applicable to listed companies are documented in the Corporate Finance Services Department "Policy and Procedures Manual." Approximately 50% of the companies listed on the VSE are in the mineral exploration and development business. The largest number are exploring base metal, precious metal or diamond properties. A recent count shows that about 20 companies are exploring industrial mineral or non-metallic deposits. The minerals sought by these companies include limestone, decorative stone, building stone, lava rock, wollastonite, zeolite, garnet and graphite. There are two basic routes to obtaining VSE financing for an industrial mineral property. The owner can either sell an interest in the property to a listed company or form a company and have it listed on the VSE. In each instance, the listed company is responsible for raising funds to develop the property. A typical financing consists of the sale of company securities byway ofeitherprivate placement or prospectus offering.

Jan 1, 2001

By HeeDong Lee, Owen Reedy, Lawrence Matson, Naidu Seetala, Thomas Key

Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) consolidated ZrB2+SiC composites using nano-powders (around 40 nm) showed smaller grains compared to those using micron size powders and segregation of SiC into islands is minimal but with higher oxidation of ZrB2 to form ZrO2 in nano-composites. Argon-gas purging prior to SPS consolidation at around 2000 °C and 40 MPa of ZrB2+20vol.%SiC nano-powders was used to minimize the oxidation and obtain fine granules with high densification. The densification of the Argon-gas purged nano-composites is higher compared to those consolidated without Argon gas purging. The EDX analysis showed a strong reduction in the oxygen peak for the Argon gas purged composites. The XRD spectra also support this observation with less ZrO2 phase composition in Argon gas purged composites. The Vickers micro-hardness showed slightly lower values for Argon gas purged composites though they have higher densification.

Mar 1, 2017

By Carl Rampacek

Recent research by the Bureau of Mines has demonstrated that the segregation process has merit for treating oxidized and mixed oxide-sulfide copper ores. The process comprises heating the crushed ore with salt and coke or other carbonaceous materials at about 700° C. to produce fine flake copper, which then is recovered by conventional copper-flotation methods. Bench-scale laboratory tests of a number of oxidized and mixed copper ores assaying 0.78 to 5 percent Cu gave copper recoveries of 73 to 96 percent. The flotation concentrates assayed 21 to 76 percent Cu, depending on the ore being treated.

Jan 1, 1959

By Jr. Sharkey

The Bureau of Mines investigated gases from flash and laser irradiation of Pittsburgh seam (hvab) coal to determine the action of high temperatures on coal. Temperatures in excess of l,000° C were reached with both types of irradiation. Craters about 300 microns in diameter were produced in the coal with millisecond pulses from the laser unit rated at 1.7 joules' output. Gaseous products from laser and flash irradiations in vacuum contained 21 and 8 percent acetylene, respectively. Diacetylene, vinylacetylene, and other products to molecular weight 130 were indicated in the mass spectrum of the gas from the laser study. Single experiments were also conducted in which the laser energy, particle size of the coal, and atmosphere were varied. The results indicated that the distributions of products obtained from the flash and laser irradiations of coal were different from that produced in high-temperature carbonization.

Jan 1, 1966

By C. D. Atkinson

The past few years have seen a much greater concern about air pollution in this country. This concern has led to increased legislation restricting the discharge of many substances such as sulfur dioxide and particulate matter to the atmosphere. In the future, it is anticipated the present permissible emission levels will be lowered. Current and impending restrictions on the emission of sulfur dioxide have brought out the fact that there is a shortage of available low-sulfur fuel for power plants and industrial use which promises to have an economic impact on the nation's energy picture (1) The Pittsburg & Midway Coal Mining Co., under the sponsorship of the Office of Coal Research, has developed a process to produce a fuel capable of meeting the energy requirements of this nation (2) The process is called "The Pittsburg & Midway Solvent Refined Coal Process". The principle product from the process is Solvent Refined Coal which is an ashless, low-sulfur fuel with 16,000 BTU per pound regardless of the rank coal from which it is produced. The product can be burned as either a solid or a liquid fuel. The process appears to be economically more attractive than other methods of alleviating the pollution problems of this nation. In addition to reducing the air pollution caused by stack gases, the product produced is potentially useful as a source of electrode coke and electrode binder pitch, as a gas turbine fuel, in the production of metallurigical coke and pavement asphalt, and as the first step in the overall process to produce distillate fuels and pipeline gas (3).

Jan 1, 1973

By Steve Linehan, John Toedter, Kelly Williams, Mark Herman, Laura Connor, Catherine E. Johnson

Minimum safe distance (MSD) calculations are used widely in military applications to determine safe standoff distances for breaching personnel. Accurate safe distances and an understanding of blast wave propagation are critical to preventing traumatic brain injury. These calculations are often based on spherical charges in open air. However, applications including explosive breaching use planar charges rather than spherical. Previous studies analyzed the shock propagation of a square planar charge of sheet explosive and concluded the anisotropic pattern conflicted with the Kingery Bulmash (KB) and MSD spherical models. It has been determined that these predictions do not adequately predict the realistic pressures in all directions and the trend has shown to be consistent across multiple charge geometries. In this series of experiments, pressures were collected from reference spheres and rectangular geometries of detonating cord and sheet explosive commonly used in breaching and improvised demolition for this comparison. This common configuration showed pressure differences at varying angles to the charge with the highest pressures measured at the 90° position perpendicular to the “door” to be breached. Lower pressures were found at the 0° and 15° positions where the breachers would normally be standing. The reflected shock from a surface such as a door was incorporated in a semi-confined situation and added to the shock observed by the breachers. Urban environments include many surrounding structures for these reflections to occur and further testing is necessary in such an environment to determine the full-scale impact. These findings may be useful to develop improved MSD calculations for breaching applications based on charge geometry, orientation to the blast, and nearby structures.

Feb 6, 2023

By S Ellis

In January 2008 Chirano Gold Mines Limited committed to expansion of the Chirano Gold Project from its existing design capacity of 2 Mtpa ROM ore to a new design value of 3.5 Mtpa. In addition to increased throughput, the design had to contend with increasing ore hardness and competency, while at the same time make cost effective use of existing equipment with minimum disruption to existing production. The solution adopted involved some novel approaches including tertiary crushing and operation of the SABC circuit in overflow ball mill mode and parallel elution with a common acid wash column. This paper describes the approach taken to the design of these elements to achieve a cost effective and safe capacity expansion.

Aug 8, 2011

The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health has classified diesel exhaust as a potential human carcinogen. Though standards for diesel particulate matter (DPM) in the work place have not been established, concern for the health of miners is prompting mine operators to consider methods for reducing worker exposure to diesel exhaust. Approach One of many methods for reducing DPM being investigated by the Bureau of Mines is the use of additives in diesel fuel to improve combustion. Research Results Three fuel additives have been tested in Caterpillar and Deutz diesel engines which are similar to types used in underground mines. One iron-based additive containing ferrous picrate had no effect on emissions. A second iron-based additive containing ferrocene reduced DPM between 5 and 45 pet depending on engine operating conditions. The 37-pct reduction for an 8-minute duty cycle, which includes a wide range of transient loads and speeds, is considered to represent in-mine performance.

Jan 1, 1990

By Mairyanne S. S. Souza, Sergio Neves Monteiro, Victor Tomazinho Bartolazzi, Dienifer Daiana Konzen

Clay is used in the production and manufacture of materials for the construction of buildings from remote periods. Advances and improvements of its properties have allowed several applications to this raw material. In this work the quality of four types of ceramic tiles manufactured or used in the northwest of the state of Rio de Janeiro and in the southeastern state of Minas Gerais was evaluated. Geometric, physical and mechanical aspects were evaluated according to the Brazilian standard NBR 15310:2009. The results indicate numerous nonconfor- mities with highlights for geometric parameters, surface flatness and yield tests. The nonconformities found in the samples indicate that there was a failure in the production control of the product and in the approval of the control of the lots.

Mar 1, 2018

By Jr NeSmith

"Augered-cast-in-place (ACIP) pile installation technology has matured extensively since the first auger, pressure grouted pile was patented in 1959. The current technology allows for successful pile installation across a variety of stratigraphies to meet various project load resistance requirements. This paper presents an overview of current ACIP techniques by comparing a number of case histories in a variety of geologic settings from Eastern Pennsylvania, New York City and New Jersey to demonstrate ACIP pile constructability in soft soils as well as the penetration, and resulting significant loads resisted, of ACIP piles in dense soils and intermediate geo-materials. Geologic settings that will be discussed include the Piedmont and Coastal Plain geologic provinces as well as glacial till deposits. Keywords: Deep Foundations, Piles, Augercast, Augered-cast-in-place, Auger pressure grouted, ACIP, APGINTRODUCTIONThe author, along with two colleagues, published an article in Deep Foundations magazine (NeSmith et al, 2013) which described a number of the advances in equipment, techniques, installation monitoring and post-construction testing that have expanded the geologies in which Augered Cast-in-place (ACIP) piles are installed as well as increasing their efficiency in some traditional ACIP pile geologies. The author uses the term efficiency to refer to the load resisted by a pile of a certain diameter and the increased efficiency noted refers to increased allowable loads over those traditionally resisted by piles of certain diameter (or a reduction in pile diameter from that which was traditionally used to support a certain design load). The performance and installation of ACIP piles in a variety of geologies in the Northeastern U.S. are discussed herein.PIEDMONT PHYSIGRAPHIC PROVINCEThe Piedmont physiographic province stretches from Alabama to the east through Georgia and up the east coast, just west of the Coastal Plain to Pennsylvania and New York (Brown, 2002). It generally consists of soils weathered in place from the underlying bedrock, which is typically a combination of granite, schist and gneiss depending on the location within the province. The author’s experience in the Northeastern US has been on sites where alluvial or coastal plain soils overly the residual soils and partially weathered or intact rock of the Piedmont. The example presented here, from a site on Walnut St in Philadelphia PA, is representative of these projects."

Jan 1, 2016

By Pollard D. M

The removal of nickel from lead by sulfur drossing was investigated using a technique which models industrial batch decoppering practice. Successful denickeling to 0.005% (Ni)pb was consistently obtained in the absence of silver, well below the experimental equilibrium value of 0.015% but still above levels obtained in industrial practice. Silver appeared to have little effect upon denickeling. The final nickel content was dependent upon the initial nickel content, the total sulfur addition and the stirring time. The presence of nickel was found to give no assistance to successful decoppering. Simul- taneous removal of nickel and copper was observed at silver contents in excess of 0.02%. Extended stirring resulted in a further lowering of the nickel content but reversion of copper to the bullion was observed. Experimental work has shown that nickel can be removed by a standard decoppering operation; a procedure which is used in secondary lead re- fining. Alternatively nickel can be removed during initial decoppering in primary lead re- fining operations.

Jan 1, 1987

By A. B. Seal, C. J. Bise

Excessive noise has long been a hazard in the coal-mining industry. Studies conducted during the mid-1970s and mid-1990s consistently show that hearing loss within the mining industry persists, in spite of regulatory requirements and sampling technology advances. When the U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration's new health standards to protect miners from hearing loss took effect in September 2000, the potential developed to reevaluate sampling approaches with regard to noise-source hazards, such as task-based methods. This paper describes results from a Pennsylvania State University research project now being conducted at an underground coal mine. Each occupation was reviewed, and a list of tasks or processes performed by each was generated. Traditional personal noise dosimetry, static sound pressure levels and equipment sound mappings have been performed. Job tasks indicating the greatest levels of daily noise exposure and contributions to noise dose have been identified and will be discussed.

Jan 1, 2003

By W. A. MacWilliams, R. G. Reynolds

"This paper describes, for the first time, a patented method of extracting sodium sulphate from a natural deposit in Western Canada. The method resembles, but is not, strictly speaking, solution mining. The fact that a plant based on this method has been in successful operation since late 1969 will be of added interest. The deposit in question is located near Metiskow, Alberta, and conventional surface recovery methods could not be applied because of heavy concentrations of mud. Considerable pilot work went into the separation and recovery process on which the plant operation is based. The history of the industry is covered briefly as background to this development. Today it is clear that the method has broader application within the industry and, in concept, may generate interest in many other applications."

Jan 1, 1973

By Dean S.

Further discussion at the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers' general meeting held in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 12th February 1916, with Mr. T.Y. Greener, President, in the chair, of the paper published in Trans. I.Min.E. vol.L, 1915, p.179 and 388. Written contributions to discussion included Mr. Dean's reply to earlier discussion (p.35-44), further written contributions by Tate S. (p.44-54) and Brown E.O.F. (p.54-56), and oral comments by Hare S., Merivale J.H., Greener T.Y. and Tate S. Particularly debated were the causes of the difference in output between American and British coal miners

Dec 1, 1916

By A. Ghasemi

An alumina-silica coating was deposited on a nickel substrate by sol-gel process, and the structures and composition were evaluated, The sols were made from aluminium and silicon alkoxide, and an acid catalyst including HCl, To produce adherent silica coatings on nickel, various additives such as surfactant, viscose additive and drying control chemical additives were introduced to the system, and appropriate drying and firing cycles were applied after dipping in solution. The hot corrosion and oxidation resistance of the coating at different temperatures were investigated, The structure and uniformity of the coatings were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), The results indicate that a uniform coating of alumina silica can be produced on a nickel substrate by optimizing the composition and process variables of the sol. Coatings can protect substrates from oxidation and hot corrosion at different temperature up to 1000°C, but is not very effective for hot-corrosion resistance at 1000°C.

Jan 1, 2005