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By Thomas Leonard Watson

In a paper read by title at the Washingtoil meeting of the Institute,' May, 1905,I discussed at considerable length the geological relations, mode of occurrence, and the genesis of the lead- and zinc-ores of the VirginisTennessee region. The present paper treats of the purely ecorlomic phases of the zinc-ores of the district,—such as methods of mining the ores, their preparation and treatment. The Albemarle coullty mines and plant were discussed in the paper referred to above, and mill not be considered here. Methods of Mining. Until very recently the mining of lead- and zinc-ores in Virginia mas limited wholly to the surface-belt of weathering. The mode of occurrence and the character of the ores to be mined were such as to demand the employment of niethods used in mining secondary concentrated ores. Accordingly, a system similar to that practiced in mining brown iron-ores was employed, being modified to meet the changed conditions. Oxidized or Soft Ores.—Up to the present time practically all the ore mined in the Virginia district has been of the oxidized or soft type;—the silicate, calamine, and the carbonate, smith-sonite; largely the former, which has been localized and concentrated at only slight depths below the surface. Because of the extreme irregularity with which the limestone weathers when stripped of the overlying residual clay, it presents a roughened surface of large and small irregular " chimneys"

Jan 1, 1907

By Alini Luisa Diehl Camacho

Este artigo apresenta a caracterização física, química e mineralógica do resíduo casca cerâmica (RCC) gerado em indústria de fundição de precisão. Este setor tem predominância nas regiões sul e sudeste do país com cerca de 35 empresas das quais cada uma gera mensalmente de 50 a 100 toneladas do resíduo. Desta forma, apresenta-se uma metodologia baseada na caracterização do resíduo como forma de reciclagem interna cujo foco é a sua valorização. A metodologia aplicada para o desenvolvimento do estudo envolveu uma caracterização físico-química do RCC obtido através de etapas de moagem. Os parâmetros analisados foram distribuição granulométrica, massa específica, área superficial, composição química quantitativa e mineralógica estrutural semi-quantitativa. A partir da segregação do material foi possível realizar a separação de materiais nobres presentes no resíduo. Em especial, as frações 40 (4.25 mm) e 80 (1.80 mm) concentrou 72.12% do total da massa do material. Apesar de apresentar um alo de amorfismo entre os ângulos 0 a 15º, o RCC tem comportamento predominantemente cristalino. Considerando a caracterização realizada e bibliografia referenciada, este material tem grande potencial como matéria-prima refratária, seja no processo de origem como em outras aplicações.

Aug 17, 2017

By W. J. Halvorsen

Means for minimizing the disadvantages of thermal drying are suggested. The other ap¬proach of substituting other techniques in place of thermal drying is also discussed. Recent devel¬opments in fine coal screening dry down to 3.2 mm (0.125 in.) and 2.0 mm (10 mesh) offer an econom¬ical means in certain cases.

Jan 1, 1988

By Max Boehmer

The first and most lasting impression made upon the mind of him who examines a mine or a mining district consists in the observation that in each and every case there is an intimate association of the ores with the eruptive rocks in the dietrict. The mines in the Mississippi valley seem to be the only excep-

Jan 1, 1904

By Armstrong M

The Clermont Coal Mine will export steaming coal from the Wolfang Basin in Central Queensland, Australia. It is expected to be developed in the mid-1990s.The majority of the reserves lie in the 30 m thick Wolfang Seam. Overburden depth varies from 80 m at the subcrop line to 190 m in the centre of the basin.

Jan 1, 1992

By Anderson Alves Cunha

Diante do cenário macroeconômico internacional, o setor mineral busca soluções inovadoras e sustentáveis para seus processos produtivos. Uma dessas soluções é, sem dúvida, aumentar a recuperação do mineral de interesse presente no rejeito proveniente de operações de beneficiamento de baixa recuperação metalúrgica. A substituição de matérias primas naturais por resíduos abre uma gama de oportunidades para melhorar a gestão de recursos não renováveis, contribuindo significativamente para o desenvolvimento sustentável e competitividade do negócio. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de definir qual a faixa granulométrica, existente na lama, é mais adequada para concentrar e produzir pelotas, considerando a composição química, perda por calcinação, mineralogia e quantidade de elementos deletérios. Para isso, foram utilizadas técnicas de caracterização tecnológica, como: classificação granulométrica (peneiramento a úmido e cyclosizer), fluorescência de raios X, difração de raios X e microscopia óptica. Os resultados do trabalho permitiram identificar uma faixa granulométrica com alto teor de ferro e alto grau de liberação dos minerais de ferro, porém com teores de quartzo acima que um pellet feed comercial. Sendo assim, um determinado tratamento de concentração ou um blend será necessário para adequar quimicamente o material, para posterior obtenção de pelotas com baixo custo.

Aug 17, 2017

By H. Pearce, A. E. Lewis, A. Ochieng

"Hydrodynamics and mixing are fundamental to the operation of mineral process systems such as flotation cells and metal precipitation reactors. Hydrodynamic conditions influence phase mixing and mass transfer in a multiphase system, and these affect the overall performance of such a system. Detailed information on the effects of the hydrodynamics on the performance of agitated systems is still required for the design and optimal operation of hydrometallurgical systems, which are always multiphase. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques have been employed to study the hydrodynamics and mixing, most of which have focussed on the performance of axial and radial pumping impellers in agitated tanks. However, very little has been reported on the influence of a draft tube on the flow profile in such systems.CFD simulation of a stirred vessel centres on the way the impeller is modelled. Some of the most recent approaches to modelling an impeller are impeller boundary condition (IBC), snap shot, sliding grid (SG), multiple frame of reference (MFR) and inner outer (IO). The accuracy, with which these models predict experimental results and the corresponding computational demands, form the basis upon which the choice of an approach is made. Most of these approaches (IO, SG and MFR) address the key problem of the stirred tank modelling, namely, the simultaneous meshing of the rotating impellers and the stationary baffles. The MFR is computationally cheap and has been found to give predictions that compare well with experimental data.The CFD technique (code CFX4.4) has been employed in the present work to study the hydrodynamics in a mixing vessel stirred with either a Rushton turbine or a pitched blade impeller. The multiple frame of reference (MFR) approach has been used to model both impellers. A draft tube was used only in the Rushton turbine stirred vessel. The flow profiles for the impellers have been studied in three regions; below the impeller tip, at the middle of the tank, and near the liquid surface. The simulation results were compared with literature data obtained using a laser Doppler velocimetry in the three regions of the vessel, and it was found that the model predictions were better in the impeller region. There was a poor prediction of the experimental results in the region closer to the liquid surface; however, this was improved when the turbulence parameter (C2) in the k-e model was set to a higher value. The value of the impeller clearance at which the Rushton turbine generates an axial impeller type flow has been determined and it has been shown that, at this clearance, a draft tube can be used to enhance axial flow in a Rushton turbine stirred reactor."

Jan 1, 2003

By Rafael Humberto Mota de Siqueira

A conformação a laser (Laser Beam Forming – LBF) é um processo mecânico sem contato realizado pela introdução de tensões térmicas na superfície de um material com laser, a fim de induzir a deformação plástica. Neste estudo, foram realizadas conformações em chapas de 1,6 mm de espessura, de alumínio de alta resistência, classe AA6013-T4, com uso de um laser de Yb-fibra operando em modo contínuo. A potência do laser foi variada entre 200 e 1000 W e a velocidade entre 3 e 30 mm/s, com o feixe desfocalizado em 5 mm sobre a superfície da chapa. O ângulo de dobramento das chapas variou entre 0,1 e 2,5° por passe, dependendo das condições experimentais. Na condição de maior ângulo, 1000 W e 30 mm/s, a poça de fusão atingiu 0,6 mm de profundidade, porém sem alterar a microestrutura da parte inferior da chapa. Em todas as condições, a dureza se manteve constante em aproximadamente 100 HV, sendo semelhante ao material de base. Para verificar a aplicabilidade do método, foram desempenadas chapas previamente soldadas na configuração T. O método mostrou-se eficiente em corrigir o empenamento de chapas com inclinação de até 5°.

Aug 16, 2017

By J A. Brown

Osborne Mine commenced hydraulic filling of three stopes in April 1999. Two of these stopes experienced barricade failures in July 1999 and January 2000. As a result, a review of hydraulic filling was commissioned in April 2000. The design of a trial of revised specifications and practices is in the final stages, prior to the trial commencing in mid-2002.

Jan 1, 2002

By AIME AIME

WILBER JUDSON is one of that fairly large group of mining engineers that graduated at an Eastern college, worked his way up in various jobs in the West and in the Latin-American countries, and finally came to New York as an administrative officer of a large mining company. Since coming to New York he has been a loyal friend and counselor of the A.I.M.E., and is now serving a second term as one of its Directors, his first term covering the period 1935-1938. Mr. Judson was born in the capital city of Michigan on July 26, 1880. Probably it was his roving spirit rather than professorial urging that was responsible for the fact that four colleges were responsible for his education: Northwestern, University of Michigan, Harvard (S.B., 1901), and the Michigan College of Mines (graduate study). In his first ten years of professional work he might have been found serving as mine foreman at Catamarca in the Argentine, as superintendent of the Inter Ocean mine at Sunshine, Colo.. as foreman for the Cerro Prieto, Magdalena, Sonora, as superintendent of the Hudson Iron Co. in New York, or as manager of the Dolores mine in Chihuahua for the Mines Co. of America, or in Spain, or in Panama.

Jan 1, 1942

By Roshan B. Bhappu

Based on the classical definition of optimization, flotation plants of today are far from being perfect, effective, or functional as possible. Though considerable efforts have been expanded in the optimization endeavor during the last decade, much more needs to be done in the future to optimize our flotation plants and operations. The major problem in designing an optimum flotation circuit is that the flotation process depends on the interaction of several physical and chemical parameters. In the past, there has been a tendency to only consider the effects of chemical factors such as flotation reagents: collectors, frothers, conditioning reagents, pH, etc. On the physical side, the emphasis has been limited to the liberation characteristics, grinding time, percent, solids in the pulp and flotation time. Its only recently that we are employing particle size analyses, on-stream analysis, oxidation reduction potential and the like, as operating controls. The design, operation and control of a mineral processing plant depends on costs incurred at all stages, from inception (testing for flowsheet development) through plant closure and beyond. To ensure that micro- and macro- engineering technology is transferred to operational levels, the academia, testing engineers, designers, operators, consultants and management must all get involved in the transformation process. Historically, in the 1950’s engineering empiricism was strengthened through micro-engineering based on fundamental and mechanism. Unique scientific apparatus such as zeta meter and infrasizer were used to test new hypotheses. With the advent of computers in the 60s and 70s, complex differential equations were solved to study and understand unit processes and to assess mechanism assumptions. Such efforts contributed to improved understanding of the unit operations such as comminution, flotation, thickening, filtration and the like. In the 80s and 90s with the availability of more sophisticated computer technology involving modeling procedures, advanced numerical methods, image analysis, nonlinear-curve-fitting and data adjustments, it was possible to test newly developed models under the production environments. These innovations are now available to develop simulator and sensors (such as particle size analyses) for macro-engineering purposes including plant design, automatic controls and optimization. Accordingly, it behooves the mining companies and plant operators to take advantage of these new developments to control a large number of physical and chemical parameters involved in the plant operation and optimization. This is especially important in light of declining head grades and increasing operating costs in the U.S. minerals industry if it wishes to maintain a competitive edge in the international marketplace. In regard to the future R & D activities in the field, in order to arrive at useful correlations in micro- engineering research, it is essential to consider a plant operation as an interactive engineering system representing the combined effects of physics and chemistry, equipment and operation. The important issues that needs to be addressed in the future are

Jan 1, 1993

By Rafaela Pacheco Malvão dos Santos, Rafaela Pereira Batista Carvalho, Flávio Monteiro de Souza, Bruno Moura de Jesus, Rodrigo da Silva Magalhães

Dentre as impurezas do gusa, o fósforo se destaca por promover fragilidade a frio ao aço, uma propriedade normalmente indesejada. A sua adequação a teores aceitáveis ocorre no Conversor LD, através da oxidação do banho e adição de fundentes. O modelo proposto objetiva determinar a adição de fundentes de forma dinâmica: com base na termodinâmica e ajustes com dados históricos visando promover uma escória adequada a proteção do revestimento refratário e a desfosforação. O modelo está em uso nos Conversores LD da Aciaria da Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional e demonstrou resultados satisfatórios.

Oct 1, 2019

By B. G. Fordyce, W. B. Parker

A description is given of the methods used in management planning, pit-equipment selection and maintenance operator training, and formal organization of mining personnel.

Jan 1, 1979

By Luis Yacher

Proccesing plants currently have sophisticated regulation and control systems and there also systems of managment of the quality and laboratory variables, for the mine-plant transport managment, mineralogical extraction, characterization, maintenance managment were desgined to support specific operational business functions: to operate, maintain, control quality, manage the fleet, etc. The vision of systems dedicated to supporting specific business functions contradicts what is nowadays an integrated business operation, esenctially multidisciplinary and it which the managment and supervision process require access to heterogeneus information sources regarding their regarding their origin and managment system. The consecuence of ongoing pressure for operational excellence is the need of more "fine-lunning"of the processes must be adressed in a synchronized way. Hence, the need arises of restating the issue of operation and related information, for which a new conceptual and techonological focus is proposed aimed at the objetive of operational excellence.

Sep 19, 2006

By Terry L. Cook

RAG Coal West, Inc., Belle Ayr Mine is located in the heart of Wyoming’s rich Powder River Basin coalfield. Belle Ayr utilizes an open pit, truck/shovel operation to strip the overburden off the 70’seam of sub bituminous coal. Our excavation capacities consist of a 301 Marion with a bucket size of 52 cubic yards, and a 4100 XPB P&H with a capacity of 76 cubic yards. Production levels on these machines are closely monitored utilizing the Modular Mining Dispatch system. RAG Coal West, Inc. is a coal mining business that utilizes the effectiveness of teams as one of their strategies. Technicians have a certain amount of control over their own Team Process. The Drilling & Blasting Team is an assortment of blasters with varying experience levels. We have been able to think outside of the box when it comes to certain “proven” methods of blasting.

Jan 1, 2004

By Jeanne A. Zimmer, Charles D. Taylor, Edward D. Thimons

Strategies for monitoring methane levels during roof bolting in an extended cut entry were evaluated. Testing was conducted at the Pittsburgh Research Laboratory’s methane test gallery. Operating conditions were varied and methane releases at the face and drill holes were simulated. Methane readings were taken at the face, and at locations outby the face. Results show that, when the major source of methane was at the drill holes, the highest methane readings were at locations on or 6.1 m (20ft) inby the bolting machine. Methods for selecting better outby sampling locations, when the majority of the methane is released at the face, are examined. During roof bolting it is easier to sample at these outby locations rather than at the face. Further testing is needed to determine what relationship exists between methane concentrations at the outby locations and at the source of the methane release.

Stereological transformation relies on knowledge of the textural characteristic that governs the relationship between the one-, two- and three-dimensional liberation spectrum. Transformation functions can be built from fractionation of real mineralogical particles. Alternatively, transformation functions can be built from simulated textures, geometrical textures or artificial textures. These transformation functions can be useful when the texture of an ore has not yet been characterised for the preliminary assessment of liberation. Recently, Lin et al (1995) developed a methodology for generating such an artificial texture. The artificial texture can be used to produce broken particles of known volumetric composition. Data from image analysis on several artificially generated samples is readily available, and can be used to build the associated stereological transformation function. In this work, the methodology for calculating the transformation function from LinÆs artificial texture is presented. The new texture is implemented for stereological transformation applications.

Jan 1, 2008

By Weyman Dunaway

This paper will present a description of the development and commissioning of the world?s most efficient process for manufacturing high purity aqueous zinc bromide. The method for making aqueous zinc bromide from metallic zinc and bromine comprises contacting zinc with bromine dissolved in a reaction solvent containing a metal halide salt. The reaction temperature is maintained at less than 60°C. The reaction solvent preferably comprises an alkali, alkaline earth, or transition metal halide; the halide salt preferably comprises a chloride or a bromide. One preferred method includes the step of recirculating the zinc bromide product stream back to the reaction vessel. The reaction vessel can be either a one stage or a multiple stage reactor. The resulting product stream is a high density aqueous zinc bromide solution. The process is so novel that Tetra Technologies, Inc. was awarded US Patent Number 6,036,937.

Jan 1, 2006

By Geoffrey Purcell

Although the extractive metallurgist has not yet tackled the problem of getting blood out of a stone, he must, when faced with the mini- metal values of today's ores, believe that this ultimate miracle will soon be expected of him. Even assuming that some plausible professor at one of the few remaining minerals industry schools could persuade the National Science Foundation to sponsor such a sanguine research project, the funds might have to go begging for want of a graduate metallurgist. Falling enrollment in fields devoted to nonrenewable mineral resources, long a matter of grave concern to educators, is now recognized as a problem of great national consequence urgently needing a solution. While the law of supply and demand might eventually be expected to right the imbalance of engineers, time is not on our side and action to correct the shortage is required now.

Jan 1, 1970

By AIME AIME

EARLE EDWARD SCHUMACHER, the new Chairman of the Institute of Metal, Division. is well known to the metallurgical profession. His election a, Chairman is the culmination of fifteen years' service to the Institute, beginning in 1930 when he was elected Member. Since that time he has served as member of the I.M.D. Data Sheet Committee. 1935-40; Papers and Publication Committee. 1936; Executive Committee. 1937-1910: Papers and Programs Committee, 1937-1938. (Vice-Chairman, 1939-40, Chairman. 1941-12): Annual Award Committee. 194142. (Vice-Chairman, 19431: Vice-Chairman, LM.D., 1943-44; Chairman Publication Committee, 1943-44; member Powder Metallurgy Committee), 1944. Pew other men have contributed so Much time anti effort in so many way- to the interests of the metals branch o4 the A.I.M.E.

Jan 1, 1945