Search Documents

Now that Japan has achieved a remarkable high growth and joined the ranks of economic powers, she is required to take a stance proper to her new position toward international co- operation among Western advanced countries, economic/technical aids to Southeast Asian and Pacific LDCs, and others. As a field subject to such international cooperation programs, the development/use of coal resources has been winning increasing attention in recent years. Coal is positioned as one of promising alternative energies. With Southeast Asia plus Japan and the EEC serving as the two nucleus polar regions, total coal demand in the free world is projected to jump 37% in the year 2000 from the present level and steaming coal imports in the world, primarily destined for power generation, almost double the 1983 level. Such being the situations, Japan's tech- nologies related to coal resource development, if successfully introduced into coal-producing countries to help them boost their production, can directly lead to international cooperation that Japan is now required to fulfill. At home, however, the Japanese coal industry has been just on the wane due to various press- ing problems, such as wider differentials between overseas and domestic coal and deeper/ remorter mining. The industry was named atop in a list of the industries requiring restruct- uring at a meeting of the Economic Structure Study Committee held prior to the decision- making of the 8th coal policy, which slashed coal production planned for the last fiscal year of its life to some 10 million tons, a drop of as much as 50% from nominal output planned in the 7th policy. Under such circumstances at home and abroad, a pioneer study has been under way since fiscal 1984 as part of Japan's energy cooperation in the Pacific. The study is based on the Pacific coal flow concept hammered out by the Agency of Natural Resources and Energy of the MITI.

Jan 1, 1987

By R Shrimali, P Rajmeny, L Shekhawat, A Joshi

Rampura Agucha open pit mine has successfully been excavated to a depth of 320 m, incorporating multistage working. The key to success is the implementation of presplitting as control blast measures at every stage of mining, including intermediate cut backs, in addition to the final wall. The major challenges encountered in establishing presplitting in the hang wall as compared to the footwall of the mine are:reversely dipping foliation, ie dipping into the hang wall itselfstriking obliquely at an angle of 20–30° with regards to the general strike of the pit wallthe presence of numerous geological planes of weaknesses like major faults, slips, etc.Control blast parameters like hole inclination, spacing and stand-off with buffer row were chosen initially from the literature survey and were subsequently fine-tuned by field trials to the mine geo-mining conditions of the hang wall. Electronic initiation used for trim blasts along with double presplitting in fault-affected zones helped in getting better presplit performance and resultant stability of the hang wall.CITATION:Rajmeny, P, Shrimali, R, Shekhawat, L and Joshi, A, 2015. Establishing the design parameters of a control blast for long-term stability of the hang wall at Rampura Agucha Mine, in Proceedings 11th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, pp 437–446 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 24, 2015

By I Govender, T L. Moodley

Tumbling mills are grossly inefficient, using only 5 per cent of the total energy supplied for actual breakage. A significant proportion of this inefficiency is unavoidable owing to geometric limitations; rotating drum systems are prone to exhibiting certain regions (energy barriers) that resist particle entry thereby restricting the transfer of energy. Though such systems are inherently inefficient, improved modelling schemes may lead to slightly enhanced efficiency through better microscale predictions of key breakage drivers (stress, force). Central to achieving such incremental advances is the development of a universally accepted rheology for dense granular flows. Armed with a better understanding of these macro-scale ingredients, classical process modelling offers an efficient, spreadsheet friendly framework for recovering the spatial distributions of the comminution drivers. At this real-time level of process control, it should be possible to tune comminution operations towards more energy efficient configurations – the ultimate goal of this research. The present work employs validated DEM data to recover the full continuum field which will ultimately serve as a basis for calibrating process model outputs based on different rheological hypotheses. Such a continuumbased approach captures tensor properties like the shear stress and strain rate – both of which are necessary to developing a dense granular rheology. Moreover, DEM captures this data at the momentum transfer timescale of 10-6 s – no other measurement technique is capable of this level of spatial and temporal resolution. Importantly, the confidence in this DEM data is strengthened because it has been validated at the continuum scale using Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT) kinematic measurements. Validated DEM data is derived from batch experiments conducted within a 300 mm ID laboratory drum using three and five millimetre glass beads at 60 and 75 percent critical speed; such mill speeds are typically encountered in the tumbling mill industry. Dimensional analysis is conducted using critical rheological parameters (shear rate, shear stress, granular temperature etc), which are key to not only developing a granular rheology but ultimately will be used to tune our mechanistic models.

Aug 24, 2022

By K Biegaj

The paper describes challenges the author has encountered on Australian underground gold and nickel mines over the last eight years, when recovering high-grade gold/nickel bearing mine floor material with a mobile supersucker/giant vacuum cleaner and other equipment. Whilst for a number of years the mine floor vacuuming and other mine floor clean-down technologies have been accepted/adopted and are working well in other parts of the world and on the South Australian opal mines, regrettably, they have not yet gained acceptance of mining executives and mine managers of gold and metal mines in Australia, who still elect to leave the never to be recovered gold/metal behind or to put it plainly - waste it.For reporting purposes during the mining process, the portion of gold/metal included in calculation of ore reserves prior to obtaining capital funds for their development, continues to be camouflaged in various reconciliation and call factors. This approach, ie wasting of capitally developed and already broken ore stocks should be viewed by the shareholders as totally inappropriate to say the least, especially with the current gold and other metals prices.The author attempts to provide answers as to why the technology referred to above has not yet been accepted on Australian gold and metal mines and outlines the way forward.CITATION:Biegaj, K, 2012. Why do shareholders and mining executives allow mine managers to leave behind high-grade broken ore underground?, in Proceedings Narrow Vein Mining 2012 , pp 197-206 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Mar 26, 2012

By Joussemet R, Fabre F

The paragenesis of the Escuzar Mine (Andalusia-Spain) comprises: ò major constituents: celestite and carbonated minerals (abundant calcite and less frequent strontianite). ò minor constituents: sulphates (gypsum and anhydrite), clays and some iron oxides and hydroxides. The average content is at about 60 per cent SrSO4. Since liberation size was fine (from 30 to 50 ¦m), the flotation method was chosen. Laboratory batch tests have shown the relevance of using alkylsulphates with as long as possible hydrocarbon chains. The recovery obtained led to an expected 95 per cent SrSO4 concentrate with nearly 70 per cent recovery. Pilot plant tests (160 kg/h) have confirmed these results and attained a recovery of more than 65 per cent of a 96 per cent SrSO4 concentrate. Extrapolation to the industrial scale (14 t/h) has been successfully carried out : up to 600 t of a concentrate at more than 95 per cent SrSO4 has been obtained. Non optimised recovery has already reached 60 per cent for a 97 per cent SrSo4 concentrate.

Jan 1, 1993

By N McIntyre, R Trancoso, N Bulovic

Mining is essential for facilitating human development particularly as demand for critical minerals grows. However, over the mine life cycle, the environment is permanently changed. Once mining ceases, mine-affected land can leave significant legacy issues on the surrounding environment if not managed. Therefore, mine closure planning is critical. Mine closure occurs over large scales often with the aim of recreating resilient ecosystems over mined landscapes with mitigated negative impacts. The natural state of the landscape and the environmental risks over planning time-scales are largely driven by climate. Climate change is expected to impact different parts of the post-mining landscape, from stable landform design (soil erosion mitigation) to revegetation efforts and pit lake management. Consequently, mine closure plans may need to account for a non-stationary and uncertain future climate, that may be both different to the current climate and evolve during the mine life and post-closure. Here a new data-based approach is presented for incorporating climate change projections in mine closure planning, based on the recently released Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) climate data used in the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessment report. The approach: (i) characterises closure-related attributes of the future climate, and (ii) identifies the amount (and direction) of change expected to occur, and its uncertainty, focusing on five metrics for demonstrative purposes and initially describing changes in erosive potential below. This provides information on the type of future environment (ie the changing baseline) that mine closure should plan towards, and identifies rehabilitation options that may be susceptible to increased risks from climate change.

Aug 2, 2023

By J Gould, T Elkington

Mine operation strategies are commonly optimised with a net present value (NPV) maximisation objective. There are well known properties of a typical mining project optimised for NPV, including high production rates and declining cut-off grade schedules. In practice, however, frequently there are operations that diverge from such NPV-maximising properties. Although a range of reasons for this can be at play, one possible explanation is that operators intuitively adjust their strategies to compensate for the flaws inherent to NPV maximisation. In particular, NPV analysis does not reflect the benefits of managerial flexibility inherent in a mining plan. Real options valuation (ROV) is an alternative approach that addresses this issue. We compare the properties of NPV and ROV optimisation solutions generated for the same scenario. Our simple case study demonstrates that the presence of real operating options in the optimisation model not only entails increased project value as expected, but also tends to encourage lower processing capacity (with lower associated capital cost), higher cut-off grades and greater use of stockpiles.CITATION:Elkington, T and Gould, J, 2012. Real option value optimisation, in Proceedings Project Evaluation 2012 , pp 35-40 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 24, 2012

By Abishev D. N, Balakirev V. F, Davydov G. I

The problem of recovery of cobalt products from poorly oxidised nickel ores (Kempirsaisk deposit) and pyrite concentrates with a low content of cobalt (Sokolovsk-Sarbaisky deposit) has not been solved to the present time in Kazakstan. The balance reserves of nickel ore of the Kempirsaisky deposit make up more than 35 million tons with a nickel content of 1.13 per cent and cobalt content of 0.05 per cent; besides there are 110 millions tons of out-balance ores (Anon, 1995). In a tailing dump of Sokolovsk-Sarbaisk Mining and Productional Association more than 320 million tons of tailings of wet magnetic separation have accumulated, which contain 7.2 per cent of sulphur, 0.022 per cent of cobalt, 0.012 per cent of nickel, 0.094 per cent of copper, 0.079 per cent of zinc, 16.45 per cent of iron, and from which a high quality pyrite concentrate car) he separated through flotation, containing 48 - 50 per cent of sulphur, 44.15 per cent of iron, 0.141 per cent of cobalt, 0.07 per cent of nickel, and 0.10 per cent of copper. The well-known technological flow charts for cobalt and nickel recovery from the tailings of sulphide-magnetite ores dressing (to give pyrite concentrate) and from oxidised nickel ores, are not profitable at the existing prices for metals, but are not worthless and require significant capital investments for the realisation of their value. The flow chart `sulphate roasting - leaching - solution processing' is used widely for combined processing of cobalt-containing pyrite ores and concentrates.

Jan 1, 1996

By Sulanto J, Talonen T

In the mid 1960's Outokumpu considered building a lead Flash Smelter on the basis of Flash Smelting technology developed first in the late 1940s for smelting copper concentrates. Pilot scale tests were carried out and the process was found technically sound. The project was however not economically viable under Finnish conditions and it was cancelled. In 1981 pilot plant tests were restarted after many enquiries from the primary lead producers. All the know-how and development made in copper and nickel smelters was applied to the Lead Flash Smelting process and the tests were successful. Outokumpu has so far tested several types of lead concentrate with lead contents ranging from 28 to 75 per cent. The concentrate is oxidized and smelted to metallic lead and slag directly in the Flash Smelting Furnace using high oxygen enrichment of tonnage oxygen. Fossile fuel is used in the Flash Smelting Furnace in cases when the feed material does not contain enough latent heat to smelt the furnace products even though pure oxygen is used for oxidation. Thus the process results in a low consumption of extraneous energy. Use of oxygen results in a small gas flow but it is rich in sulphur dioxide. The gas treatment facilities and sulphur recovery plant will be small in size and low in investment cost. The process is flexible and can produce stable quality of products from different types of raw materials. Quality of lead bullion especially the sulphur content can be regulated over wide a range, from 0.1 per cent upwards according to the needs of the refinery.

Jan 1, 1984

By Y-B Kang, J H. Park, J Park

In order to understand the effect of oxygen injection into the molten metal on the valuable metals (VM) recovery and interfacial phenomena, several high-temperature experiments were conducted using a high-frequency induction furnace with a quartz tube as the reaction chamber at 1673 K. Copper-based waste printed circuit board (PCB) that contains some impurities was selected as the end-of-life resource. CaO-SiO2 based pre-fused slag and oxygen gas were used in present works. The composition change and microstructure of the samples were analysed. As oxygen was injected into the system, impurities were rapidly removed. After the removal of impurities, continuously injected oxygen lowered interfacial tension between liquid slag and liquid metal. Lowered interfacial tension induced Cu loss into the slag.

Aug 21, 2024

By J D. Pease, J M. I Tuppurainen, P D. Munro

This paper examines how legislation and regulation can be external drivers of technical change in mineral processing and extractive metallurgy and how the industry can respond. Two examples are considered; the production of copper metal from concentrates and the cyanide process for gold production.The Clean Air Act (1970) in the USA initiated a wave of attempted innovations in the extractive metallurgy of processing copper sulfide concentrates to meet forthcoming standards on sulfur dioxide emissions. Interestingly, a satisfactory technical solution existed (flash smelting and gas capture) but had not been widely adopted.Nearly fifty years later the primary copper industry finds itself with new challenges. One major challenge is how to deal with the increasing level of arsenic in copper concentrates. Most countries impose an upper limit on arsenic in imported concentrate; typically, 0.5% As or less. Higher arsenic concentrates can be blended with cleaner ones to meet the limit, but this tactic cannot be used indefinitely as the average arsenic level of global concentrates rises inexorably. Further, smelters (often in urban locations) cannot be expected to deal with both ever-increasing arsenic in the feed and stricter restrictions on emissions and disposal. A rising “inventory” of primary copper deposits are already constrained from development by high arsenic concentrate. These deposits will need to be developed if future copper demand is to be met. An economic and technical solution to arsenic is needed. The gold industry may also face challenges in the use of cyanide, by far the dominant lixiviant used in gold and silver production. Public perception has driven restrictions on the use or transport of cyanide in some jurisdictions. History suggests that such pressure is only likely to increase. While there are several alternative lixiviants, none can yet match the utility and economics of cyanide.Such important issues will not be resolved by incremental change or new equipment items. They require development of new process technology - a tectonic event rather than an incremental change. It requires sustained effort (and expenditure) over decades and is very unlikely to result from “business as usual” for producers, suppliers or academics. Past major process developments were driven by a dire need for economic survival or by legislative change. What will drive the future changes?CITATION:Munro, P D, Pease, J D and Tuppurainen, J M I, 2017. Technology change by regulation – a cresting wave?, in Proceedings MetPlant 2017, pp 45–58 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 11, 2017

By S Robinson, R Perkins, D Barrett, D Kepert, C Fowers

The discovery and delineation of significant mineralisation in the Eliwana region continues Fortescue Metals Group’s strong exploration success. In the decade after the first hole was drilled into Christmas Creek in mid-2004 a total of over 11 Bt of hematite-goethite mineralisation have been delineated supporting the raising of $13 B, construction of five mines, 620 km of rail and a five-berth port. As of June 2014, Fortescue was shipping at the rate of 155 Mt/a. The area including the Eliwana and Flying Fish deposits is one of a number of future growth opportunities that Fortescue is currently evaluating.The Eliwana and Flying Fish deposits occur on the south dipping limb of the Brockman Syncline/Jeerinah Anticline. The Eliwana group of deposits are hosted by the Brockman Iron Formation with the Flying Fish/Broadway group hosted by the Marra Mamba Iron Formation.Structurally the area is dominated by moderate southerly dips of the regional dome and keel style folding. The regional limb is locally cross-cut at a small angle by asymmetric north facing Ophthalmian folds trending 110°. These fold sets, in part, preferentially host subsequent supergene mineralisation. Faulting is only locally apparent.Early phases of exploration commenced in 2006, with mapping of Flying Fish and reconnaissance drilling in 2007. However, due to the concurrent discovery (Clarke et al, 2009) and subsequent fast tracked development of Solomon channel iron deposit and Firetail bedded iron deposit (Simpson et al, 2011) priority was placed on developing Solomon due to its relative proximity to existing Fortescue infrastructure. Staged follow-up drilling of both Marra Mamba and Brockman targets at Eliwana was progressively undertaken from 2008 onward.As of 20 May 2014 a total of 1494 reverse circulation (RC) holes for 54 248 m and 13 diamond holes had been completed, resulting in the delineation of a Mineral Resource of 740 Mt. Exploration via mapping, drilling and metallurgical evaluation of adjacent prospects continues with additional resources expected in the future.CITATION:Barrett, D, Perkins, R, Kepert, D, Robinson, S and Fowers, C, 2015. Geological setting of Eliwana and Flying Fish deposits along the north limb of the Brockman Syncline, Hamersley Province, Western Australia, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2015, pp 219–228 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 13, 2015

Longwalling has reached a high standard both in Germany and Australia and most improvements should be expected in planning, monitoring and control. Double drum shearer have electric drives to 1000 kW and automatic height control is under development. Conveyor pans to 40mm thickness and chains to 2300 kN breaking load are in use with controls for pretension and load compensation under test.Trends in support are towards two leg shields with loads to 3850 kN per leg and electrohydraulic controls. Expert systems have been devised for planning and diagnosis tasks. With increases in technical standards, staff qualification standards at rising too, drawing attention to training requirements for modem personnel.

Jan 1, 1991

Anglo American Metallurgical Coal (AAMC) manages five open cut coal mines in Queensland and New South Wales, producing approximately 30 million tonnes per annum. The size and complexity of these mines require efforts by a large and diverse number of personnel to minimise adverse geotechnical events from occurring. To achieve this, the AAMC coal mines in Australia are developing a concept of managing the geotechnical risks associated with open cut coal mines. The overall system utilises a combination of internal training, a management system (operational management systems) and standards, numerical modelling, monitoring, inspections and audits. The development of the standards as well as training and mentoring of exploration personnel, geotechnical engineers, engineering geologists and mining engineers with an interest in the geotechnical aspects of mining, training of the production workforce, mentoring and training of the technical staff create the basis for achieving a pro-active rather than a reactive system. Audits are used to assure that personnel are maintaining the standards and to facilitate cross-mine leanings so that best practices are developed across all sites.

Nov 25, 2010

The concentration of Mt. Morgan sulphide ore has always been attended by serious loss of gold. Until recently, with a simple selective flotation flowsheet, even the lowest grade of ore milled-about 2 dwt. per long ton-thislloss was 0·9 dwt., whilst for average to high-grade ore, 3·5 to 5 dwt., the figure was 1·5 to 2·0 dwt. Early in 1937 it was decided to equip the research laboratory for an investigation into the condition and location of the escaping gold and the physical and mineralogical barriers preventing its recovery.With the completion of: this equipment in July 1937, trial and error testing, which had been explored to exhaustion, was abandoned and a five months' research programme mapped out and commenced. Based on the knowledge so gained, a flowsheet combining primary desliming, bulk flotation of the natural slime, selective flotation of the deslimed fraction, and cyanidation of the selective flotation tailing was drafted and tried with encouraging results in a 70-lb. per hour pilot plant. This flowsheet, modified to meet current circumstances, is being dove-tailed into the existing 1,500-ton sulphide ore concentrator, though the cyanidation treatment is actually carried out in the oxidized ore mill, to which the flotation tails are pumped.RESEARCH EQUIPMENT(1) Five tube elutriator (Fig. 1) t built in the company's workshop.

Jan 1, 1939

By P J. Harper

Maximising shareholder value is a widely stated strategic goal of many mining companies. Mining projects can be capital intensive and achieving good returns is essential to encourage future investment in the industry. Despite the widely accepted importance of shareholder value, the minerals industry is often accused of providing relatively poor returns when compared to other industries. There are many recent and well publicised examples of minerals companies that have failed to deliver value to their shareholders. There are numerous business improvement initiatives employed within the mining industry to assist mine operators improve performance. Some are more effective at creating value than others. Benchmarking is one technique that is commonly used to identify performance gaps and target and prioritise opportunities for improvement. However to be effective, Benchmarking must be used appropriately and result in actions that lead to measurable operational improvement. When conducting a Benchmarking project it is important to remember that the aim should be to improve value. For this to be achieved, the strategic goals must be incorporated into the process. This paper details a structured and comprehensive approach to conducting a successful Benchmarking project. Focusing on Benchmarking as a technique for measuring and improving operational performance in underground mines, the underlying drivers of best practice in underground mining are identified.

Jan 1, 2005

The New Zealand Steel Ironsand Slurry Pipeline was successfully commissioned in February 1986. The project includes 18 km of high pressure, polyurethane lined buried pipe. McConnell Dowell Constructors Limited has developed a coupling which has allowed this pipeline to be fully welded. The design and development of the coupling and its application on this project is discussed.

Jan 1, 1986

By T J. Napier-Munn, T Perkins

The JK Drop Weight test was developed at the Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre (JKMRC) in the early 1990s as a means of characterising ore for the purposes of AG/SAG mill and crusher modelling. It has since been used extensively worldwide in the minerals industry as a key ore characterisation test which produces parameters which are used in comminution circuit design and optimisation. The test generates three parameters which are used in the AG/SAG mill model of the JKSimMet software. The resistance of the ore to high energy (impact) breakage is quantified with the A and b parameters. The oreÆs resistance to low energy (abrasion) breakage is measured using the ta parameter. The accuracy and precision of the results of the JK drop weight test are of great importance given that the parameters are key inputs in the design of such capital intensive items as SAG mills. Plant optimisation exercises also rely on the accuracy of the parameters to assist with improving the performance of an existing circuit. A thorough analysis of the accuracy and precision of the parameters generated by the JK drop weight test has now been undertaken by JKTech Pty Ltd (JKTech). An experimental program was designed using statistical methods to plan a hierarchical set of 24 drop weight tests on homogeneous material. Each stage of the test was identified and incorporated into the experimental design so that the contribution to the overall error of each stage could be quantified, including the effect of operator. The data were analysed by nested analysis of variance. An overall analysis of the A, b and ta parameters generated from the test program has now quantified the variance of these parameters more thoroughly than ever before. Using the results for the impact parameters, an analysis has been carried out to investigate the effect of these variances on final SAG mill comminution circuit design. The results will also be used to refine the comparative testing procedures currently in use by licensees worldwide.

Jan 1, 2008

By Y B. Kang, Y J. Park

Ti-added ultra-low carbon (ULC) steel is produced by adding Al and Ti during the secondary refining process to deoxidise molten steel and to bind C and N which are detrimental to the deep drawing quality of the steel product. However, the production of Ti-added ULC steel faces challenges, including submerged entry nozzle clogging and surface defects on cold rolled coils. The troubles were often attributed to ‘Al-Ti complex inclusions’ in the molten steel. However, the evolution of oxide inclusions including their stability has been still unclear. In the present study, the evolution of these inclusions in Ti-added ULC steel was investigated by phase diagram measurement, CALPHAD thermodynamic modelling, high-temperature stability test for the oxides, and observation of transient behaviour of oxide inclusions in the steel. The phase diagram of the Al-Ti-O system was elucidated with an emphasis on oxygen potential, which significantly controls the stability of the oxides. CALPHAD thermodynamic models and a self-consistent database were developed. The transient behaviour of Al-Ti complex inclusions in Ti-added ULC steel was observed in situ using a confocal scanning laser microscope. This was additionally validated by the new thermodynamic model. The equilibrium phases of the oxide inclusions were investigated using a high-temperature resistance furnace, and were analysed using a secondary electron microscope, energy dispersive spectrometer, and electron back-scattered diffraction. By considering the morphology and crystal structure of these inclusions, the evolution of Al-Ti oxide inclusions was elucidated. Various behaviour of Al-Ti inclusions and their influence on steel cleanliness are discussed.

Aug 21, 2024

By G Cao, Y R. Cui, J X. Zhao, H P. Gui, G H. Wang, Z M. Wang, M M. Ren, B Li

Pyro-metallurgy is still the main process for lead production and a lot of lead direct smelting processes have been developed in recent years. All the processes will experience two steps in common. The first is the oxidisation of PbS to PbO and then reduction from PbO to Pb, furthermore, from ZnO to Zn. So, the composition of melts, especially the slag composition at reduction step change continuously. Up to now, there are few systematic results on the slag physical-chemical properties with its composition change. In this work, the typical lead direct smelting processes were analysed from theoretical and practical standpoints. The full-period slag composition and slag melting point change were compared. Especially, to the PbO and ZnO reduction steps, based on the full-period slag composition change, the slag properties were predicted. Based on dust composition and test results, the mechanism of Pb compound evaporation and its effect on practice and measurement of high PbO bearing slag physical-chemical property is discussed. It is suggested that to restrain the evaporation in practice and to obtain more accurate measurement results of physicochemical properties of smelting slag are the key problem not only to set high efficiency, energy saving process, but also to environmental pollution control.

Aug 21, 2024