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Kinetics of Reclamation of E-Waste by a Bioleaching Route

Sep 13, 2010

By B. C. Christensen

The contract objectives are (1) to develop safe practice guidelines which will minimize the chance of fires in underground fueling areas and (2) to develop a low-cost, reliable, automatic fire protection system for underground fueling areas. The effort described by this report covers the period from 21 June 1976 to 30 September 1977 and accomplished the following tasks: ? Preparation of Data Plan and Data Acquisition, mainly through visits to sixteen mine sites and a literature survey. ? Analysis of the accumulated data, providing design inputs for (a) evaluation of the fire problem; (b) development of safe practice guidelines; and (c) development of recommended design concepts for automatic fire protection systems. ? Preparation of safe practice guidelines for underground fueling areas. ? Preparation of recommended design concepts for automatic fire protection systems for underground fueling areas. ? Design and fabrication of fire protection system for installation at Pine Creek Mine, Bishop, California. ? Install system and perform underground fire tests at Pine Creek Mine.

Jan 1, 1977

By Frank Cook

In this two-year study, an evaluation of mining and reclamation practices at 159 randomly sampled surface coal mines in the United States was conducted. It is concluded that reclamation practices in most of the 22 coal-producing states were adequate during 1975, but that improvement in reclamation performance was desirable in the acid area of the central U. S. and in mountainous southwestern Virginia. Productivity improvements should result from research to determine efficient or optimal operating procedures for dragline stripping of single and multiple seams, surface mining of lignite, multicut and multiseam haulback mining on steep slopes, mountaintop removal, and surface mining in swampy or deeply glaciated areas. Specific candidate research projects are discussed in this report.

Jan 1, 1976

By Oswaldo Delfim

Com o aumento da exportação do minério de ferro para os mercados asiáticos e consequentes novos parâmetros nas especificações, principalmente granulométricas para o minério com maior grau de pureza, viabilizaram-se importantes mudanças no processo produtivo, como por exemplo, a classificação do minério em sua umidade natural. Os ganhos adquiridos nesta nova condição de processo vão desde o aumento da recuperação mássica (de 90 a 95 para 100%), menor investimento no Capex e Opex, além dos ganhos na área ambiental como a eliminação da água na rota do processo e das barragens de rejeitos com consequente facilidade na obtenção do licenciamento ambiental. Neste artigo apresentamos os detalhes técnicos das condições dinâmicas ideais da peneira vibratória dedicada a esta nova aplicação.

Aug 16, 2017

By Steven K. Ruggieri

This report describes the use of the sprayfan auxiliary ventilation system for methane and dust control on continuous miner sections to potential users. The sprayfan auxiliary ventilation system is a modified water spray system which directs intake air to and across the front of a continuous miner to prevent build up of methane gas and dust concentrations. This user's manual contains practical information concerning sprayfan: a. Description and capabilities b. Design c. Installation d. Operation e. Maintenance. Underground tests, independent laboratory tests, tests by MSHA, and independent installations by coal producers have confirmed the performance of the sprayfan system. There are currently 150 sprayfan systems in operation in underground coal mines.

Jan 1, 1981

By Reinhardt Thiessen

In the general study of coal, all evidence points in the one direction —that coals had their origin in a manner analogous to that of peat. The best method of studying coal, whether it concerns its chemistry, composition, or physical condition, is to study peat. The essentials in a study of peat are a knowledge of the chemistry of plants, knowledge of decay and of the transformation process of plant-substances into peat. A number of facts must be emphasized, namely, (1) peat is formed under wet conditions only; (2) plants grow in the place where peat is formed; (3) all the plant substances go into the bog; and (4) all the plant substances are subjected to a series of phases of decay which are (a) in the air completely above the water level but in relatively moist conditions; (b) above the water level, but covered by debris; and (c) completely submerged by both water and debris. Plant Chemistry Plant chemistry as a whole is remarkably well understood. The number of compounds composing plants is large, and it is not possible here to give even a comprehensive outline, but a classification into definite groups is possible; this is as follows: Carbohydrates; glucosides; pigments; tannins; acids, alcohols and ketones, etc., and their salts; essential oils; resins; vegetable bases; proteins; enzymes. Plant substances may also be grouped according to the role they play in the life of the plant, such as: Framework materials, living materials, food materials, protecting materials, waste materials. While this classification groups them well for. certain purposes, it does not group them exactly chemically; but in a consideration of the composition of coal, this is an excellent classification for our purpose here.

Jan 1, 1925

By Mary Ellen Bruce

Let me first address the issue of the wet grab samples. The wet grab samples that were attempted to take on the Central Artery were hindered by the fact that the way the mixing was being done was only by injecting grout on the way out, during withdrawal of the mixing tools. They would auger down to the required depth (usually with some water being injected), which took anywhere from 45 minutes to an hour, and then when coming out, the grout would be injected with grout. That was leaving a column of grout in the center where the shaft had been (i.e. inside of the blades of the mixing tools), which would end up being something like a foot in diameter because the pipe that was used for the drill shaft was a foot in diameter. So we had 10 inches to a foot of almost pure grout in the middle of our column and then we had 2 feet on either side that was mixed soil cement. So when they went down with the wet grab sampler not knowing where that was in the column sometimes they/we were getting strengths of 1500 psi, and sometimes they/we were getting strength of 500 psi or 100 psi. So what was it that we were taking into the wet grab sampler? In those cases you don't really know, but it wasn't representative of the core samples we were taking. We were purposely not coring in the center because we knew that was going to be high cement content, almost pure grout. So the issue of wet grab sampling particularly on this project, the Central Artery Project, was that we didn't really know what we were sampling. What becomes an issue with wet grab sampling in other projects is that you have to have another device (machine) in most cases, a cherry picker crane or something similar that can raise and lower with a beam that is used to forces the sampler down into the freshly mixed soil-cement. And regarding economics, is it more economical to have that crane standing by with its operator or to have a drill rig to come along later and do the coring and take the material out that's fairly identical to what you're finding in situ? The complaint of micro-fracturing in the core samples as you're taking the cores was raised by Seiko as causing large strength reductions. But, if you're doing it carefully, then I don't think that's much of an issue anymore, on research basis perhaps but not on a practical level.

Feb 10, 2003

By Jonathan Baggett, Nino Ripepi, Amin Abbasi, Richard Bishop, Juan Monsalve, John Hole

This work focuses on the operational and safety issues associated with karst voids in large opening underground mines. Issues include water inrush, structural instability, and engineering uncertainty in these environments. Coupled with the fracturing prevalent in folded sedimentary rocks, karst voids are complex and challenging ground-control risks. Traditional methods of predicting karst void locations, such as probe drilling, are impeded by the inconsistent spatial distribution and variable sizes of the features as reported by Li et al. (J Rock Mechan Geotech Eng:232–242, 2010) and Hassan et al. (Procedia Chem 19:737–742, 2016). Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical technique that transmits radio waves into a medium and subsequently detects reflected waves via a receiver. The travel time and energy of received signals are then processed and interpreted. The difference in conductivity and dielectric permittivity between limestone and open karst cavities causes strong reflections. GPR is frequently used as a geophysical surveying technique in several industries; however, there is a lack of published research on underground mining GPR applications as reported by Zhao et al. (2015a; Geophys J Int:62–71, 2015b) and Eskelinen and Pellinen (Constr Build Mater:888–898, 2018). The purpose of this work is to demonstrate the use of GPR in an underground stone mine and to discuss the importance of karst void detection ahead of mining.

By J. Manchisi

This study has investigated the use of blast furnace slag as functional adsorbent for metal ions in acid mine drainage treatment. This opportunity has not yet been developed into a practical process partly because of limited understanding of rates and mechanisms of adsorption process and inconsistency in interpretations of adsorption data. The overall objectives were to determine the efficiency and mechanisms of sorption process of metal ions in a multiadsorbate system. We employed standard materials characterisation techniques to analyse composition, structure and surface morphology of the slag. Batch adsorption experiments were then conducted to study the mechanisms, kinetics and efficiency of metal sorption as a function of pH, phase ratio, mixing time, mass and particle sizes of slag. Both XRF and adsorption data suggested the slag to possess acid neutralising capacity. This slag is non-crystalline based on XRD pattern, has adequate porosity and pore volume comparable to similar commercial adsorbents but it has inferior pore structure, pore size distribution and BET surface area to be effective under wide applications. Metal sorption increased with decrease in slag particle diameter, decrease in initial metal concentration and increase in the mass of slag. Although slags have demonstrated to efficiently treat low concentrations of single and multiadsorbate effluents using fine particle sizes, they have limited capacity to treat multiadsorbate systems for some metal ions. This is probably due to low affinity, competitive adsorption or limitation in material?s adsorptive properties. Sorption mechanisms probably involve precipitation and ion exchange on the basis of alkaline pH and exchangeable slag surface ions. Sorption preference is proposed as Fe2+>Cu2+>>Cd2+>Co2+>Mn2+. Despite these limitations, deeper understanding of sorption behaviour of metal ions by slags for application in dilute and large volumes of effluents is necessary where precipitation and other standard techniques are either inefficient or uneconomic. Thus, this study has established that sorption capacity of slag to remove metal ions from acidic effluents is selective, limited to certain metal ions and for other ions only at low concentrations. Further adsorption studies in multiple solutes under various experimental conditions or those that can propose an economic slag activation process are needed that improves or widens adsorption window.

Aug 1, 2013

By Donald F. MacDonald

METAL PRICES RISE WITHIN the past nine months, the mining industry of the world has been revivified by a spectacular price advance for the metals. ln fact, practically all geological raw materials have been marked up during this period. Reviving industry started the price rise, but the armaments race among the nations has intensified it. These factors, coupled with our decided building shortage, which must be made up, will probably maintain metal prices at decidedly favourable levels over the next two or three years, or longer. OUR MINERAL CIVILIZATION It is interesting to recall that in the past hundred years, while the white population of the world increased some three ta three and a half fold, the consumption of minerals increased seventy-five fold. In other words, ours is a mineral civilization. If we disregard short slumps, which we will occasionally experience, it seems certain that the bread upward trend in mineral consumption will be maintained for many decades into the future. Nations without reasonably abundant and diverse mineral deposits will eventually become nations without much power. Canada is blessed with a splendid store of minerals. Its mineral industry is now facing an exceptionally rosy future. What of the mineral industry of Nova Scotia? GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH ALLOWED TO LAG RN NOVA SCONA Many years ago, when geological science was in? its infancy, much geological study was carried on in Nova Scotia. In 1827, Francis Alger began work on the iron ores in the Bay of Fundy region. In 1886, E. R. Faribault began his series of remarkable papers on Nova Scotia geology. Between these dates, many others published papers on the geology of the Province. The most outstanding of this early group of geologists was Sir William Dawson, whose published works on Nova Scotian geology extended over the period from 1845 to 1891.

Jan 1, 1937

By Peter J. Rafferty, Friedrich Steinhäusler

INTRODUCTION The Nuclear Energy Agency plays an active role in promoting international cooperation among its member countries in the field of nuclear energy. In addition to various other functions, it plays a major role in encouraging harmonisation of government regulatory policies and practices, promoting exchange of information, and coordination of research and development in the field of radiological health and safety associated with nuclear fuel cycle activities. The work of the Agency is carried out through a number of specialised standing committees. In particular, the Committee on Radiation Protection and Public Health (CRPPH) is responsible for the Agency's activities concerned with radiological protection and related environmental problems. Its functions include review and discussion of national radiation protection policies and practices, review of developments in radiological protection, interpretation of ICRP recommendations and the study of the means of their translation into practical applications, including the establishment of radiological protection standards. Its functions also include the preparation of technical studies and reviews on specific problems requiring attention, and coordination of further research and development at the international level. Major attention is presently being given to the NEA programme of work on problems associated with radiation protection and environmental impact of nuclear fuel cycle activities, with particular attention to the front-end (uranium mining and milling) and the back-end (waste management) of the fuel cycle. In this context, the increasing attention that has been given in several countries to the problems associated with the exposure of man to radon, thoron and their daughters, and with their dosimetry and measurement, were readily appreciated by NEA, which began an active programme of work in this field in 1976. Because of the detrimental health effects,as demonstrated by epidemiological studies,caused by prolonged exposure to excessive levels of shortlived daughters of radon, particularly in poorly ventilated underground mines, the bulk of attention and needed effort has been focussed on radon and radon daughters in uranium mining. In certain countries some concern has been expressed also about the significant levels of exposure experienced by workers in non-uranium mines,and members of the public who live in particular areas or in dwellings built with particular materials which produce higher than average levels of radon and radon daughters. However, at the time of the first NEA involvement in this field it was considered that one of the most urgent problems to be solved was that of ensuring adequate personal dosimetry for uranium miners. Consequently, the NEA was urged to organise a specialist meeting on personal dosimetry and area monitoring for radon and radon daughters to provide an international forum for exchanging information and reviewing problems in this field. The meeting was held in Elliot Lake, Canada, in October 1976. A second specialist meeting, on the same subject, was held in Paris, in November 1978, to review further developments in this area. These meetings demonstrated that the overall problem associated with exposure to radon and radon daughters had many facets, each of which in recent years has been the subject of considerable attention in many countries for different reasons. It emerged from the meetings that further work was required on a variety of issues in two main areas: 1) dosimetry 2) metrology and monitoring. Conclusions and recommendations which emerged from the two NEA specialist meetings were discussed by the CRPPH. As a consequence the Committee approved, in September 1979, a detailed programme of work in the area of dosimetry and monitoring of radon, thoron and their daughters, and approved the setting up of an international Group of Experts on Radon Dosimetry and Monitoring to undertake the work. The work has been divided into two phases - phase I, on dosimetric aspects, and phase II, on metrology and monitoring aspects. The terms of reference of the work are given in Appendix 1. A list of national representatives on the Group of Experts on Radon Dosimetry and Monitoring is given in Appendix 2; many of these persons are participating here in the Conference. The Group of Experts met for the first time in April 1980 and met again in September 1981. The work of phase I is nearing completion and a report is expected to be submitted soon to the CRPPH for its consideration. Three technical papers providing interim information on the study appear elsewhere in the proceedings of this Conference. The papers cover the three principle areas examined in the study so far: 1) dosimetric aspects 2) review of the "working level" 3) review of objectives and requirements for measurement and monitoring of radon, thoron and daughters. The authors, their affiliations, and the titles of these papers are listed in Appendix 3. A brief overview follows giving the principal results.

Jan 1, 1981

By Edward W. Parker

(Toronto Meeting, July, 1907.) NOTE.-The material from which this paper has been prepared was collected for the U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin, Contributions to Economic Geology, 1906, and appears also, though in somewhat more extended form without illustrations, in that publication. ALTHOUGH the briquetting of coals and lignites has been carried on for many years in Europe, and has reached a particularly high state of development in France, Belgium, and Germany, it has made comparatively little progress in the United States. The causes for the backwardness of the United States in this regard are several, and first among them has been the abundant supply of cheap raw fuel with which the manufactured article has to compete. With our millions of acres of coal-productive territory, from which the product can in most cases be cheaply extracted, it has appeared in many districts more economical to waste the slack or culm, which con¬stitutes a considerable percentage -of the product, than to attempt to save it at the additional expense required for briquetting. It is for this reason that the view in all sections of the anthracite-region of Pennsylvania is marred by the unsightly culm-banks which encumber the ground, and that in some of the bituminous-districts one sees huge piles of unmarketable- slack allowed to burn up in order to get rid of them. When the coal is of a coking quality, or when the slack can be used for steaming-purposes, these losses are not sustained, but many thousands of tons of what might be converted into usable fuel have been wasted every year simply because of the increased expense involved in its preparation.

Sep 1, 1907

By R. H. Fernald, C. D. Smith

When the United States Geological Survey began operations at the coal-testing plant erected at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis, Mo., in 1904, it had already outlined a comprehensive plan for the systematic study of coals, lignites, and other mineral fuels with reference to their suitability for particular purposes and the methods by which they could be utilized most efficiently. Recognizing the need of information on the relative economy of producer gas as compared with steam for power purposes and the lack of comparable tests of American coals in the gas producer, the Geological Survey undertook investigations of the merits of different coals as producer fuel for the purpose of promoting efficiency in the utilization of the nation's fuel supplies. These investigations were carried on at St. Louis, Mo., and, later, at Norfolk, Va., and Pittsburg, Pa. The aet of Congress approved May 16, 1910, transferred the fueltesting work being carried on by the Geological Survey to the Bureau of Mines. This bureau is conducting producer-gas tests at P~ttsburg, Pa., and is publishing and distributing reports relating to all the fuel tests made by the Survey. These investigations into the possibility of generating producer gas in a commercial way for power purposes from the various fuels of the country have been associated with steaming, briquetting, coking, and other tests, all of which supplemented an examination into the nature, extent, and distribution of the fuels. The tests have all been made with carefully selected representative samples and carload lots of materials procured specially for the purpose by experienced collectors.

Jan 1, 1911

By Ródnei Abbade Abreu

A UPV é abastecida basicamente por duas fontes de energia elétrica de 60 Hz (maioria das cargas da usina): LIGHT (concessionária - externa) e CTE#2 (interna). A energia externa chega a UPV via sistema de transmissão e distribuição da LIGHT, por esse transporte paga-se uma tarifa de uso do sistema para a concessionária, vale ressaltar que não é comprado energia da LIGHT e sim o transporte da mesma, a energia é comprada de unidades geradoras distantes da UPV. O valor pago pelo transporte da energia é baseado em um contrato de Demanda [MW], que representa um valor máximo que o sistema deve ser capaz de suportar, caso seja solicitado. O objetivo desse trabalho é identificar qual a melhor (menor) demanda a ser contratada pela UPV, de forma a atender os processos produtivos e não ultrapassar o valor contratado (pagamento de multa), para tal foi criado um simulador com base em dados históricos para estimação de demanda a ser contratada pela usina.

Jul 31, 2018

By Carolina Passanante

Aços Inoxidáveis Supermartensíticos surgiram na indústria petroquímica como um material alternativo para confecção de dutos, devido principalmente ao sinergismo de suas propriedades mecânicas e de corrosão. Com esta nova demanda, tornou-se necessária a caracterização deste material em suas diversas propriedades, destacando-se neste trabalho o efeito da microestrutura na resistência à corrosão. Objetivou-se, portanto, o estudo da resistência à corrosão por pite de um aço inoxidável supermartensítico 13Cr-5Ni-2Mo-Nb em função da fração volumétrica de ferrita-delta (d) presente na microestrutura. A variação da ferrita-delta foi alcançada através de tratamentos de recozimento, a 1.050°C, durante diferentes tempos (de 0,5h a 48h). As amostras foram submetidas a ensaios de polarização potenciodinâmica em eletrólito contendo 3,5% NaCl, naturalmente aerado. Quantificou-se, ainda, a porcentagem de ferrita em cada uma das condições através de ataque eletrolítico com solução 20% NaOH. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram a diminuição desta fase com o aumento do tempo de recozimento, chegando praticamente à sua eliminação com tratamento de 48h. Paralelamente, a resistência à corrosão por pite deste aço foi melhorada de modo proporcional à diminuição da fase ferrita, resultando em um aumento de aproximadamente 115 mV da pior para a melhor condição, comprovando que, de fato, a presença de ferrita-delta prejudica as propriedades de resistência à corrosão localizada.

Aug 7, 2018

By C. Arthur Carlson

"It now becomes my privilege and duty to call to order this fifty-first meeting of the Rocky Mountain Coal Mining Institute. "I bid you a hearty welcome and I know by your attendance at these meetings you will gain a great deal of valuable information, as well as have a wonderful time. "We have been very ably represented by Mr. John H. Emrick as General Chairman, assisted by our good friend Mr. Fred W. Whiteside, our secretary and treasurer. I know they have worked very hard in selecting the various committees, who in turn - by the looks of our program have gone all out to prepare material that should be of great interest to us. I trust we will be attentive to the subjects presented and freely enter into the discussions, also relating our problems and experiences. I am sure this will prove both profitable and beneficial to all present. "The main purpose of these conventions is to become acquainted with each other, renew old acquaintances, talk over our problems, and have a little fun and relaxation from our every day routine. "Let us not forget the manufacturers, the distributors, the operators, or the press because it is through their splendid support that this organization is successful. "Since our last meeting we have gained many new members, whom we especially welcome. We are sorry to have lost a few. I am mindful, at this time, of two very good members from my home state who have passed away, Walter Wetzel, a former president of this institute, and Lee Alger, at the time of his death, Vice-President from Utah. We also lost very recently our assistant Secretary-Treasurer, Everret Davis. These men contributed a great deal to the institute and the coal industry in general. I am sure they are greatly missed by all who knew them."

Jan 1, 1955

By B. K. Mishra, Subrat Kumar Padhy, B. C. Tripathy, I. N. Bhattacharya

Manganese is a difficult metal to electrodeposit due to its high electronegativity and continues to possess unique process challenges. Manganese deposits of high quality are electrodeposited on 316 grade stainless steel from sulphate solutions in the presence of organic additives such as tetra ethyl ammonium bromide (TEABr), tetra propyl ammonium bromide (TPABr), and tetra butyl ammonium bromide (TBABr). The concentrations of these additives were examined over a relatively broad range to evaluate their effect on current efficiency, specific energy consumption and deposit morphology of the electrodeposited manganese metal. A maximum current efficiency of 68% was achieved in the presence of TEABr in the bath. X- ray diffraction studies revealed that (330) (411) planes were the most preferred planes of crystal growth during manganese electrowinning at a current density of 500 A/m2 resembling alpha-manganese irrespective of the nature of additive. Scanning electron micrographs showed smooth and uniform deposit morphologies when manganese was electrodeposited in the presence of TEABr.

Jan 1, 2014

By K. Buxmann

Climate change is a subject of growing concern. Based on the International Energy Agency, about 19% of man made greenhouse gas emissions globally are generated by the transport sector. This paper will focus on the environmental aspects of the light-weighting in transport and the resulting savings of fuel and electricity. Aluminium is an option for lightweight applications in transport, with very high benefits not only in the use stage, but also in the stage of vehicle recycling. Life cycle assessment is used to quantify the relative benefits of light-weighting specific components of cars, commercial road vehicles, buses, ships and trains. A vehicle consists of many components, which are produced by different processes and undergo different types of end-of-life operations. This document does not intend to compare a generic aluminium vehicle with a generic "heavy materials" vehicle. It rather tries to use a pragmatic approach based on specific examples of components where aluminium is used and can be used in the design of new vehicles, also taking into account future developments. The case studies in this paper are based on real cases where aluminium was used. For each component, sensitivity analyses are applied to see the impact of specific parameters such as the end-of-life recycling rate and the use stage driving distance. Significant greenhouse gas savings by the use of aluminium are demonstrated for cars and even higher ones for trucks, buses, trains and ships. In addition, the total potential benefits of light-weighting with aluminium are shown on the global level.

Jan 1, 2007

By W. I. Nissen

As part of its program to provide technology for reducing undesirable environmental impacts of mineral processing operations, the Bureau of Mines developed the citrate process for desulfurizing industrial stack gases that contain from 0.1 to 2 vol pet S02. In this regenerable flue gas desulfurization (FGD) process, S02 is absorbed from cleaned and cooled industrial flue gas with a citric acid-sodium citrate solution. The absorbed S02 is subsequently reacted with H2S to precipitate marketable elemental sulfur and regenerate the solution for recycle. Laboratory investigations of process parameters provided information for designing larger scale continuous operations. Information gathered from operation of two pilot plants, one at a copper smelter and one at a lead smelter, confirmed the laboratory results. Data were obtained for design and construction of a commercial-sized demonstration plant at the George F. Weaton Power Station, Monaca, PA. A preliminary operation of the plant was demonstrated, under a cost-sharing Bureau-industry contract. This bulletin describes the citrate process and gives results of the laboratory, pilot plant, and demonstration plant studies, as well as corrosion investigations.

Jan 1, 1985

By Nestor Ferreira Carvalho

Com o intuito de garantir a segurança das pessoas, meio ambiente e o patrimônio das empresas, os vasos de pressão e caldeiras instalados no Brasil devem ser protegidos por válvulas de segurança, cuja função é evitar que o equipamento seja pressurizado acima da pressão de projeto. A escolha do melhor local para instalação dessas válvulas deve levar em consideração, além dos itens usuais de projeto, os esforços gerados quando da abertura dessas válvulas. Esse artigo, faz uma análise da fratura, com o propósito de determinar as causas básicas da falha e evitar sua repetição. A análise foi realizada com o apoio de literaturas sobre fractografia e fadiga.

Aug 16, 2017