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By Guanghui Li

Nickel pig iron (NPI), used as a substitute for electrolytic nickel, is able to reduce the production cost of stainless steel greatly. Aiming for preparing NPI from nickeliferous laterite ore, a pilot-plant scale test of coal-based rotary kiln direct reduction of laterite ore was performed and reported in this study. In this process, the ground laterite sample (18.85% TFe and 1.52% Ni) mixed with additives, pulverized coal and binder was briquetted into briquettes with the size of 40mm×40mm×31mm, laterite ore briquettes and reducing coal were charged into a rotary kiln with the diameter of 1.6 m and the length of 16 m, for a retention period of 6~7 hours, in which reduction section temperature was ranging from 950~1050 oC. The reduced briquettes were water quenched, ball mill ground and beneficated via low intensity magnetic separation. A magnetic concentrate, Ferronickel powder, with 86.9% TFe and 8.0% Ni was obtained, and the corresponding magnetic recovery of iron and nickel are 75% and 96.3%, respectively.

Jan 1, 2014

By Jörg Fischer-Bühner

Conventional 22ct Au jewellery alloys are comparably soft in the as-cast and soft-annealed state and hardening by cold-working is the only way of giving strength to the jewellery. The paper first focuses on hardening of 22ct jewellery alloys by conventional means, i.e. solid solution hardening with base metals (aiming particularly at an increased as-cast hardness) as well as precipitation hardening by alloying with base metals beyond the solubility limits and subsequent age-hardening heat treatment. Co-additions of ~2% turned out to result in most pronounced solid solution hardening up to ~100 HV1 in an investment cast & quenched state. Subsequent heat treatments, consisting of solution annealing at 850°C for 1h followed by water quenching and ageing at 300°C ? 400°C for ~ 1h lead to pronounced age-hardening with a peak hardness of ~ 260 HV1. In contrast, 22ct Au alloyed with Ni, Fe or Sb display no age-hardening effect within the same range of heat treatment parameters. The 2nd part of the paper reports on some preliminary trials to enhance the hardening effect of the base metals by additions of suitable elements, which possess a strong tendency to phase formation with the added base metal during ageing treatments. It is shown, that the age-hardening behavior of 22ct and 990/995 Au alloyed with Co or Ni can be remarkably influenced by additions of Sb. A total of only 10wt%0 of CoSb or NiSb-additions lead to a peak hardness of ~ 150 HV1 for a 22ct Au and ~ 100-120 HV1 for 990 Au , which is obtained already after very short ageing times (20-40min) at 300-400°C after solution annealing at 700°C / 1h / water quenching. It is suggested that the age-hardening mechanism in these alloys consists in precipitation of intermetallic CoSb- and NiSb-phases.

Oct 1, 2003

By K. A. Clark

A meeting between representatives of the Scientific and Industrial Research Council of Alberta and the Deputy Minister of Mines for Canada was held at Edmonton in May, 1929, for the purpose of formulating a co-operative plan for carrying forward studies in aid of the development of commercial methods for utilizing the bituminous sands of Alberta. It was agreed that to the Alberta Research Council should be allocated the general problem of investigation of the processes for the separating of bitumen from the sands, including studies of methods of emulsifying, dehydrating and otherwise preparing separated bitumen for industrial applications. It was further agreed that during the present year the work of the Alberta Research Council should be to continue its laboratory investigations of points of design of its separation plant; to further perfect its separation procedure; to recondition its existing separation plant at Dunvegan Yards, Edmonton, in the light of laboratory studies and to operate it for the purpose of demonstrating its efficiency; to carry on tests in emulsifying and dehydrating or otherwise preparing separated bitumen for industrial application; and on the basis of the experience gained in the operation of the preliminary plant at Dunvegan Yards to prepare and design and, as far as possible, to proceed with the erection of, a semi-commercial separation plant at a site to be chosen, probably at the bituminous sand deposits near McMurray, Alberta. This paper presents, in the main, a progress report of the carrying out of this programme.

Jan 1, 1929

By Jos D. Weeks

On the extreme fringe of' the great Appalachian coal-basin is a long narrow detached coal-field, which is, in some respects, one of the most important in the United States. This field, about 90 miles long by 2½ to 16 miles wide, extends from the southwest corner of Somerset county, Pennsylvania, through Allegany and Garrett counties, Maryland, Mineral, Grant and Tucker counties, West Virginia, into Randolph county, West Virginia. In this distance four distinct sub-districts are recognized, the Wellersburg in Pennsylvania, the Cumberland-Georges creek in Maryland, and the Elk Garden and the Upper Potomac in West Virginia. The output of coal from the whole field including steam, domestic, smithing and coking-coal of the best quality, is about 4,500,000 tons annually. It is the nearest to tide-water of all the bituminous coal-fields which supply the great coal-markets of the Northern Atlantic seaboard ;

Jan 1, 1895

By J. S. Hall

The performance of a full-scale balling drum circuit is well known to fluctuate, and is difficult to control. The fluctuations stem from causes that are not readily quantifiable. Results from plant tests show that surging of the recycle tonnage is dependent, inter alia, on the method of bentonite addition, small variations in drum or cutter bar speed and the method of drum water addition. This paper presents detailed observations from experiments on full-scale drum circuits, including preliminary results of a computer measurement and control scheme. Size distributions measured at points along an industrial drum are presented, together with the results of a mathematical model fitted to one plant data set. Model predictions are also included emphasizing the importance of screen performance on circuit stability.

Jan 1, 1983

By K. Ananth Krishnan

Today we see a paradigm shift in political, environmental, and economic trends, which are challenging the mining industries. It is very clear that these issues are reaching unparalleled scale and complexity. Cost efficiency and corporate social responsibility are the two primary drivers for the mining industry today. The current challenges facing the industry include: ? Due to deterioration of quality of ores, the scale of operations has become humongous which necessitates high degree of automation and remote operations ? Scarcity of skilled manpower and the necessity to minimize employment of humans at unsafe locations ? Automation of routine activities, improving the efficiency of operations and reducing the cost of production ? Land, water and energy have become scarce in most of the resource rich regions In the current macroeconomic conditions, it is obvious that the industry is under tremendous pressure and it is imperative that the industry embraces sustainability, enhanced energy efficiency, and improved resource allocation. Closely related sectors like energy and utilities have set an example by acknowledging the need to alter their business practices to meet the essentials of sustainability, adoption of new operating models, policy and regulation structures. There is a need to continuously optimize the operations across the entire process value chain as well as across geographies in order to meet the market demand while dealing with supply chain constraints. The goals of optimization could be enhancement in productivity, reduction of production costs, carbon footprint, etc. The gamut of operations is vast, starting from exploration to mining, mineral processing, smelting, refining, casting, rolling (deformation processing), heat treatment, and finally manufacturing of industrial products / components. Advances in information and communication technologies (ICT) in combination with modeling and optimization tools have made it possible to address these issues in a quantitative manner based on real life data. Manufacturing industry, for example, has successfully leveraged these technologies (ERP, PLM, MES, APC, etc.) to enhance productivity and quality. In this presentation, I would like to illustrate the benefits that could be derived by implementing ICT-leveraged solutions available today for the mining industries. I will focus on the following recent technological developments in the context of their applications in the mining and minerals industries: Mobility technologies: The industry is looking for strategically sustainable solutions that fit the working profile of mining engineers and which provide up-to-date information in real time. Mobile applications for iPhones and iPads are gaining popularity, which is helping mining engineers to work on-line as well as off-line. Mobility technologies have made it possible to provide data anywhere and anytime in a form you prescribe. This enables proactive responses to changing dynamics of the marketplace. For example, a plant engineer can access information about any critical process equipment, monitor its performance and do the needful as and when needed. Similarly, scheduling of operations can be optimized based on the market demand and on the availability of raw materials, labor, and status of equipment.

Sep 1, 2012

Dear All, I am looking for information about vibrations and effects on fish in pools. A tunnel blast is planned to be carried out as close as 300 meters to a freshwater fish growing plant. What is the vibration criteria for fishes in pools? Your comments will be highly appreciated.

Jan 1, 2012

By Patrick Shea

Old mine workings are found throughout the Western United Sates on lands administered by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Forest Service and private lands. Some of these mine workings date back to the late 1800s. There may be as many as 100,000 sites on lands administered by the National Park Service, U.S. Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management. The U.S. Department of the Interior has worked with the U.S. Geological Survey, the U.S. Forest Service, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and western state governments to identify and prioritize these sites on Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service and U.S. Forest Service administered lands. This presentation will discuss the accomplishments we have made to date to clean up inactive and abandoned mine sites, focusing primarily on lands administered by the Bureau of Land Management.

Jan 1, 2000

By Katsukiyo Marukawa, Manabu Iguchi, Sigeta Hara, Shinichiro Yokoya, Sigeo Takagi

"A numerical analysis and water model study of the mold region of a continuous casting apparatus was performed with a novel injection concept using swirling flow in the pouring tube, to control the heat and mass transfer in the continuous casting mold.As a result, the following results were found:1) By changing swirl strength, it is easy to control the flow pattern as well as the direction of the flow.2) Uniform velocity distribution can be obtained within a very short distance from the outlet of the nozzle.3) Heat and mass transfer near the meniscus can be remarkably activated compared with a conventional straight type immersion nozzle without swirl.4) Swirl helps the superheat in the melt dissipate.S) Penetration depth of nozzle outlet flow is decreased remarkably by the application of swirling.6) For the case without swirl, the peak of the flow moves near the mold-wall with flowing down from the outlet of the nozzle due to the Coanda-effect. On the other hand, peak of the flow moves near the mold axis with flowing down from the nozzle-outlet within considerable short distance, namely axi-symmetric velocity distribution can be obtained within very short distance from the nozzle-outlet.Those findings mentioned above are very useful to control the flow pattern in the billet and bloom continuous casters."

Jan 1, 2001

By C. S. Todd, R. L. McNearny, S. Dun, P. Clark, P. W. Conrad, X. Liu, J. Q. Wu, H. Rhee, W. J. Elliot

Soil erosion is strongly related to soil hydraulic properties. Understanding how surface coal mining affects these properties is therefore important in developing effective management practices to control erosion during reclamation. To determine the impact of mining activities on soil hydraulic properties, soils from undisturbed areas, areas of roughly graded mine spoil, areas with replaced topsoil before seeding, and revegetated areas at the Rosebud Mine in Eastern Montana were evaluated. Field and laboratory studies were conducted to determine the soil hydraulic properties of the four representative areas, including particle-size distribution, organic matter content and saturated hydraulic conductivity. Using this data, Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) simulations and risk analyses were performed to investigate mining’s effects on changes in soil erosion potential. Significant differences were seen in the hydraulic properties of the soils in the representative areas due to the mining and reclamation practices at the mine. The WEPP simulations show that the potential for soil erosion increases as a result of mining activities disturbing the soil. The simulations also indicate that the erosion potential may return to pre-mining levels over time with effective revegetation practices.

Jan 1, 2015

By Granholm S

The current emphasis within the mining industry to reduce the cost of production has stimulated interest in the fields of maintenance and operational reliability of capital intensive mining equipment. From an economic point of view, high reliability is desirable to reduce the maintenance costs of the systems. Two graphical methods consider reliability analysis. The first one, the method of Total Time on Test (177)-plotting deals with the reliability data which are free from trend and serial correlation. The second method which is based on time dependent modelling approach deals with the data which are not free from trends and serial correlation. The examples show how these graphical methods can be used to calculate the optimal maintenance intervals for components or systems.

Jan 1, 1991

By Wm. Ross Wayment, Innes P. Grantmyre

INTRODUCTION It has been recognized for some time that major changes in mining methods will be required in the near future. Two types of factors contribute to this need for change. Intrinsic factors include ground control problems associated with mining at increasing depths, noise, dust, toxic fumes, and logistics problems which arise from operation in a cyclical fashion. Extrinsic factors include competition for labor from industries offering safer and less difficult work, pressure for less impact on the environment, and changing economic and political conditions. The search for new mining methods has resulted in extensive research being carried out on such novel approaches as thermal fragmentation, high-pressure water jets, sonic drilling, microwave fragmentation, and laser cutting, among others. Joy Manufacturing Co. has elected to concentrate on impact breaking in stopes as a first generation continuous hard rock miner. IMPACT BREAKING Fragmentation techniques show a drop in specific energy as efficiency improves. Specific energy is the energy consumed per unit volume of rock removed and is affected by such variables as rock material properties, fragmentation method used, operator skill, tool design, etc. Mechanical fragmentation methods generally have specific energies much lower than that of the more novel methods. Table 1 shows impact breaking to have an efficiency exceeded only by that of drill and blast methods and it is this high efficiency which led Joy to impactors as the subject for research on potential mechanisms for continuous mining in hard rock.

Jan 1, 1976

By C. E. Ells, A. Sawatzky

The effect of neutron irradiation on tensile properties of the Zr-2.5 wt pet Nb-0.5 wt pet Cu alloy has been evaluated for integrated neutron fluxes up to 3 x 1020 n per sq cm (E > 1 Mev). Specimen temperature during irradiation was normally 300°C. The material was studied both in annealed and in quenched and aged conditions. When the alloy (fab-ricatedfrom sponge zirconium) is quenched from a temperature =40°C below the a + ß/ß transformation and aged 6 hr at 535oC, neutron irradiation up to the maximum studied has little effect 071 reduction in area, although there is a drop in uniform elongation and the yield strength is increased by = 25 pct. Conversely, irradiation of the alloy in an annealed condition can result in much greater changes in properties, with yield-strength increases of up to 200 pet. The dose dependence of irradiation hardening obeys the saturation equntion proposed by Makin and Minter to explain hardening in copper and nickel: Act = C[1 - exp(-Døt)/1/2 A rnodel is proposed to explain the effect of niobium content and metallurgical condition on irradiatiotz behavior. THE Zr-Nb alloys form a class of material susceptible to marked strengthening by quench and age heat treatment. With niobium concentrations as low as 2.5 wt pet, strengths can be developed which are double those of annealed zircaloy-2.1 Since the neutron-capture cross section of the Zr-2.5 wt pet Nb alloy is nearly identical to that of Zircaloy-2, significant gains in power-reactor neutron economy could be obtained by replacing stressed in-reactor components of Zircaloy-2 with the heat-treated Zr-Nb alloy. When the solution heat-treatment temperature is in the high (a + ß) phase, then the tensile properties of the quenched (and aged at 500°C) material have been shown to be relatively insensitive to neutron irradiation.1-3 Addition of small quantities of copper to the binary Zr-2.5 wt pet Nb alloy gives a useful reduction to the corrosion rate in air and carbon di- oxide,&apos; and a ternary alloy of composition Zr-2.5 wt pet Nb-0.5 wt pet Cu was chosen for one component in the Douglas Point Reactor. This application utilizes both the corrosion resistance to a moist air-carbon dioxide environment and the strength developed by a quench and age heat treatment. By suitable choice of solution heat treatment and aging temperatures, tensile properties of the ternary alloy can be made nearly identical to those considered as optimum for the binary alloy. One effect of the copper addition, however, is to give marked changes in the aging kinetics of the alloy.&apos; For this reason, it appeared that neutron irradiation might promote overaging in the ternary alloy, particularly at the elevated service temperature (=300°C). This paper describes the effect of neutron irradiation on the tensile behavior of the Zr-2.5 wt pet Nb-0.5 wt pet Cu alloy in several metallurgical conditions pertinent to its use as a reactor material. The metallurgical conditions included those for which aging occurs in the unirradiated material, and fully annealed conditions for which a higher degree of thermal stability could be expected. 1) EXPERIMENTAL Two batches of alloy were used, both made from sponge zirconium. The fabricator&apos;s analysis of principle constituents showed no significant difference between the two batches, Table I. The rod material was rolled to 1.5 in. diam, and then swaged to final sizes of 0.5 to 0.375 in. diam at nominal temperatures of 785" and 625°C for the AM and AS batches, respectively. Subsequent hydrogen analyses at CRNL confirmed that the hydrogen concentration of the as-received rod was indeed <20 ppm. However, it was found that the (a + ß)/ß transus for the AM material was approximately 25°C lower than that of the AS material, indicating rather more difference in oxygen concentration than given in Table I. Except for a small difference in yield-point behavior, the tensile prop-

Jan 1, 1965

By R. L. Levens

The Underground Injection Control program was promulgated in 1981 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under the provisions of the Safe Drinking Water Act. Placement of mine waste backfill underground is considered underground injection under the provisions of this program. A major issue is whether mine waste that is regulated as a contaminant source on the surface should be disposed of underground. The U.S. Bureau of Mines conducted research to investigate the impacts of mine waste sandfill on the quality of ground water. Analyses of water samples collected before and after contact with sandfill in a 10-year-old stope, as well as samples of the sandfill itself, were used to ascertain the influence of the sandfill after mine closure and subsequent flooding. Computer models supported the hypothesis that oxidation of pyrite by oxygen, accompanied by dissolution of carbonates, was the predominant reaction controlling the quality of the water being discharged from the stope. Concentrations of metals released as a result of acid production remained near or below detection limits. Metals release after mine flooding is expected to remain low as a result of the buffering by the sandfill and the reduced rate of oxidation.

Jan 1, 2010

By Y. Guan

The dissolution behavior of silver and copper from silver/copper alloys in ammoniacal solutions has been investigated using a rotating disc. Oxygen was used as an oxidant. The effect of composition of alloys, concentration of lixiviants, stirring speed and temperature on the overall dissolution kinetics has been studied. Silver / copper alloys of three compositions were used in this study. The atomic percents of silver in these alloys were 76.9, 46.9 and 24.1. The results on the rate of dissolution obtained for these alloys have been compared with that of pure silver and copper under the same testing conditions. A particular emphasis has been given to the galvanic effect on the overall dissolution rates.

Jan 1, 1993

By Wolfgang Öfner

Many technical processes also yield dusty residues which usually contain appreciable amounts of valuable matter. Often they also accumulate substances detrimental to the process. Dumping them entirely in landfills wastes raw material and causes high disposal costs, but recycling them without prior treatment is often not feasible. Physical separation processes are preferable because of their rather low energy demand. In order to develop such treatment systematically, the residues must be characterized properly. The technique for such a characterization is taken from mineral processing: perfect fractionation according to continuous properties of the particles supplemented with chemical analysis are used for plotting the Henry-Reinhardt chart. This represents the benchmark for assessing actual separation processes and tests. Their results are compared in terms of ?selectivity? and plotted in the kappa chart. In this paper, Henry-Reinhardt chart and kappa chart are applied to several different types of residues from iron and steel production and show their potential for being upgraded before reutilization in the production process. This approach is suitable for virtually all dusty residues from other industrial processes as well. Keywords: residue, dust,iron and steel, process development, Henry-Reinhardt chart, kappa chart

Sep 1, 2012

By Charles Weaver

DURING the past few years there has been considerable activity in prospecting for oil and gas in several parts of western Washington. From time to time seepages of oil or emanations of gas have been reported from various places. Several companies have been organized for the purpose of drilling, but only a part of these have actually begun operations. In certain localities very small seepages of oil occur, but up to the present time no oil or gas in commercial quantities has been obtained. In order to determine the conditions which may be favorable or unfavorable &apos;to the occurrence of petroleum it becomes necessary to know the character and extent of the geological formations in which such deposits might occur. In other regions where producing wells have been developed it is possible to know what formations contain the oil mind what structural conditions influence its concentration in reservoirs or zones. It is usually possible to determine those strata which contained the a materials from which the petroleum may have been derived and also the position and distribution of the more porous sandstone belts into which it may have collected. Detailed stratigraphic surveys, may even determine the depth at, which a certain known oil-bearing zone may be tapped at any particular place. It is also possible to recognize those formations which are presumably barren of oil, as well as those which are absolutely so.

Jan 7, 1915

By J. M. Hodge, H. M. Reichhold, R. D. Manning

The work reported in this paper represents the first of a series of investigations of the factors governing notch toughness in ferritic materials. This paper is concerned with two of these factors, namely, the effect of ferrite grain size, and the effect of an alloy content of 3.64 pct nickel. Every effort has been made to hold other variables constant in order to isolate the effects of these two. The compositions chosen for study were 0.02 pct carbon in order to eliminate the variable of carbide distribution, one steel being a plain carbon steel and the other alloyed with 3.64 pct nickel. Both steels were fully killed with silicon, without an aluminum addition, so that the variable of deoxidation practice was held constant. Finally, all samples were water quenched from 1200°F and tempered 24 hr at 300°F in order to hold the quench aging variable constant and to decrease the tendency for grain boundary carbide precipitation. The ferrite grain size was varied by heat treatment over the range of A.S.T.M. grain size numbers of about 2 to 6 in each steel so that the effect could be evaluated individually and the notch toughness of each steel could be compared at comparable ferrite grain sizes. Materials and Experimental Procedure MATERIALS The materials for this investigation were obtained from Battelle Memorial Institute as 250 Ib induction melts which were forged into 134 in. square bars and then rolled into 0.6 in. square bars. Both steels were deoxidized with silicon, the aluminum content being held to a minimum. Check analyses of these materials are shown in Table 1. HEAT TREATMENT FOR GRAIN SIZE The grain size was varied by varying both the cooling rate and the austeni- tizing temperatures. The heat treatments used and the corresponding grain size values are tabulated in Table 2. A semicontinuous network of grain boundary carbide was observed in the microstructure of both the plain carbon and nickel steels in the as rolled condition and an additional heat treatment was necessary to eliminate this variable. Therefore, all samples were water quenched from 1200°F and tempered 24 hr at 300°F as a final treatment before testing. This heat treatment served to eliminate to a great extent the grain boundary carbide network and to hold the quench aging effect constant. IMPACT TESTING Standard keyhole Charpy impact tests were machmed after heat treatment. A bath of acetone and dry ice was used for refrigeration of the samples down to temperatures of —94°F (—70°C) and a bath of either methyl-cyclohexane or isopentane, cooled by

Jan 1, 1950

By H. O. Hofman

(Canal Zone Meeting, November, 1910.) I. INTRODUCTION. IN a previous paper,1 The Behavior of Calcium Sulphate at Elevated Temperatures with Some Fluxes, we published the results of our investigation, into the behavior of calcium sul-phate in air; that, is, under oxidizing conditions. The results as a whole hold good for a neutral atmosphere, or one which has no chemical effect upon calcium sulphate. The present paper deals with the behavior of calcium sulphate under reducing conditions, the reducing-agents employed being carbon monoxide and carbon, and the changes the calcium sulphide formed undergoes when it is subjected to an oxidizing-roast. Technical literature deals very sparingly with the subject. The information furnished by the recent leading chemical manuals is general. Thus Dammer,2 Moissan,3 and Abbegg,4 quote Berthier as having reduced, in 1823, calcium sulphate with carbon, and Stammer as having done the same in 1851 with carbon monoxide; Gmelin Kraut 5 add Leplay and Laurent (1848) as third investigators. Metallurgical authorities confine their statements to the known fact of reduction by carbon. II. PREPARATION OF RAW MATERIALS. 1. Calcium Sulphate.-This salt was prepared in the same manner as described in our previous paper,6 and was found to be chemically pure. * Professor of Metallurgy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. + Metallurgical Instructor, Imperial Technological Institute. 1 Trans, xxxix., 628 to 653 (1909). 2 Handbuch der anorganischen. Chemie, vol. ii., part 2, p. 309 (1894). 3 Traité de Chimic Minérale, 1904, vol. iii., p. 543. 4 Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, vol. ii., part ii., p. 116 (1905). 5 Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, vol. ii., part 2, p. 233 (1909). 6 Trans., xxxix., 630 (1909).

Nov 1, 1910

By David R. Maneval, H. B. Charmbury

At the turn of the century, iron and coal were the keys to industrial prosperity. At that time, Pennsylvania was the leading mineral producer in the Country, producing 200,000,000 tons of coal in a typical post-World War I year. Close to 90% of the Nation&apos;s energy was generated by coal. Today, coal accounts for but 22% of the energy generated, leading to a drastic reduction in Pennsylvania coal output. In contrast with the post-World War I days, 1964 figures showed a drop in production to 93,846,480 net tons. This huge decrease has created a serious economic problem in a state so much dependent on the coal industry. Along with the reduction in coal production, employment has dropped considerably through these years (the number of miners alone has gone from 280,011 to 43,149), thus causing a heavy burden of supporting the unemployed on the taxpayers. As far back as 1939, coal operators and economists saw the problems on the horizon and the need for improvement. Realizing that research was a way to improve and stabilize the industry they demanded legislative action. The Legislature reciprocated with a small grant to The Pennsylvania State University with the provision that each State research dollar be backed with one from the industry. This initial grant laid the foundation for the further growth in coal research.

Jan 3, 1966