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By Steven E. Darnell, William W. Haasz, Brandon T. Buschmeier, Frederic Masse

"Landfills often cover expansive areas in locations where large building facilities or infrastructure is in high in demand after the land has been reclaimed. Most landfills have soil or fill properties that vary widely over small distances; combined with the strict guidelines and restrictions for the removal and treatment of soil or material that is on site, these projects can be a major challenge for any prospective developer. In order to make landfills suitable for the construction of any project it is necessary to conduct a detailed evaluation of the subsurface conditions. Ground improvement techniques are among the most typical methods for making reclaimed landfills suitable for the construction of any major project. The paper will discuss the approach that was taken to support a proposed warehouse in Elizabeth, New Jersey using Controlled Modulus Columns Rigid Inclusions (CMC Rigid Inclusions), which are grouted, auger-displacement elements. Additionally, we will discuss the use of Dynamic Compaction (DC) that was performed in areas outside the proposed warehouse footprint. Through the combination of CMC rigid inclusions and DC, the general contractor’s project schedule was expedited, the costs to support the warehouse were economized, and the anticipated settlement of the parking lot areas was drastically reduced. Furthermore, the paper will outline the benefits of using CMC rigid inclusions and DC methods in order to minimize the impact of working with contaminated soils from a landfill.OVERVIEW OF THE ELIZABETH WAREHOUSE PROJECTOver the past several decades the foundations industry has seen an increase in demand for the support of developments on reclaimed landfills; particularly, on the east coast where many landfills were capped before the 1980’s and steady population growth and city expansion have caused high demand for this now highly desired real estate. Unfortunately, these landfills, often as large as twenty (20) or more acres present tough geotechnical and environmental challenges for Owners planning to develop or build structures of any size on the reclaimed land. Consequently, the options for building on reclaimed landfills can quickly become cost prohibitive.Site SpecificSelected by a developer for the location of a future warehouse, the 29 acres (114,424 sq-meters) project site is located in Elizabeth, New Jersey and demonstrates the complexities of designing over a once reclaimed landfill. The landfill was used for municipal solid waste (MSW) consisting of trash, wood, metal, glass, plastic, brick, concrete fragments, and other types of debris. This landfill was capped in the 1960’s, and developed in the 1970’s for a warehouse. The new project included the demolition of the existing warehouse and the development of the site to be repurposed for a new 481,650 sq-ft single-story warehouse, surrounded by paved parking and truck loading areas. Figure 1 below, shows an overview of the project site layout."

Jan 1, 2017

By Tai Luu, Michael McNicholas, James C. McIntyre

The Jersey City Municipal Utilities Authority (JCMUA), discovered that an existing sewer pipe had collapsed under the New Jersey Transit Conrail Railroad between Pine Street and Ash Street in Jersey City New Jersey. Immediate action was taken to abandon the pipe in place and install a new sanitary sewer. The borings showed 10-20 ft (3.04 m.- 6.09 m) of competent fill overlaying approximately 8 ft. (2.44 m.) of compressible peat and organics. Groundwater was at 8 ft (2.44 m) below ground level. The poor condition of the soils at subgrade could not withstand the extreme weight of the jacking machine or the thrust force required to push the casing from the launching pit to receiving pit. The support of excavation (SOE) would therefore not only need to retain the soil to allow the jacking equipment to reach subgrade at 14 ft (4.27m) below working grade, but also the back wall of the SOE would need to be sufficiently robust to function as the reaction block for jacking operations. The alignment and allowable tolerance for the jacked casing was minimal, therefore the performance of the SOE was extremely critical to the success of jacking operations. This paper will discuss in detail the design concepts that were developed and implemented by the team to overcome these obstacles. HISTORY The discovery of a collapsed section of an existing sanitary sewer led the Jersey City Municipal Utilities Authority to act on an emergency contract. The project design team was tasked with developing an abandonment plan for the broken pipe and installation of the new pipe through challenging geology. The new 180 ft.(54.96 m) long, 54-in. (1.37 m) . diameter sewer pipe was designed to be contained within a 72-in. (1.83 m) protective steel casing. The installation of the new sewer pipe would require a detailed understanding of the geology. The geotechnical subcontractor assembled a subsurface investigation report on November 2nd, 2017. It was quickly realized that the only way to replace the pipe was with a jacked pipe system since the large grade change and the Conrail Right of Way created no other alternative. Delaying or closing the railway was absolutely not an option as that particular railway served as the main heavy-haul route to and from Jersey City. It became apparent that a major obstacle to pipe jacking was the challenging geology present across and beneath the proposed sanitary sewer. The following challenges faced the design team prior to the installation of the replacement pipe:

Jan 1, 2019

By D. A. Cowen

Toll and custom treatment of base metal concentrates have been performed for decades as mines and concentrators are developed distant from capital and, energy-intensive smelting and refining facilities. Commercial treatment terms have been developed and refined for over a century, and are negotiated taking into account a complex array of quality and economic factors. Treatment of third-party concentrates in the South African platinum industry is a comparatively recent development, brought about by the opening up of mineral rights and operations being developed that are smaller than the critical size required to sustain capitalization of smelting or refining plant. Published commercial terms have not been demonstrated to reflect the complexities and subtleties of base metal concentrate markets. This paper outlines some key elements and parameter ranges of base metal concentrate treatment contracts, and applies similar principles to typical Merensky and UG2 platinum group element (PGE) concentrates to determine potential value distribution between the mining and treatment parties in tolling arrangements.

Jan 1, 2012

By M. Salimov, J. Sattarvand

The conventional visualisation method of remote equipment is through the installation of one or more cameras on the machine, and sending a live feed to the operator’s flat display. However, the performance of the teleoperation can be enhanced using better visualisation through virtual reality (VR). This paper presents the process of the design and manufacturing of a robotic platform that will be used in the next phase of the project for a VR-assisted teleoperated excavator. The robot consists of a loading boom and arm arrangement installed on the undercarriage of a CAT300-9D. All hydraulic cylinders are replaced with electric actuators, and crawling motors are substituted by electric motors. The pieces of the boom and the arm, as well as the bucket were designed in Autodesk Inventor, and manufactured from aluminium sheets using a desktop and CNC machine. Parts are joined by pins and welding as needed. An Arduino-based control system is developed for the robot, and motor controllers are used to convert the power commands from the microcontroller to the high-amperage actuators. The control system is capable of communicating with a wireless Play Station controller to operate remotely. The manufactured robotic excavator is planned to be utilised in multiple autonomy research projects.

Sep 1, 2021

By S. Andika, O. A. Putri

Maintaining fleet productivity, which consists of balancing loader and truck performance, has always been a challenging task. An automatic dispatching system (ADS) is implemented to help monitoring fleet condition and assign trucks to a designated loader. Integrated data from real time Global Positioning System, Vehicle Health Monitoring System, and other production related data are acquired to support the ADS. However, the abnormal truck cycle has been the main culprit which resulted in unnecessary loader hanging time and trucks queuing time. Hanging and queuing time accounted for 2.34 and 2.07 minutes respectively per loading cycle or equal to 2,861 loose cubic metres per fleet per day production losses. Using integrated dispatching system data, the authors conducted research to study a truck’s hauling cycle that affects fleet productivity. The data is modelled to obtain the arrival rate pattern in a front loading area by adopting the queue theory algorithm. This paper aims to understand the potential pattern of a truck’s cycle abnormality and to resolve its occurrence.

Sep 1, 2021

By E. Emami, J. Valencia, J. Sattarvand

The knowledge of the final location of a drillhole is critical in obtaining the expected blasting results. This paper proposes a new methodology to control the drilling accuracy in open-pit mines using aerial images and machine learning. Specifically, it investigates how support vector machines (SVM) and convolutional neural networks (CNN) are useful for automatically detecting blastholes over drone images captured in blasting patterns. Several datasets were obtained from different mines in Nevada (USA) and were used to train and test models. We then processed those images to create orthomosaic and digital elevation representations of the patterns. Thousands of patches were then extracted and augmented to develop SVM and CNN models. The results demonstrate that machine learning is useful for drillhole detection and, in this way, to control the drilling accuracy and use the explosive energy more efficiently.

Sep 1, 2021

By Jerry C. Tien

The rare earth elements (REEs) are a group of 17 chemical (metallic) elements. REEs are used widely in high-technology, clean-energy products as well as weapon systems. China's dominant position as a producer of over 95% of the world REEs output and the world's increasing reliance on REE products have highlighted concerns about the future availability of rare earths in recent years. This paper briefly reviews the REEs world reserves, production, consumption, the impact of our heavy reliance on REEs products and China's changing policies on REE export on world supply chain.

Jan 1, 2013

By H. V. Scotland III

Lafarge Corporation's Texas Quarry, in Baltimore MD, achieved a substantial expansion of pit reserves by removing an inactive underground mine. The day lighting program, designed, and completed in 1997, open pit mined more than 400 meters of room and pillar workings which were originally developed to recover high brightness Calcium Carbonate. The project proved to be a challenge throughout its course as the pit plan was modified and successful daylighting techniques were developed to remove the mine without adversely affecting the safety of the operation, quality of the stone recovered, or negatively impacting the surrounding community. The design parameters and techniques developed and implemented at Texas may prove of interest to other operators as they are faced with daylighting opportunities. This article will detail the challenges we faced and the solutions which made the project a success.

Jan 1, 1999

By N. R. MacMillan

INTRODUCTION The Bullmoose Coal Project is part of a major development in northeastern British Columbia which comprises a new rail line, a new townsite, powerline, highway, the upgrading of the Canadian National Railway's main line, a new coal port at Prince Rupert and two new coal mines, the Bullmoose mine and the Quintette mine. The total investment by all parties is estimated to be in excess of $2.6 billion and made up approximately as follows : [Table No. 1 $ Millions - Quintette Coal Limited 950 Teck-Bullmoose Coal Inc. 275 Canadian National Railway Company 800 6 British Columbia Railway Company Port at Prince Rupert 280 Townsite, Roads 6- Power ] The new infrastructure is intended to serve not only the Bullmoose and Quintette coal projects but also eventually a number of other coal properties in northeastern British Columbia. The Bullmoose project is structured on a joint venture basis as follows : [Table No. 2 Teck Corporation 51% Lornex Mining Corporation Ltd. 39% Nissho Iwai Coal Development 1 0% (Canada) Ltd. -- 100% ] The mine has a capacity of 2.3 million tonnes of clean coal per year. In the initial years 1.7 million tonnes will be metallurgical coal and 0.6 million tonnes thermal coal. After the first three years of operations the annual production of metallurgical coal will increase to an average of approximately 2.1 million tonnes and the production of thermal coal will decrease to an average of approximately 0.2 million tonnes. At this level of 2.3 million tonnes annual production, the Bullmoose mine has sufficient reserves for at least 26 years of production. History Brameda Resources Ltd. commenced coal exploration in the Bullmoose-Sukunka area in 1969. Teck obtained an option on the Bullmoose coal licences in 1970 and started surface exploration and diamond drilling in 1971. Teck earned a 50% interest in the property, and thereafter expenses were jointly financed by Teck and Brameda. In 1981 Brameda merged with Teck making Teck the sole owner. The initial phase of the exploration program, which was completed in 1975, included 7,200 meters of diamond drilling in 35 holes. During 1976 and 1977, detailed exploration and test work were carried out on the South Fork and West Fork areas where multiple seams close to surfaces indicated the potential for large tonnages of strippable coal. In those two years, work included road construction, detailed mapping and trenching to outline the coal seam traces at the surface, 6,300 meters of diamond drilling in 80 holes, and 300 meters of underground bulk sampling from seven adits. Washability tests and analysis work were carried out on the drill cores and adit samples, and pilot plant washability studies were undertaken. In 1978 and 1979 Teck engineers prepared open pit mining plans and production schedules and Kaiser Engineering was retained to prepare a layout of the plant preparation facility. A feasibility study prepared by Teck's engineering group in January 1982 was the base document used by the Lenders in assessing the technical and economic viability of the project. Property Location The property lies some 650 kilometers northeast of Vancouver, and 87 kilometers south by road from the village of Chetwynd. The Sukunka property (British Petroleum) adjoins to the north, the Mount Spieker property (Ranger Oil Option) adjoins to the east, and the Quintette property is located to the southeast.

Jan 1, 1985

E. K. Landis, Philadelphia, Pa. (communication to the Secretary) : Mr. Firmstone's paper is of great interest; but he has unfortunately otnitted to state the most important point, viz., the percentage of sulphur in the two materials he compares; and this omission vitiates the conclusions which he draws. Comparing by grade, instead of silicon-contents (as in his Table III.), the iron made using limestone with that made using dolomite, we find for gray-forge the average of four analyses under limestone to be, Si, 0.644; S, 0.089 ; while one analysis under dolomite gives Si, 0.508 ; S, 0.070. For No. 2 iron, the limestone flux gives, as an average of 19 analyses, Si, 1.107; S, 0.051; while the average of 4 analyses made with dolomite flux gives Si, 0.630; S, 0.056. It will be observed, that no No. 1 pig is given under limestone, while 14 analyses appear under dolomite, averaging Si, 0.950 ; S, 0.028. As nothing is said about changed conditions, it is Fair to presume that the ore and fuel, as well as the blast-temperature (which is stated to have been uniform at about 750' F.) remained practically the same; and since the sulphur in the two fluxes is not given, it is impossible to know whether the lower sulphur for equal silicon-contents is due to the use of dolomite or to other conditions. The use of dolomite would produce a more fusible cinder, and the furnace would be hotter than when using limestone; therefore, we might expect to see a grayer iron. The amount of So. 1 iron made with dolomite seems to confirm this supposition; and, under these conditions, we might expect more of the sulphur to be volatilized, and to pass off in the gases. The easier fusibility of the cinder would also permit more rapid driving; and this should reduce the amount of silicon and sulphur in the iron, as the amount of reduced metalloids in the pig is directly proportional to the length of time it remains in the reducing-zone.

Jan 1, 1895

This paper discusses equipment replacement strategies and specifically addresses the upgrading of technologically superseded equipment. The process of equipment replacement evaluations is reviewed, and areas have been highlighted where currently accepted practice results in a bias towards retaining existing equipment longer than otherwise justified. The Discounted Average Cost Method is described and the advantages of the technique for this style of decision making discussed. Several key issues influencing the replacement evaluation are also presented together with examples from recent consulting work.

Jan 1, 1992

By Martin N. Kelley

The Great Belt Link is a $3.5 billion fixed link across an 18 km (12 mile) wide body of water that separates the island of Zealand, on which Copenhagen is situated, and the main land mass of Denmark, Jutland, which is part of the European continent. The project consists of three main contracts. The first contract is an 8 km (5 mile) long, two-bore railway tunnel for the eastern half, the second contract is a 6.6 km (4 mile) combination railroad and highway bridge for the western half, and the third contract is a 6.7 km (4 mile) long high-level highway bridge for the eastern half. This paper will discuss the Eastern Railway Tunnel Project and the methods of construction that the joint venture consortium plans to use, along with its equipment selection. The ground conditions to be encountered begin with glacial tills, which are a mixture of clay, silt, sand, gravel, cobbles, and granitic boulders. The boulders can be up to 1-3 m (3-10 ft) in diameter. Underlying the till is a marl which is sometimes highly fractured with hydrostatic pressures of up to 8 bar. About 40% of the tunnel is in till and 40% in marl, with the remaining 20% being a mixed face of the two formations.

Jan 1, 1991

By Lee S. Vanzler

Atlantic Wharf involved the construction of a six-level underground parking garage and a 32-story high rise tower along the historic Boston Harbor waterfront. The site, historically known as ?Russia Wharf,? consisted of filled land initially created in the late 1800s by extending the shoreline toward the harbor as the urban population and land needs grew to support expansion of commerce and trade. Redevelopment required solutions to address relics of waterfront structures (granite block seawalls, piles, and piers), weak subsurface soil conditions, tidal groundwater levels, and contaminated soils resulting from previous site usage and filling. The foundation system, consisting of drilled shafts with column loads up to 14,000 kips (62,272 kN), concrete diaphragm wall (slurry wall), and up-down construction methodology, was chosen to address these factors. As a prerequisite for development, selected portions of the façades of the former historic buildings were required to be preserved, protected, and incorporated into the final building configuration. The historic façades were temporarily braced and supported prior to the demolition of the buildings and commencement of below-grade construction. This paper will describe the considerations in the selection of up-down construction methodology along with a discussion of the design and performance of the concrete diaphragm wall and drilled shaft foundations. Up-down construction methodology shortened the overall construction schedule while addressing the lateral bracing requirements for the concrete diaphragm wall and restrictive ground movement tolerances to protect adjacent structures. Below-grade construction was completed in March 2010, and the building was opened for tenant occupancy in January 2011.

Jan 1, 2011

By Milton E. Jennings

On May 11, 1977, the SAMARCO 20-inch, 396-kilometer (246-mile) Pipeline was placed in service. This system represents the latest thinking in slurry pipeline design and is one of the main contributors to the viability of the SAMARCO Project. This paper presents the background, description and latest information on the system's operation. Special attention is given to the handling limitations of the slurry and to the unique hardware requirements.

Jan 1, 1978

By H. R. Butler, R. N. Browne

"The International Nickel Company of Canada Limited consumes some 33 ½ millions of gallons of fresh water and reuses more than 100 millions of gallons of water daily. The continuing search for suitable recycle methodology has enabled the Company to put one 25,000 TPD mill on line utilizing recycled water entirely and a second 35,000 TPD mill is under construction which will likewise employ the concept of recycled water. Future milling plans are aimed at the replacement of all fresh water with recycled water, including sewage effluent and mine waste water.WATER REUSE AT INCO’s SUDBURY MILLSAs man searches unexplored horizons for new and economic industry, he must be constantly and acutely aware of the presence or absence of that precious commodity without which Industry, indeed Man himself, could not survive -- W A T E R. The water requirements of the world today are magnanimous, considering that in 1960 the estimated consumption in the United States was over 300 billion GPD (l) or more than 1,700 GPD per person(5) The magnitude of the problem can be visualized as one considers that three times this quantity of water will be required in the United States by the year 2000, when the dependable supplies of water are estimated to be only two-thirds of that required(2). How, then can we continue to wreak such havoc on that life-sustaining substance - WATER?"

Jan 1, 1970

By K. C. Hendrick

The paper will review the significant developments in world copper over the past ten years and their impact on the Canadian industry. It will also examine the outlook for the future.

Jan 1, 1971

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Jan 1, 1997

By André L. B. Bittencourt

The copper content in the waste slag represents the greatest loss in the process of Caraíba Metais' Smelter. By identifying the variables responsible for copper stabilization in the slag, a minimization on these losses is expected, producing a granulated waste slag with a copper content lower than 0.7%. Statistics resourses such as control charts, Pareto's diagram and correlations curves were applied for the data obtained in the first semester of 1992. The magnetite and the calcium oxide contents in the slag of the Flash Smelter Furnace were most prominent variables. Some operational changes introduced during and after this investigation have shown good results.

Jan 1, 1994

By S Hille, J Karageorgos

With the increased variability of todayÆs large-scale mining operations, consistent flotation performance is important to improving and sustaining overall recovery through the circuit. The Newcrest Telfer Mine has implemented advanced process control technology to obtain stable level operation and consistent mass pull in the copper rougher and scavenger flotation circuits. The final result has been an overall reduction in variability, which impacts on both copper and gold recovery. This paper describes the methodology and implementation of the improvements in control at the Newcrest Telfer Mine as being an essential part of the business for minerals processing.

Jan 1, 2007

By Waterhouse BJ

Occurrence data of Tastubian,Sterlitamakian, and Aktastinian (all of Sakmarian Stage of Early Permian) brachiopod genera are analysed by Q-mode cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and discriminant analysis based on presence or absence of genera. Five faunal provinces and their corresponding generic associations persisted throughout the Sakmarian Stage. The additional Sasian Province incorporating the Lhasa and Shan-Thai terranes became recognisable in Sterlitarakian and strengthened in òAktastinian, implying a Tastubian-Sterlitamakian rifting event, followed by subsequent northward drift and divergence from Gondwana, and convergence with Laurasia. The nature of Permian 'Tethys' is discussed on the basis of faunal migration and abrupt changes of faunal provinciality in Lhasa and Shan-Thai terranes.

Jan 1, 1990