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By LESTER W. STRAUSS

OUR early knowledge of history and geography attracted most of us to the mineral resources of South America. The romantic tales of the Spanish activities, which were curiously alluring, and Prescott's exceptional bi-Conquest histories-Mexico and Peru-no doubt fired our minds with the .then metallic wealth of the Spanish colonies. Later developments, intensified within the past eighty years, have, however, changed its fame which now rests on such metallics as copper and tin, and among the non-metallics on nitrate of soda and petroleum. South America proper, excluding Panama, is made up of thirteen countries, a coincident parity with our original thirteen States. Its area is given as 7,231,300 square miles, or slightly less than North America (8,037,000 square miles), is made up as follows:

Jan 1, 1930

By GUY C. RIDDELL, Donald M. Liddell

THE electronic arts today constitute the outstanding development in the field of rare metals, if not indeed in the arena of scientific progress at large. The year 1930 may become known as the year in which the electronic tube took hold of the wheels of industry; it is the year in which the tube's emancipation from the art of communication was proclaimed. The little tube which made a $500,000,000 industry out of a vacuum has now been applied to mining, manufacturing, transportation, chemistry, and other industries. Not many appreciate the extensive utility that e1ectroni.t tubes have already found in transportation, where they control the speed and security of express trains, as well as operate traffic lights on important highways-in the case of the Detroit-Windsor bridge counting the traffic and instantly turning the reports into the superintendent's office some distance away. In an Ohio steel mill, ten-ton ingnts 'rash back and forth through the rolls, reversed by their own shadows. The vacuum tube also starts, stops, and levels, fast passenger elevators.

Jan 1, 1931

By Mark C. Russell, Charles T. Russell, Brooke Colburn, Parker Bailey, Desiree Bernhard, Kaito Durkee, Tristen Cutshall, Rob P. H. Urselmann

Hypersonic tunnel boring (HTB) uses directed, high velocity projectile impacts to remove rock. HTB is highly independent of rock strength and targets hard, abrasive rock and variable rock environments. This paper discusses history, theory and presents test (2×2 m and .75×.5 m tunnels) field trial results and technical and economic evaluation. The HTB tests are compared against the historic ‘project REAM’ and the concept against tunnel boring machines and drill & blast in design studies for full-scale 12 m and 4.5×5.5 m tunnels. The positive results indicate that under these conditions HTB can replace Drill & Blast and Tunnel Boring Machines.

Jun 13, 2021

By . A. Drouin, J. -M. Lalancette, D. Lemieux, C. Chouinard

"A gold bearing pyrite concentrate was treated at the demonstration scale (15 t/d) for the extraction of gold using a cyanide-free process. The pyrite was depressed in the flotation circuit in order to promote the flotation of copper and to achieve a sufficient copper grade to meet the copper smelter criteria. However, the recoveries of copper were 80% and only about 50% for the gold was found in the copper concentrate. The balance of the gold (50%) and copper (20%) contained in the pyrite concentrate as a reject from an overall flotation circuit. The gold grade in the pyrite concentrate is 5.40 g Au/t and copper about 0.77%. About 170 tons of pyrite concentrate were processed in the DST demonstration plant. The concentrate was first oxidized using a fluid bed to produce a calcine. Copper was then extracted as copper sulphate using diluted sulphuric acid. The residual solid was submitted to the DST chlorination process for gold extraction. Thereafter, the gold was recovered from the pregnant brine by precipitation over silica using DST proprietary process. The maximum gold recovery by chlorination was 90%. The average gold recovery by cyanidation of these calcines was 71%. INTRODUCTION Dundee Sustainable Technologies (“DST”) has developed a chlorination process as an alternative to the conventional cyanidation process for the extraction of precious metals from ores or concentrates. The technology offers viable and efficient gold recoveries and the ability to handle refractory ores and contaminated material (As, Hg, etc..). The process was successfully demonstrated on hundreds of samples provided by various mines, exploration and development projects and has evolved from laboratory experiment to demonstration at an industrial scale. DST’s chlorination process operates in a closed loop circuit, which implies that no liquid effluents are generated. The chemistry and process design allows precious metal deposits containing base metals to be treated viably. The tailings from the process are inert and non-toxic, sulphide depleted and thus non-acid generating. The efficiency of the process has demonstrated excellent gold recoveries within a fraction of the time needed for cyanidation to obtain similar results. The company completed in 2015 the construction of the first industrial demonstration plant operating with the DST technology. The plant has a capacity of 15 tons per day of mineral concentrate, and the ability to extract gold and silver utilizing DST chlorination technology. DST has tested its chlorination technology at demonstration scale on the refractory pyrite concentrate containing 5.40 g Au/t and 0.8 %copper. This auriferous pyrite concentrate, was by-product of copper concentrate respecting the copper smelter norms, is produced in a country where cyanide is prohibited and refractory to cyanidation. The pyrite concentrate was initially processed successfully (gold recoveries: > 90%) by the DST technology at laboratory (2011: 20 kg) and pilot (2014: 5 tons) scales to extract gold. About 170 tons of this pyrite concentrate were processed in the DST demonstration plant located in Thetford Mines."

Jan 1, 2017

By Joshua Hoffman, Braden Lusk, David McLane, John Rathbun

The dynamics of explosive detonations are understood; however recreating a real-world, to-scale scenario is costly. The use of a shock-tunnel allows testing to be done on a smaller scale, with the simulated effect of a large explosion. Analyzing explosive waveforms using this method can greatly reduce cost in testing blast-resistant products, such as anti-terrorism devices, mine safety products, and military equipment. The purpose of this project is to better the understanding of how the waveform dynamics of an explosive detonated within a shock-tunnel differ from those in an open-air arena test.

Jan 1, 2011

By T. Nesane, S. S. Mnyakeni-Moleele, L. C. Murulana

The effectiveness of two synthesized ionic liquids, 1-(benzyloxy)-1-oxopropan-2-aminium 4-methylbenzenesulfonate (1-BOPAMS) and 4-(benzyloxy)-4-oxobutan-1-aminium 4-methylbenzenesulfonate (4-BOBAMS), were evaluated for mild steel corrosion inhibition in 1.0 M hydro-chloric acid solution, using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), and gravimetric techniques. Organic moieties responsible for the adsorption process on mild steel surface were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Gravimetric analysis revealed that the inhibition efficiency of 1-BOPAMS and 4-BOBAMS increased with concentration, with maximum inhibition values of 90.32% and 97.91%, respectively, at the highest concentration of the inhibitors. Gibbs free energy (ΔG°ads) values indicated a strong interaction between the mild steel surface and the molecules of the ionic liquids, and that the adsorption process was spontaneous. These values also show that the inhibitive nature of ionic liquids against mild steel corrosion is caused by a mixedtype of adsorption film formed on the steel surface. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm was used to describe the adsorption of ionic liquid molecules onto the mild steel surface. Polarization curves showed that 1-BOPAMS and 4-BOBAMS have a similar effect on both the anodic and cathodic half-reactions, indicating that they prevent the dissolution of mild steel through both physical and chemical process. Nyquist plots were defined by incomplete semicircle capacitive loops, showing that the charge transfer mechanism controls the corrosion of mild steel in acidic solution.

Apr 1, 2021

By N. K. Singo, J. D. Kramers

The reprocessing of tailings resources to extract gold on an industrial scale has become common practice. While these projects are common in the Witwatersrand basin, similar low-technology processes are not operational in smaller goldfields. This study explores the possibility of reclaiming the tailings dump of the Louis Moore Mine in the Giyani Greenstone Belt, investigates potential hazards to communities in the vicinity, and identifies mitigation strategies. Auger samples were taken from the Louis Moore tailings at depths of up to 5 m. Aqua regia leach analyses show Au concentrations of up to 1 g/t. Inferred estimations based on ordinary kriging (OK) and inverse distance weighted (IDW) methods put the residual Au resource in the Louis Moore tailings dump at 0.20 t. Reworking the tailings is viable, although a potential environmental risk exists in the form of elevated arsenic concentrations. Further exploration is required to determine the mineralogical associations of Au and As. Tailings reworking would assist in raising funds for mine rehabilitation. The secondary tailings could potentially be repurposed, which would provide employment and facilitate community development, as well as deliver environmental benefits.

Jul 1, 2021

By S. Schutte, J. Pelders

Worker participation in equipment development can result in improved user acceptance and product quality. This paper focuses on worker engagement in equipment development processes in the South African minerals sector. Qualitative data was gathered during interviews with original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and industry experts. A lack of inclusion in equipment design from workers from all organizational levels in mines was reported. Meanwhile, the historical context and workplace culture of the mining industry (including leadership, trust, training, performance, and remuneration factors) were evident barriers to the implementation of new technology. Worker engagement processes should include securing management commitment, creating multidisciplinary teams, effective facilitation, shared understanding of needs, training and development, and iterative design. Human-centred design approaches and independent platforms for engagement on equipment design requirements are recommended.

Feb 2, 2021

By V. A. Leão, V. S. Coimbra, V. A. A. Oliveira, R. F. M. de Souza, G. M. de Lima

A willemite concentrate consisting mainly of willemite (55.3%) and dolomite (15.6%) was reduced in a tube furnace with charcoal as reductant. The effects of temperature and varying reductant additions on zinc extraction were studied. A zinc recovery of 86% was achieved with 20% reductant in the charge at 1100°C. During reduction, the calcium oxide generated through calcination of the dolomite promoted decomposition of the willemite, thus lowering the temperature at which reduction took place. The presence of CaO improved the zinc recovery at all temperatures studied. The best zinc recovery (93%) was obtained in the presence of 5% CaO, 20% charcoal reductant, and at a temperature of 1100°C. The results show that the willemite concentrate studied has great potential to be used as a raw material for the Waelz process.

Nov 6, 2023

By S. K. Kawatra, T. C. Eisele

"Coal-fired electrical power generation plants produce 56% of all the electricity in the U.S., burning approximately 860 million tons of coal annually. This results in the production of 58 million tons of fly-ash; 19 million tons of bottom ash and boiler slag, and 23 million tons of desulfurization sludge.s annually. These are a considerable disposal problem, and it would therefore be very valuable to be able to sell these residues and by-products as useful materials, rather than paying to dispose of them in landfills. However, utilization rates are currently very low, below 32% even for the most thoroughly commercialized combustion byproduct (fly-ash). This poor utilization rate is a result of the high impurity content of combustion byproducts, which makes them unsuitable for existing markets.Mineral processing techniques are useful for upgrading and utilizing combustion by-products. Fly-ash can be processed to remove unburned carbon, or utilized as a binder component in ore pelletization and agglomeration processes; bottom ash can be processed to produce certain aggregate grades; CO2 emissions can be sequestered using modified leaching techniques; and many scrubber sludge’s require processing before they can be used for producing gypsum products.The experiments described in this paper were carried out to study the application of mineral processing techniques to upgrading combustion by-products, particularly flue-gas scrubber sludge. A process was developed for upgrading unoxidized Flue-Gas Desulfurization (FGD) sludge’s by removing the primary impurity (unreacted limestone). A combination of hydrocycloning followed by froth flotation reduced the limestone concentration to as little as 1.7%, while recovering 66% of the sludge weight as a clean product. The recovered limestone was sufficiently concentrated that it could be recycled to the scrubber for more complete utilization."

Jan 1, 2003

By Fu Ping-Hao, Sergio Mauricio Vianna, Ewen Silvester, Emmy V. Manlapig

"Over the last 5 years, an ambitious project has been undertaken at the Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre (JKMRC) aiming to isolate, study and, if possible, model the effect of particle size, liberation and collector adsorption density on the floatability of mineral particles. As part of this project, we have conducted highly controlled flotation test-work, combined with state-of-the-art solution and surface analytical techniques such as High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS) and detailed mineralogical analysis to fully characterize the flotation behavior of a natural ore.The flotation tests were undertaken using a high-grade lead-zinc ore from BHP-Billiton’s Cannington mine (Australia) in a specially designed continuously operated laboratory scale flotation rig. Solution and adsorbed collector concentrations were measured independently during the course of the flotation tests using HPLC based ex-situ techniques. Liberation studies were performed using the JKMRC Mineral Liberation Analyser (MLA) on selected size intervals of different streams to estimate the specific surface area of galena. These results were used to calculate the collector adsorption density (collector coverage) on galena particles, with the eventual aim of developing a mathematical model describing the relationship between pulp chemistry, feed mineralogy, and floatability of galena particles."

Jan 1, 2003

By I. E. Odom

A study was made of the physical and chemical nature of silica minerals found as natural impurities in bentonites and montmorillonitic Fuller&apos;s earth clay products as well as in <10 micron dust from eight processing plants. The results show that the silica minerals present in these clay materials are totally encapsulated or encased in clay. No "free" silica minerals could be observed in SEM images of either granular or powder products or in dust samples collected for MSHA crystalline silica analysis. Silica minerals, such as quartz, are identifiable by SEM and EDS analysis only after removing the clay coatings by vigorous washing. After washing it can be observed that all crystalline quartz grains also have diagenetic overgrowths of what is probably opaline silica. The clay and opaline silica encapsulation of quartz plus the strongly hydro scopic nature of montmorillonite are believed to be responsible for there not being a single confirmed case of silicosis among workers in the subject plants after more than 65 years of production.

Jan 1, 1996

By M I. Pownceby, M A. Rhamdhani, D M. Fellicia, S Palanisamy, R Z. Mukhlis

The trend of global copper production has prospectively increased over time. Based on typical mined ore grades, 1 t of copper ore generates approximately 6–10 kg of copper, which requires much energy, usually in the form of metallurgical coke. Copper production using carbon as a fuel and reductant contributes up to 0.3 per cent to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. As a result, research into decarbonisation processes applicable to reducing low-grade copper sulfide ores, copper oxides, electronic wastes and other alternative complex Cu-rich materials has increased. Alternative fuels for reducing carbon-rich emissions in pyrometallurgical copper processing include methane, ammonia, biomass, solar and wind power, but in recent times increased focus has been on hydrogen as a potential fuel and reducing agent for materials such as oxidised copper scrap, Cu2O/CuO and Cu-rich slags/e-wastes. From a thermodynamic perspective, hydrogen exhibits a significantly more negative standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) than copper oxide making it a suitable reductant and the exothermic thermal effect from reaction between hydrogen and Cu2O/CuO may be used to control process parameters. These characteristics renders hydrogen an ideal gas for reducing copper oxides and copper-containing slags/e-wastes. This review article assesses previous research on utilising hydrogen for producing and refining copper from primary and secondary feed materials.

Jun 19, 2024

By K Verbeken, D Seveno, A Maslov, I Bellemans

Recycling and decarbonisation current metallurgical processes is key for our planet’s future and in both cases, digital twinning will play an important role. However, the various modelling techniques being used for digital twinning require a lot of input values on variables such as viscosities, diffusion coefficients and surface energies that need to be known as a function of temperature, atmosphere and composition, but which are not widely available, such as in databases, for molten slag phases. The need for more accurate data on physical slag properties is clear and will be extremely relevant for making more realistic and quantitative simulations. Some of these properties are difficult to determine, which is inherent to the very high pyrometallurgical temperatures. Therefore, this work focuses on some aspects related to determining electrical conductivities, viscosities and surface tensions of slags via a combined experimental-modelling method. Besides experimental work, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations can be used to investigate oxidic slag physical properties. With MD simulations, one can follow the time evolution of a system (consisting of atoms or molecules) by integrating Newton’s equation of motion. The input for an MD simulation mainly consists of a force field as well as initial positions, velocities and mass of each atom. The determination of the transport properties in existing literature of MD simulations in oxidic systems, is typically based on incorrect assumptions. For example, to determine the ionic conductivity, the frequently-used Einstein-Stokes equation fails to take into account all ionic types and neglects correlated motion. Furthermore, the viscosity determination via the Einstein-Stokes formula also assumes independent motion of the different ions. This paper gives a brief overview of the opportunities and challenges related to the use of MD simulations for oxidic slag systems.

Jun 19, 2024

By M. Trim, Y. Sun, D. Tepavac, A. Kumar

Configuration of Rozelle Interchange Project’s ventilation system required design and construction of some of the largest and tallest underground civil caverns attempted in Australia. The paper focuses on the technical challenges of designing these caverns within a heterogeneous, generally weak sandstone under highstress conditions while providing a construction sequence that would align with the contractor’s preferred techniques and schedule. Various construction techniques were investigated, but ultimately an observational approach relying on a construction sequence and specialized instrumentation met both the designer’s and contractor’s requirements. Relevant data obtained from excavations and the construction monitoring program are presented within.

Dec 1, 2022

By Jorge Blázquez, Pablo Ravanal, Paulo Couceiro, Juan Navarro

Blasting performance is influenced by rock mass properties and blast design parameters. From them, the rock is the only variable that cannot be modified, but it can be measured, so that, blast design variables can be adapted to optimize the results. A new methodology to assess rock mass quality from drill-monitoring data from both autonomous and manual rotary drilling modes is described to guide blasting in open pit operations. For that, a thorough normalization process has been developed to minimize external influences induced in the data by the rig system for autonomous mode and by the operator intervention for manual mode. Principal component analysis has been used to combine MWD information. Two rock description indexes are derived directly from Measurement While Drilling (MWD) data collected. The first index is a Structural factor that classifies the rock mass condition in three classes (massive, fractured and heavily fractured). The second index is a Strength factor that classifies the rock according to the strength properties. Both indexes have been combined to obtain an overall drilling rock factor along the hole. This has been named by the authors as the X-Rock model.

Feb 6, 2023

By T. J. Otto, I. D. Ungerer, G. C. Lindeque, T. J. van Heerden

Anglo American Kumba Iron Ore (Kumba) continues to implement technologies focussed on improving safety and productivity; this forms part of the groups FutureSmart Mining initiative. The paper provides insights into the implementation of three technology solutions that improves the productivity of heavy mining equipment (HME). Enhancements to the short term mine planning (STMP) process, the effective use of a fleet management system (FMS) and the deployment of drones or Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) are discussed. The implementation of these and other technologies contributed to a 13% and 22% increase in the overall equipment efficiency (OEE) of the primary HME at Kumba’s Sishen and Kolomela mines respectively. Four key success factors (KSF) are highlighted namely that Kumba’s technology implementation drive is a key enabler to the company’s strategy, has a strong focus on value-add, is underpinned by a holistic and integrated implementation approach and is people-centric.

Sep 1, 2021

By Thomas L. Kesler

I all of the 14 million tons of kaolin produced in Georgia through 1949 had been mined from a single deposit 20 ft thick, it would represent a mined-out area of less than 1 sq mile. This measure of depletion is in such strong contrast with the large size of the area shown in Fig. 1, from which most of the output has come, that there has developed an optimistic outlook concerning future supplies of kaolin equal in grade to that already mined. Dozens of mines are widely but not evenly distributed within this area, which consists mostly of parts of Twiggs, Wilkinson, and Washington counties. There are scarcely half a dozen kaolin mines elsewhere in the state that have been appreciably productive, although the areas in which they occur may have good possibilities. Most of the efforts to find new deposits, therefore, will be confined to the area shown in Fig. 1, for it is here that the industry has established its facilities, and prospecting is encouraged by relatively numerous outcrops and opened deposits of kaolin. The Ocmulgee and Oconee rivers drain the area. They and their main tributaries have flat, swampy floodplains covered with alluvium and for the most part thickly wooded. The divides between these streams are intricately dissected by the minor tributaries, which are spring-fed in steep-walled, cirque-like heads. Gullying and under-cutting are active along the streams but are partly controlled by unusually dense vegetation. The mean altitude is about 350 ft above sea level, and locally the relief ranges up to 200 ft. The area is near the inner margin of the Coastal Plain, and is underlain by Cretaceous and Tertiary formations. Its general location is shown in black in Fig. 1. The division between the Coastal Plain and the Piedmont plateau is actually a very sinuous line, the fall line, marking the extent to which erosion has stripped the Coastal Plain sediments from the southeastward-sloping surface of the crystalline rocks of the Piedmont. Cretaceous Host Formation The kaolin deposits, which are described in the succeeding section, occur sporadically in lenslike bodies in a thick series of poorly sorted clayey sands constituting the lowermost of the Upper Cretaceous formations, the Tuscaloosa. The basis for this correlation has been reviewed by Cooke.1 The same formation has been termed the Potomac group by Ladd2 and the Middendorf formation by Smith&apos; in reports on the kaolin deposits. In another report, Veatch4 called the formation the Tuscaloosa but correlated it with the Lower Cretaceous. The Tuscaloosa in this area consists of fine to very coarse sands, commonly cross-bedded, which contain widely different proportions of white, pink, and yellow kaolin and considerable white mica. A few of the coarser beds contain quartz grains up to 3 in. in length, with bodies of pure white kaolin of equal size that appear to have been formed by the weathering of feldspar grains in place. In the kaolin-producing area, gravel and cobbles occur mainly at the base of the formation. Fig. 2 shows the relations of the Tuscaloosa and its kaolin deposits to the adjacent formations. Its base, on the eroded surface of the crystalline rocks, dips southeastward 50 to 60 ft to the mile, according to LaMoreaux.5 The upper surface of the Tuscaloosa is also an unconformity,

Jan 1, 1952

By Robert L. Russell

The Bunker Hill Mine, located in the Coeur d&apos;Alene Mining District at Kellogg, Idaho, has been a major producer of lead-silver-zinc ores since its discovery in 1887. The mine has produced over 29 million tons of ore from some 20 to 25 veins and ore zones, and now covers an area approximately one mile in length and one-half mile in width. The active section of the mine extends from 2500 ft above sea level to 1600 ft below sea level. Production is presently at the rate of about 1700 tons of ore per day. A two-mile adit, the Kellogg Tunnel, at the 2500 elevation, provides access to the main shaft area. Ore is hoisted to the adit level through a 5000-ft, 500-inclined shaft, extending to the lowermost haulage level 1200 ft below sea level. Primary shaft service for men and materials is supplied by three major internal, inclined shafts equipped with double-drum hoists. Present production requires ten levels to serve for mainline track haulage. These range up to 5000 ft in length and are either 200 or 400 vertical feet apart. Also, many intermediate levels exist throughout the mine. The conventional and autoloader mechanized square-set and cut-and-fill mining methods used throughout the mine have been the subject of a recent paper(l). One-third of current production is from vein-type ore bodies which are long distances from main shaft areas. Such veins generally dip about 450, have relatively narrow widths of from 3 to 20 ft, and usually contain less than 500,000 tons of ore. For many years, ore bodies thus situated have been developed by means of a separate inclined, timbered service shaft-raise connecting two or more main haulage levels. These commonly range from 400 to 1000 ft in vertical extent and are equipped with 25 to 50 hp electric, single-drum hoists. Intermediate levels are driven as conventional track drifts at 100-ft vertical intervals between the haulage levels. Ore and waste from the intermediate levels are trammed to orepasses for delivery to the lowermost haulage level servicing an ore body. The final result may be visualized as a number of small mines within a large mine. The problems of high development costs and high total development time, and the large amount and high cost of providing materials handl ing and ore haulage service while producing from this isolated type of stope block, made it desirable to consider totally new approaches in developing and mining a number of similar areas.

Jan 1, 1971

By V. T. Panayotov, M. I. Panayotova

Wastewater from mining and mineral processing activities is often polluted by anion forming metals, such as molybdenum and chromium. Low cost materials, including zeolites, are studied for removing heavy metals from wastewater. It is widely accepted that natural zeolites are not effective in removing metals in anionic form. The paper presents study on use of metal modified natural clinoptilolite to remove Mo (VI) and Cr (VI) ions from model soft wastewater. Modification with Pb, Fe(III), Zn and Ba increases clinoptilolite uptake capacity with respect to Mo(VI) at low pH values of the water subjected to treatment, the efficiency decreasing in the order Pb > Fe(III) > Zn > Ba. Only lead-modified clinoptilolite shows high uptake of Mo(VI) in acidic, neutral and slightly alkaline conditions. Modification with Pb, Ba and Fe(III) increases zeolite uptake capacity with respect to Cr(VI) from neutral water. The effectiveness of Ba-modified zeolite decreases in slightly acidic water. Over 90 % uptake of initially available Cr(VI) is achieved by lead-modified clinoptilolite both under neutral and slightly acidic conditions. Increasing the initial pollutant concentrations increases the removed amount both of Cr(VI) and Mo(VI) for Pb-modified clinoptilolite. The findings could be a basis for using the natural clinoptilolite to remove in consecutive steps: firstly Pb(II) and/or Fe(III) ions and then loaded zeolite to be used for Mo (VI) and/or Cr(VI) removal. The kinetics of Mo(VI) uptake by CL-Ba, CL-Fe(III), CL-Pb, and CL-Zn is best described by the pseudo-first order kinetic equation. The kinetics of Cr(VI) removal by CL-Ba, CL-Fe (II), CL-Fe (III) and CL-Zn is best described by the pseudo-first order kinetic equation. Kinetics of Cr(VI) removal by CL-Pb obeys the equation for the first order irreversible reactions. Finding way to remove anions-pollutants from the mineral processing wastewater will render this industry more environmentally friendly and socially acceptable.

Jan 1, 2016