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By Junhyun Choi, Allan Gomez-Flores, Chonbuk National University, Siyoung Q. Choi, Gahee Kim, Seungkon Kim

In this study, to confirm the effect of depletion attraction on the flotation, we theoretically and experimentally investigate the effect of the depletion attraction force on flotation. While varying the concentration of the depletion agent (polyethylene glycol), three different systems are studied: pure malachite, pure silica, and a 1:1 mass ratio of malachite and silica binary system. We find that recovery increases significantly as the concentration of the depletion agents increases for all three systems, as the depletion agent facilitates the adsorption of the particle on the bubble surface. However, the recovery suddenly decreases in a certain concentration range, which corresponds to the onset of the decreased surface tension when high concentrations of the depletion agent are used. This non-monotonic overall recovery trend implies the surface adsorption of the depletant on a surface. The decreased surface tension of the air/water interface suggests that the recovery rate is lowered due to the adsorption of the depletion agent to the bubble surface, acting as a polymer brush. Based on our observations, we conclude that the depletion force can greatly improve particle adsorption, as predicted in the accompanying theory paper, while simultaneously the adsorption of the depletion agent on the bubble surface plays an important role because it hinders particle adsorption. We also perform experiments in the presence of a small amount of a collector, sodium oleate. An extremely small amount of the collector leads to the increase in the overall recovery, which eventually reaches nearly 100 percent. Nevertheless, the grade worsens as the depletant provides the force to silica particles as well as target malachite particles.

Jan 1, 2016

By Claudeir Carvalho Silveira

Para produzir os aços bifásicos galvanizados com revestimento de Zn-Fe as tecnologias de galvanização foram adaptadas visando à produção de aços com alta resistência, resistentes à corrosão e boa conformabilidade. Desta forma, e considerando as deformações obtidas na estampagem tornou importante a caracterização em laboratório da influência do nível e do caminho de deformação na geração de trincas do revestimento com Zn-Fe aplicado a um aço bifásico. O presente trabalho avaliou o efeito dos caminhos de Deformação Uniaxial, Deformação Plana e Estiramento Biaxial Simétrico na evolução das trincas do revestimento Zinco-Ferro (Galvannealed-GA) e sua conectividade considerando o aço base Dual Phase 600. Foi observado que aumento da área composta por trincas ocorre com o aumento do nível de deformação para todos os caminhos avaliados. O Estiramento Biaxial Simétrico foi o caminho de deformação que mais influenciou no aumento da área com trincas na superfície do revestimento e na conexão destas trincas com o aço base. Isso ocorreu em função do estado de tensão (tração-tração) imposta à superfície e à seção dos revestimentos. Mesmo sendo observada a conectividade das trincas com o aço base não foi verificado visualmente defeitos de desplacamento do revestimento tais como Powdering e Flaking.

Aug 16, 2017

By J. K. Afidenyo

Microbial pretreatment of a double refractory gold ore was investigated using a white rot fungus, Coriolus versicolor (ATTC 20869) to improve gold extraction. A series of preliminary tests were conducted to determine the amenability of the ore to fungus degradation. Pulp density, temperature, pH and retention times were the process variables considered. Both a single. Stage and two-step processes were studied to establish process conditions. During the single stage process, the ore was contacted with the fungus culture (biotic) for 3weeks at 30°C and pH 10.0. For the two-step process, the first step involves ore contact with the culture medium (abiotic) at 45°C and pH 10.0 followed by fungal contact (biotic) at 30°C. Results indicated that carbonaceous matter is not degraded but passivated by the fungus; as preg-robbing activities dropped significantly from 18.1% to below 1.0%. The single stage process resulted in higher gold recovery than the two-step process Gold ex-traction by cyanidation of the pretreated ore was 78.9% for the single stage compared with 15.0% for the untreated ore. In the two-step process, only 73.3% gold extraction was achieved. Application of the two step process conditions to a high grade flotation concentrate, resulted in 93.3% gold ex-traction as against untreated concentrate of 30.5%. The results show that the microbial pretreatment process degraded sulfide sulfur, passivated carbonaceous matter and enhanced gold extraction from double refractory gold ore and concentrate.

Jan 1, 2014

By Heikki Tuovinen

The total utilization of raw materials and energy is the most important criterion when planning. industrial processes. The main goal is clearly to use the raw materials and energy as effectively as possible in order to make the desired products directly in the primary process itself', or to recycle unused materials and energy either as such, or after cleaning back into the process. However, few industrial processes are so straightforward. Most processes generate by-streams of materials and energy, which cannot be recycled directly and it is namely these by-streams which tend to remain as wastes. These by-streams are slags, dusts, vaporized metals, liquids, slurries, sludges, gases etc. Most base metal processes produce all these by-products. Waste water and gas emission controls and regulations are tightening all the time, so new processes must be developed to keep pace with these requirements. These processes generate more solid wastes, which must be utilized or at least processed into a harmless form landfilling. Municipal and hazardous wastes also contain valuable materials and energy, which must be used to minimize landfilling. The development of processes for these purposes places even greater demands on research and development. The same principles and methods developed for mining, ore dressing and metal refining processes can also be adapted for research and development work on processes for waste minimization. However, the problems encountered are much more complicated and less familiar, demanding more versatile and accurate tools and equipment. This paper presents principles, examples and some references of R & D work on processes for waste minimization.

Jan 1, 1992

By Luana de Sousa Santos

O setor Petróleo e Gás Natural vem tendo enormes gastos com as paradas de manutenção. Estes gastos estão relacionados à degradação sofrida por seus equipamentos de refino devido à corrosão. Uma possível solução seria a utilização de novas ligas de aço inoxidável ferrítico com elevados percentuais de molibdênio, o que teoricamente favoreceria um aumento da resistência à corrosão. No entanto, pelo fato dessas ligas serem aplicadas na condição como soldada mudanças microestruturais significativas podem ser geradas, além de considerar o fato da solda das ligas em estudo ser realizada com material dissimilar, e a diferença existente entre o metal de adição e a região afetada pelo calor (ZAC) pode propiciar ao surgimento do fenômeno eletroquímico conhecido como pilha galvânica. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o comportamento corrosivo na solda dissimilar de duas novas ligas de aço inoxidável ferrítico com diferentes teores de cromo e um elevado teor de molibdênio, ambas com adição de superliga de níquel, verificando a influência da pilha. O resultado da soldagem foi avaliado através de exames metalográficos e ensaios eletroquímicos. As micrografias do metal de adição utilizado na soldagem das ligas mostraram que o mesmo possui uma microestrutura dendrítica e os gráficos obtidos dos ensaios de Polarização Potenciodinâmica Cíclica não reproduziram para as ligas soldadas, o que foi melhor analisado observando os resultados dos ensaios de forma separada, para as regiões que constituem a solda das ligas, o metal de adição e ZAC. Sendo possível verificar a existência de uma maior resistência a corrosão no metal de adição.

Aug 8, 2018

By Lloyd Buckingham

Barrick Gold Corporation (Barrick) has undertaken innovative methods of evaluating and improving the performance of grinding mills in several of its operations around the world. The results have been positive with some of the mines showing more than 20% net energy improvement leading to more than 43,000 tonnes per year reduction in CO2 emissions in four of the operations reviewed.

Jan 1, 2012

By Amanda Thicyane de Miranda Duarte de Souza

A crescente demanda de energia elétrica em nosso país sobrecarrega o Sistema de Transmissão [Tx] e Distribuição [Dx], e gera a necessidade de constantes ampliações para não prejudicar o desenvolvimento do Brasil. Neste contexto foram realizados estudos visando avaliar o efeito da adição de três teores de Ni em uma liga Al-0,05%Cu-[0,24-0,28]%Fe-0,7%Si destinada à produção de cabos elétricos. O estudo parte da verificação e posterior comparação das características estruturais, mecânicas e elétricas da liga com a adição do elemento citado. Para a realização do mesmo, os perfis estudados foram obtidos por solidificação estática direta em lingoteira metálica e as amostras foram obtidas a partir de perfis solidificados, usinados e deformados a frio para diferentes diâmetros. Nestas circunstâncias, o diâmetro de 3,0 mm foi aquele que apresentou as melhores respostas elétricas, mecânicas e estruturais, sendo, portanto, adotado como fonte de estudo.

Aug 7, 2018

By Juan Garcia de Blas, Allan Ribeiro de Souza

uso do método dos elementos finitos (MEF) para uma determinação mais realística da resistência estrutural de aços estruturais sob a ação do incêndio vem crescendo à medida que um número maior de países vem adotando os códigos baseados em desempenho no lugar dos tradicionais códigos prescritivos. O algoritmo MEF interpreta o comportamento termomecânico do aço através do emprego de modelos constitutivos. Os modelos constitutivos convencionais usados na engenharia de incêndio são de natureza empírica e abordam de forma dissociada os fenômenos do encruamento plástico e da fluência. Este trabalho apresenta em linhas gerais um modelo constitutivo unificado baseado fisicamente na cinética de deformação plástica resultante do deslizamento de discordâncias, encruamento e recuperação dinâmica inspirado nas contribuições de Kocks, Mecking e Estrin. O modelo proposto tem a sua estrutura matemática modificada para condições de temperatura variável, isto é, para cenários de incêndios.

Oct 1, 2019

By G. M. Bernard

The Andacollo gold mine is located near the small town of Andacollo, Chile (population 14,000) in the fourth region. It is approximately 35 miles by paved road from the coastal city of La Serena, and Santiago lies about 300 miles to the south (see map.) Site elevation varies between 3300 feet and 4200 feet. The climate at the site is moderate but arid, with an average annual rainfall of only five inches. Because there is little rain, and the temperature varies only a few degrees (57"F to 75°F); there are no freezing, solution dilution, or pad saturation problems. The climatic conditions are ideal for heap leaching.

Jan 1, 1996

By Matheus Machado de Souza

A utilização de revestimentos a base de cromo eletrolítico traz prejuízos ao meio ambiente, uma vez que durante o processo são liberados íons de cromo hexavalente e estes são extremamente tóxicos à natureza e ao homem. No entanto, existem outras tecnologias que vem sendo estudadas como alternativas ao processo tradicional de cromagem. A aspersão térmica por oxi-combustível de alta velocidade (HVOF) é a técnica que tem apresentado os melhores resultados sob as óticas de qualidade de revestimento, porosidade, resistência ao desgaste, propriedades mecânicas e adesivas. Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo comparativo da eficácia da técnica de HVOF em termos de adesão, resistência ao desgaste e coeficiente de atrito. Como substrato foi utilizado o aço SAE 4140; o revestimento utilizado na aspersão por HVOF foi o WC-Co-Cr em comparação como o cromo eletroliticamente depositado, todos com a mesma espessura de camada. A avaliação tribológica foi realizada através de ensaios de desgaste por deslizamento do tipo pino sobre disco e a resistência adesiva por meio de ensaio de adesão.

Aug 7, 2018

By Joel Lööw, Jan Johansson, Lena Abrahamsson

Industry 4.0 offers new possibilities to combine increased productivity with stimulating workplaces in a good work environment. Used correctly, digitalization can create attractive jobs in safe control room environments, which provide space for the employee’s full expertise and creativity. This is true also for the mining industry. But, to succeed, it is important to analyze the development from a worker’s perspective. What will happen to their work? What skills will be needed in the mine of tomorrow? We must also consider the risks, such as privacy issues, increased stress, and work-life boundaries. These questions must be understood if we are to create workplaces that can attract a young and diverse workforce to tomorrow’s mining industry. In this article, we try to illustrate what the new technology can mean for the individual miners. We formulate the notion of Mining 4.0 (Industry 4.0 in the mining industry), where we try to create an image of how the future might look from a miner’s perspective and how mining companies may navigate their way to a future that works for all miners. To illustrate the range of possible outcomes, we formulate two scenarios: one utopian and one dystopic. At the end of our article, we bring forward six recommendations that can be considered a beginning of a road map for the human side of Mining 4.0.

By Mokhinabonu Mardonova, Yosoon Choi

Open-source technology for supporting the Industry 4.0 has become the target of academic research in many sectors. This study reviewed the trends of open-source technology, its forms, and some industrial applications. As a case study using open-source hardware and software for the mining industry, this study proposed a low-cost environmental monitoring system for non-metallic underground mines to support mine safety and occupational health issues. The system was developed using open-source hardware, Arduino and 3D printer, to design the monitoring device. An open-source software, MIT App Inventor, was used for developing an Android application for smartphones to enable remote communication with the system. Field experiments were conducted at an underground tunnel and a non-metallic underground mining site to assess the performance of the system in both mobile and static modes, respectively. Although a few limitations related to the precision of the low-cost dust and gas sensors still exist, the findings of the experiments show that the mining industry can benefit from open-source technology deployment when considering cost factors

By Robert M. Becker

This report (part 3 of a five-part series) presents computer programs for evaluating moments and moment relationships of the generalized probability distributions extended or developed in parts I and 2. The principal program is for evaluating the first three moments and moment relationships of the compound-multinomial distribution for finite as well as for infinite populations. This is the generalized distribution for sampling to some amount of items per sample. Another program is for evaluating the first four moments, the moments of the mean, and the moment relationships of the multinomial and generalized hypergeometric distributions. This is a general moment program in sampling to some number of items per sample or for sampling to some number of samples. This program will accept either ungrouped data, frequency data, or probability data.

Jan 1, 1965

By Arthur S. Dwight

THE last decade of the 19th century was a peculiarly interesting one in. the annals of American metallurgy, especially as concerns the lead and copper- smelting industries; and it may be interesting to review briefly one of the outstanding incidents of that period, the development of the mechanical roasting furnace. I shall not pretend, in these reminiscences, to give with absolute accuracy the sequence of events or dates, nor to present a complete history of the period, but shall seek merely to 'sketch a more or less impressionistic picture with some of the underlying facts and causes as the recollection comes back to me and then point out how the present-day practice grew out of those activities. My acquaintance with the developments in Montana was based on occasional visits and general collateral information, but in Colorado I lived through the episode and was of it.

Jan 1, 1921

Jan 1, 1880

Geophysical Abstracts 1 - 83 were issued in mimeographed form by the Bureau of Mines; Abstracts 87 - 111 were published in bulletins of the Geological Survey. Abstracts 112 and 113 were issued in mimeographed form by tine Bureau of Mines as Information Circulars 7256 and 7257. 1. GRAVITATIONAL METHODS 7004. Campbell, R. B. Florida's Geological Structure and Gravity. Proc. Florida Acad. Sciences for 1540, Gainesville, Fla., vol. 5, 1541, pp. 73-84.

Jan 1, 1943

By Frank B. Fulkerson

Barge traffic on the Nation's inland waterways over the past 15 years has been increasing at a rate much faster than intercity freight traffic by all modes, largely due to the growing consumption of mineral commodities, development of more powerful towboats and large and more specialized barges, improvements to loading and unloading facilities, and competition among bargelines for contract shipment of bulk commodities. The Bureau of Mines, in a study to determine barge traffic projections for inland waterways in the South-Central States to the year 1980, gathered data on origin-destination patterns by commodity, quantity moved, equipment used, and rates charged; the trend of each of these factors over time; and the extent of competition between water trans-port and other means of transportation. The Mississippi River and the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, which together carryover half the Nation's barge traffic, are major carriers of coal, crude petroleum, steel, marine shells, sulfur, salt, cement, and alumina. Greater quantities of these products will be transported by barge; however, oil pipe-lines and unit trains for coal are expected to limit increased barge traffic of these two commodities. Increasing quantities of fertilizer materials will be transported upstream. Although congestion at certain locks is a current problem, the Mississippi River below St. Louis and other open-river stretches have the capacity to handle the increasing number of barges for the foreseeable future.

Jan 1, 1969

By AIME AIME

WHEN "Chief" Buehler in mid-September set out on his official 10,000 mile swing-around-the-circle visiting Local Sections he decided not to tell his audiences how to organize and operate a state geological survey. As the director for 28 years, of the Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines (which, he concedes, is the best in existence) lie could have done this to good advantage; but he preferred to discuss affairs of the Institute. In 25 speeches made to member and student groups, he dwelt on sonic or all of the following phases of activities. He stressed the vital importance of the Local Sections in providing the opportunity for members to associate under pleasant auspices with others in their profession. The benefits of Institute membership he classified as tangible and intangible. Of the two lie felt that the latter were more important. A man's progress in his profession depends in large measure upon a broad acquaintance and friendship with others. The Institute is incomparably the best medium for meeting fellow engineers. The primary, function of the new enlarged Membership Committee is to obtain a comprehensive list of engineers eligible to be members, always hearing in mind that the standards of membership must not be lowered in any degree. These men are to be invited by individual letter to apply for membership. Whether they become members or not is of less importance; but it is vital that no qualified man should be outside the fold for the reason that membership had never been suggested to him. Dr. Buehler emphasized repeatedly his feeling that the younger man that had never had Institute membership brought specifically to his attention had been cheated:

Jan 1, 1935

By C. Turek, R. Henderson

Mine planning is the foundation of value for a mining company. Good mine planning requires solid understanding of the ore body, rigorous standards and processes, robust and useful information technology and skilled people. Life of mine planning is key to identifying strategic direction for any mine and short range mine planning is key to delivering forecast and budget expectations. Mine planning at Kinross has been identified as a critical success factor and initiatives are being prepared to improve the quality of our plans and to build bench strength in our teams. The Kinross Way for Mine Planning (KWMP) has been developed and implemented to establish the standards to ensure a strong business foundation. This paper briefly describes the process used to develop the KWMP and presents a selection of mine planning best practice initiatives at Kinross mines.

Jan 1, 2011

By Ana Carolina Ribeiro Duarte

A combinação de propriedades apresentada pelos aços perlíticos permite sua aplicação em diversos segmentos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a microestrutura do aço SAE 1070 deformado via trefilação para a fabricação de fiomáquina. O aço foi trefilado a seco por 12 passes com reduções médias entre 15 e 21%. A caracterização microestrutural foi realizada com o auxílio da técnica de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microscopia de força atômica. O material teve ainda seu comportamento mecânico avaliado por meio de ensaio de dureza Vickers e ensaio de tração. O material deformado apresentou a estrutura “curling” na seção transversal, enquanto que na seção longitudinal a maioria das lamelas se encontrava alinhadas com a direção de trefilação. Os ensaios de tração e dureza revelaram um aumento considerável da dureza e resistência do material após o processo de trefilação.

Aug 16, 2017